This report based on the results of investigations conducted in June 2007 and July 2008, respectively, on the benthic community structure and characteristic diversity of the Huanghai Sea （Yellow Sea） Cold Water Mass...This report based on the results of investigations conducted in June 2007 and July 2008, respectively, on the benthic community structure and characteristic diversity of the Huanghai Sea （Yellow Sea） Cold Water Mass, as well as that in July 1959 during the national oceanic survey. The Naticidae specimens collected from Cold Water Mass in middle and northern Huanghai Sea were studied through morphological classification and the internal anatomy on radula. Three new species of Naticidae, i.e., Cryptonatica purpurfunda sp. nov., Cryptonatica sphaera sp. nov., and Cryptonatica striatica sp. nov. were identified. The morphological characteristics of the new species are described, and the similarties and differences between the new species and similar species are compared and discussed.展开更多
This article probes the role that Great Britain played in stabilizing European economy and politics and its role in curbing the influence of communism during the first period of the Cold War by providing accurate stat...This article probes the role that Great Britain played in stabilizing European economy and politics and its role in curbing the influence of communism during the first period of the Cold War by providing accurate statistics and hard believable facts. Apart from this, this article also discusses the extent of possibility of keeping peace during the Cold War. Through Vietnam War and Korean War and some other conflicts between two ideological rival blocs, the author safely concludes that peace is conditioned, if the power of balance is broken, the Cold War can be a hot one.展开更多
Every serious confrontation between the United States and Russia evokes new cold war debates.The Cold War found its true meaning because it had achieved to create its own momentum within time.This question is a great ...Every serious confrontation between the United States and Russia evokes new cold war debates.The Cold War found its true meaning because it had achieved to create its own momentum within time.This question is a great test in terms of measuring the level that today’s international relations has reached:Is cold war still relevant in a global politics?The answer to be given to this question depends on whether any cold war can be maintained against all the pluralistic tendencies of international relations.It will be a negative one because the dynamics unleashed by globalization are likely to marginalize new cold war regardless of the will to wage and sustain it.For,beyond the will to wage and sustain it,the concept of cold war is a technical issue that can only exist provided that it can achieve to subordinate all the dynamics of the global politics to itself.展开更多
Sino-US relations are complex relations with multi-aspects between the two bigcountries in the world. It has three levels: the global level, the Asia-Pacificlevel and the bilateral level. The critical relationship bet...Sino-US relations are complex relations with multi-aspects between the two bigcountries in the world. It has three levels: the global level, the Asia-Pacificlevel and the bilateral level. The critical relationship between China and the US isembodied in the regional and bilateral levels that are more specific and essential.Beyond the field of economy and trade, their relationship is mainly embodied in thestrategic and security field.展开更多
Post-Cold-War Latin America currently presents a scene of overall political sta-bility, continued economic growth, accelerated regional integration and omni-directional diplomatic activity. Nations here are deepening ...Post-Cold-War Latin America currently presents a scene of overall political sta-bility, continued economic growth, accelerated regional integration and omni-directional diplomatic activity. Nations here are deepening reforms to head off po-tential fresh crises threatening regional peace and development.展开更多
The origin of the Cold War is a quite important problem in the history of postwar world.Thewar was faught by "cold"means-political-economic means,propaganda,and limited violence.Duringthe Second World War,th...The origin of the Cold War is a quite important problem in the history of postwar world.Thewar was faught by "cold"means-political-economic means,propaganda,and limited violence.Duringthe Second World War,the United States and Russia,proceed from the need of the antifascit strug-gle together,formed an alliance.Shortly after the Second World War,however,relations between theUnited States and the Soviet Union worsened dramatically.They could no longer cooperate and be-came opponent.The United States emerged from the World War Ⅱ a relatively unified,powerfuland confident nation,Victory gave Americans an uncritical pride in the productivity of their econo-my,in the prowess of their armed forces,in the rectitude of their motives,and in the strength展开更多
On June 282022 Sweden and Finland were invited to join NATO.During a symbolic ceremony at the NATO Madrid Summit,all the central actors gathered in front of the cameras,as if to replicate a“family photo”in mini form...On June 282022 Sweden and Finland were invited to join NATO.During a symbolic ceremony at the NATO Madrid Summit,all the central actors gathered in front of the cameras,as if to replicate a“family photo”in mini format:representatives from Sweden,Finland,and Turkey,as well as Secretