Experiences of civilian nurses in triage during the Iran-Iraq War： An oral history

Purpose： Nurses played a critical role in performing triage during the Iran-lraq War. However, their experiences in triage have not been discussed. Therefore, the current study aimed to investigate the triage experiences of civilian nurses during the Iran-lraq War. Methods： Oral history method and in-depth interviews were used to collect data to gain the nurses＇ experiences in triage. Results： Four themes were extracted from the data, which were the development of triage, challenging environment to perform triage, development of mobile triage teams, and challenges of triage chemical victims for nurses. Conclusion： Triage is an important skill for nurses to manage critical situations such as disasters and wars. Nurses have to be competent in performing triage. Involvement in critical situations helps the nurses learn and gain more experience on how to manage unexpected events.

PACT/WAR工艺在腈纶污水处理工程中的应用

丙烯腈/腈纶污水污染物浓度高,含难生化处理的低聚物,处理难度大,成为困扰企业污水达标排放的难题。介绍了国内企业腈纶污水处理的工程实践及实验研究,采用PACT/WAR工艺处理腈纶污水的工程实例。工程运行表明:该工艺处理包括丙烯腈/腈纶污水在内的炼油、化工污水,处理效果良好,能够达到一级直排标准。针对运行中出现的问题,提出相应的解决方案及优化建议。

Assessment of Ecosystems Damages Caused by Russian War against Ukraine

The question of the impact of war on ecosystems still remains secondary in the internal and external policy of states, society and the agenda of international organizations. From the point of view of losses in monetary terms, the values of ecosystem damages obtained in the work, which are a consequence of the impact of hostilities on the environment, correspond to the annual budgets of the largest countries in the world or exceed them. The presented calculations significantly exceed the known normative methods, the use of which in the conditions of war is limited in space and time. Objective difficulties associated with the uncertainty of many processes of the development of ecological systems and their reaction to the multifactorial impact of war are also significant limitations. Therefore, as part of the study, a method of assessing the impact of war on the environment is proposed, which is based on the patterns of energy flows in ecosystems from the moment it is binding by producers. This made it possible to take into account in the calculations the principle of functional integrity of the ecological system, according to which the destruction or damage of the components of a functionally whole environment will necessarily cause negative phenomena in the development of ecological systems. The results are presented in the form of real values of ecological losses in energy and monetary equivalents, as consequences of the loss of ecosystem services. As the results of the research show, the minimum amount of damage to ecosystems from Russian tanks is 43,500 USD per day. Environmental damage from Russian fighter jets has been estimated at $1.5 billion per week since the start of the war. Noise from military operations causes losses of at least 2.3 billion US dollars per year. The obtained results create prerequisites for improving the system of ensuring environmental safety at the local, state, and international levels and transferring the obtained solutions into safety-shaping practice.

The Secret Toxic Legacies of Chemical Warfare: Agent Blue Use during the 2nd Indochina and Vietnam Wars in Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam (1961 to 1971)

During the 2nd Indochina War which started in 1959, the United States Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), Air America, and the Air Force waged a secret and unconventional air war in Laos from Udorn Air Force base located in Thailand and across the Mekong River from Vientiane, Laos. Starting in 1961, four years before the official start of the American-Vietnam War, Agent Blue, the arsenic-based herbicide used to kill rice and other food crops, was used extensively in Laos, Vietnam and to a lesser extent in Cambodia. During the secret 2nd Indochina War and the Vietnam Civil War the public knew little about the use of Agent Blue. After the official start of the American-Vietnam War in 1965, the United States media news reports, about chemical warfare were dominated by the story of Agent Orange and its devastating impacts. The public knew very little about the previous use of Agent Blue in both wars. The first known media pick up of the Agent Blue (arsenic based) and Agent Pink, Agent Green, and Agent Purple (all three contain 2, 4, 5-T and unknown amounts of dioxin TCDD) was in May of 1964. Jim G. Lucas, a Scripps-Howard staff reporter submitted an article that was published as an editorial in Washington Post on May 26, 1964. The next news reference to this chemical weapon was a Letter to the Editor published in the New York Times titled “Agent Blue” in Vietnam by Arthur H. Westing in (1971). The use of herbicides, including Agent Blue in Laos during the 2nd Indochina War, was kept a secret until 1982, when a draft of Buckingham’s study of Operation Ranch Hand was made public. Much about the U.S. war effort in Laos is still classified. In a 2014 issue of the VVA Veteran magazine, Loana Hoylman published an article on “Today’s Blue Arsenic in the Environment”. The first refereed journal article on this topic, “The Fate of Agent Blue, the Arsenic-Based Herbicide, Used in South Vietnam during the Vietnam War” was published in 2020 in the Open Journal of Soil Science by Kenneth R. Olson and Larry Cihacek. In 2021 the Asia Times (print) and VietnamVeteranNews (radio podcast) picked up the Agent Blue story. During the early 2020s, Olson published six additional refereed journal articles on Agent Blue, cacodylic acid, and arsenic. The primary objective is to determine why no major news organization in the United States, including the New York Times and Washington Post, have never investigated Agent Blue use during the 2nd Indochina and Vietnam wars? Why did the use of Agent Blue story, used to destroy Laotian and South Vietnamese civilian food (rice) sources and production sites, received only very limited coverage by US print media news organizations during the last 64 years?

Review and Analysis: Evaluation of the Impacts and Consequences of Using Agricultural Herbicides as Military Chemical Weapons in Second Indochina War

The legacy of the human misery caused by the application of the herbicides including Agent Purple and Agent Orange contaminated with unknown amounts of dioxin TCDD and Agent Blue, the arsenic-based herbicide, sprayed over the jungles, rice fields, and hamlets of Vietnam is still haunting us today. Why did this happen? Could it have been prevented? Was it necessary United States military strategy? Was it an intentional decision to inflict this blight on the enemy soldiers and the Vietnamese, Cambodian, and Laotian civilians, to poison their land and cause generations of harm? Alternatively, was it an unpreventable accident in the march of military history? What patterns in the U.S. government’s thought process could be identified as the cause, which led to the decision to use these herbicides as tactical chemical weapons? If the introduction of herbicide (chemical) weapons had not been made, would the outcome of the Vietnam War and the Secret Wars in Laos and Cambodia have been any different? The objective of this treatise is to outline the role of world events and backgrounds and the role of the leaders, U.S. military, CIA, USDA, U.S. State Department, the U.S. President appointed Ambassadors to Vietnam and Laos, chemical companies, and President Diệm’s Republic of Vietnam (RVN) government and military. Their collective advice led to the decision to use herbicides as military and environmental chemical weapons in the Second Indochina War. Were the National interests achieved by U.S. military strategy in the RVN using herbicide weapons worth the long-term environmental and human health consequences in Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos? Did it impact the outcome of the Second Indochina War?

European Urban Cultural Heritage Management after War

The management of cultural urban heritage monuments in European cities after war is a matter that presents some interesting variations over time.It usually underlines a dual political manifestation,either as an attempt to reverse history,through a form of cultural"recovery"of monuments and encouraging a pre-war statement,either as an attempt to perpetuate the dark memory of the"atrocity"of the enemies through the preservation of the monument in form of a ruin,or in some cases as a kind of"purism"by removing cultural symbols and monuments attributed to war opponents in a process of symbolic reconstruction to support a new political narrative.Cultural properties,as described by UNESCO since 1954,represent a valuable urban asset that despite any political intentions are at serious threat during war times.Almost eight decades since World War II,the war in Ukraine raises forgotten issues for the European Region.The historic centre of the city of Lviv and the Saint Sophia Cathedral of Kyiv,among others,are world heritage sites,registered in the list of UNESCO,all of which various international organisations have expressed serious concerns about their state of survival.This paper aims to demonstrate from past examples the importance of safekeeping-built heritage,from any side of conflict parts,and in this respect highlighting the significance of culture over politics.Analysing thus monuments in recent European history that had suffered serious damage during military operations,as well as demonstrating various means of management that followed,in relation to the political expediency from which these options were dictated,considered in their historical context,while,at the same time,cross-referencing similar practices applied in Ukraine.

Rebellion in Northern Manchuria During the Third Revolutionary War in China and Its Causes

The frequent rebellions in Northern Manchuria during the Third Revolutionary War occurred in the special context of the struggle between the Kuomintang(KMT)and the Communist Party of China(CPC)for Northeast China after the victory of the Anti-Japanese War.The rebellion reached its peak during the KMTs attack on Northeast China,followed by a second wave of rebellion after the defeat in the Defensive Battle of Siping.It tended to disappear after the downfall of the Jiang Pengfei Group.In addition to the blind recruitment of the CPC in traditional narratives,the instigation of the KMT,the traditional mutiny of the old army,the limitations of the early work of the Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army,the early activities of the KMT,and the regional conflicts between the local and foreign forces are also important reasons for the concentration of rebellions.

An Exploration of the British Army Female Nursing Service during World War I

After the outbreak of World War I,the British War Office decided to dispatch female nursing personnel to the front lines due to the severe casualties among soldiers,the underdeveloped military medical services of the allied forces,and the maturity of the British Army female nursing service.Despite the harsh working conditions and the complexities of nurse-patient relationships under wartime restrictions,the female nursing staff also experienced moments of leisure that allowed them to relax and recuperate.The wartime British Army Female Nursing Service had a positive effect in reducing casualties and promoting the development of the official nurse registration movement.

Impact of Land Requisition for Military Training during World War II on Farming and the South Downs Landscape,England

The impact of WorldWar II on the physical landscape of British towns and cities as a result of airborne assault is well known.However,less newsworthy but arguably no less significant is the impact of the war on agriculture and the countryside,especially in South-East England.This paper outlines the building of an historical Geographical Information System(GIS)from different data sources including the National Farm Survey(NFS),Luftwaffe and Royal Air Force(RAF)aerial photographs and basic topographic mapping for the South Downs in East and West Sussex.It explores the impact and legacy ofWorldWar II on the agricultural landscape of this area through both the‘plough-up’campaigns aimed at increasing agricultural production and the occupation of farm land for military training purposes.Farms surrounding an area where extensive tracts of land were taken over for military training and defensive purposes on the Downs close to Brighton and the county town of Lewes in East Sussex are the focus of attention illuminating the beneficial and disruptive impacts of the government’s drive to increase food output by bringing land into more productive use by means of a‘plough-up’campaign and using formerly agricultural land for military training.These changes contributed to the transformation of the region into“an arable monoculture”and the virtual disappearance of traditional sheep rearing in the post-war decades.

金代被俘军人张温的人生与心路

辽金时期朔州属于燕云十六州中的西部重镇,因其控遏雁门的军事地位,金宋战争期间成为双方争夺的对象。《张温墓志》描述了一位生长于此地的军人,在金初从军,后又被俘、回乡直至去世的完整生命历程。不同于大多军人墓志的是,《张温墓志》虽然在“报国”视角下展开叙述,却呈现出一位军人隐秘而又丰富的内心世界。张温的思想深处同时涵有儒释道三种文化因素,其中释、道反映了辽金之际南北不同的社会文化对他的熏染。尽管人生经历曲折,但张温能够在不同的社会环境中调整心境和变换身份,以此适应时代的变动,并在家乡朔州获得了一定的社会声望。通过探讨张温的人生经历与精神世界,可以了解这一时期北方普通军人的生存状态,也可窥见辽末至金中期晋北地区儒释道兼容的社会文化。

苏轼、苏辙《郭纶》诗史事发微

苏轼、苏辙兄弟早年同作有题为《郭纶》的诗文,都是为一介武官郭纶所写,全文既记述了其生平概况,也充分表达了同情之意。借助二苏诗文提供的线索,再结合有关史料记载,不仅这位职官不显的人物事迹得以还原,并且还进一步印证了宋仁宗时代西北边防的相关问题。苏轼、苏辙兄弟这些诗文表露的主旨,反映了其入仕前曾经对武臣的认识。及至他们从政后,因逐渐受到士大夫群体主流观念的影响,对武臣以及武功的态度遂发生了较大的变化。由此,也为观察苏轼兄弟二人的文武观及其变化提供了不可多得的切入点。

前沿复苏外科适宜技术及路径

前沿复苏外科是在战术战伤救治之后,距火线最近的专业救治体系,具备黄金时间救命性外科复苏能力,是降低战伤伤死率的核心阶段。在战场严峻环境延迟救治条件下,前沿复苏外科技术需要具备有效性、可行性及经济性。本文回顾近十年国内外相关文献,结合笔者相关研究,对前沿复苏外科适宜技术范围进行筛选,并提出能力培训实现路径。

春秋战国社会变革中的未变与继承——以村落为中心的考察

在春秋战国社会大变革中,村落社会也发生了重要变化,无论是授田制取代井田制,还是国野制的消泯与编户齐民的出现,无不具有重大转折意义。但这场变革的主体是经济社会制度与政治体制,村落基本结构与居民生存状态并未发生大的改变。村落原有空间格局未变,构成要素依然存在,村落居民依旧生活在传承已久的村落空间;作为基本地域单位与社会单位的村落地位依然延续,只是由宗法血缘组织载体转变为地缘行政组织载体;村落内部宗法血缘关系继续递延,宗族依然是乡村社会较为普遍的存在;村落文化传统与价值取向未变,从神灵信仰到村落精神,都在原有基础之上接续发展。这是聚落时代以来中国古代农耕文明基因得以传承的重要前提。值得注意的是,这场大变革所造就的新的社会机制,不仅与之未见违和,反而还带有明显促进因素,其有效地实现了农耕文明基因的递延。这充分说明春秋战国社会变革的实质是原有文明体内的内生性变革,是传承与扬弃的有机统一。唯此,方可造就源远流长、连续一体的中国古代农耕文明。

新型Rho激酶抑制剂WAR5治疗EAE的初步研究

目的:探讨新型Rho激酶抑制剂WAR5对实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎(experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis,EAE)的治疗效果及其可能的作用机制。方法:雌性C57BL/6小鼠,随机分为EAE组和WAR5治疗组。EAE模型采用MOG35-55多肽诱导,免疫后第3天起隔天腹腔注射WAR5或生理盐水至第27天,观察并比较临床症状和体重变化。免疫后第28天处死动物,取脊髓进行HE和髓鞘染色,流式细胞术检测脾细胞M1和M2型巨噬细胞表型。提取脑和脊髓组织蛋白,采用Western blotting检测脑和脊髓诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)的表达。结果:WAR5治疗能有效推迟临床发病时间,非常显著减轻EAE临床症状。病理检查发现WAR5治疗减少EAE髓鞘脱失和中枢神经系统炎症浸润。同时,WAR5抑制M1型巨噬细胞CD16/32表达,还可增加M2型巨噬细胞CD206表达,并且能够抑制脑和脊髓中iNOS的表达水平。结论:新型Rho激酶抑制剂对EAE有明显的治疗效果,可能与其诱导炎症性M1型巨噬细胞向抗炎性的M2表型转化、从而抑制中枢神经系统的炎症反应有关。

品味《Summer Wars》的夏日温馨——浅析《Summer Wars》中的人物形象及其动人情感

日本动画《Summer Wars》采取的是人们司空见惯的小人物拯救世界的题材,却铸就了一部直抵观众灵魂的巨作。究其原因在于导演细田守温情而细腻的表达手法,让片中的每一个角色性格都十分鲜活,栩栩如生,跃然银幕,让所有观众都感同身受,爱不释手。

新型Rho激酶抑制剂WAR5对阿尔茨海默病神经保护作用的研究

目的探讨腹腔注射新型Rho激酶抑制剂WAR5对阿尔茨海默病(AD)的神经保护作用。方法16只APP/PS1双转基因小鼠随机分成2组,即AD模型组、WAR5组,每组各8只。应用Morris水迷宫实验检测各组小鼠行为学改变,蛋白质印迹法检测各组小鼠脑组织胶质细胞源性神经营养因子(GDNF)和神经营养素(NT)-3蛋白表达,免疫荧光染色检测各组小鼠脑组织GDNF和NT-3阳性表达。结果经WAR5治疗的小鼠在认知功能上优于AD组,同时WAR5能增加中枢神经系统中GDNF和NT-3等神经营养因子的表达。结论腹腔注射WAR5对AD鼠具有良好的治疗效果,可更好地改善AD模型小鼠的运动能力和空间记忆能力,所以WAR5可能成为治疗AD的一个很好的策略。

概念隐喻X IS WAR的认知建构与解读

依据相关理论分析概念隐喻X IS WAR的认知建构与解读过程发现,战争隐喻的建构者与解读者在认知条件、着眼点等方面有差异。认知主体的经验与百科知识在X IS WAR概念隐喻的建构与解读过程中始终起关键作用。

War,Disillusionment and Courage——A Brief Analysis of In Another Country

This short essay gives a general introduction and analysis of one of Hemingway's short stories-In Another Country.By depicting the physically injured soldiers in a hospital in Milan because of the war,the story shows the damaging psychological and physical effects of World War I,which will never been recovered.It also examines people's disillusionment of old faiths and views of the world,and their courage to face the tragedy and reality.

War and Love in A Farewell to Arms

Ernest Hemingway,the famous American writer,was one of the representatives of "the lost generation". He was good at depicting the life and the inner world of "the lost generation" ,especially the youth. A Farewell to Arms is one of his masterpieces. Because of the similarities between the hero and Hemingway himself,many critics regard it as an autobiographical novel. The novel develops with the themes of war and love,exposing the brutality and absurdity of World War I,and the unforgettable pain it caused. At the same time,Hemingway extolled beautiful and unselfish love. In an age filled with war and chaos,pure love served as a beacon in the darkness,bringing hope,comfort and courage to people.

日本加入联合国始末

1952年6月日本正式提交入联申请时,联合国受美苏冷战等因素影响,难以通过规范的单独审议程序吸纳新成员。苏联提出共产主义阵营与西方阵营的申请国可以同时入联的“一揽子方案”,但遭到美国的强烈反对。1953年,联合国大会认为应以普适性原则为基础,通过政治妥协打破入联僵局,尽早吸纳日本等国加入联合国。1955年,加拿大提出日本与蒙古等18个国家同时入联的方案,因中国台湾当局反对蒙古入联而失败。苏联随机应变,提出排除日蒙两国的“16国入联方案”,并顺利通过安理会与联合国大会审议,日本入联再度受挫。1956年10月,日苏恢复邦交,苏联承诺支持日本入联。1956年12月,日本正式加入联合国。1952—1956年间,日本入联进程深受美苏冷战及联合国职能与内部权力关系变化的影响,日本政府的外交努力难以发挥有效作用。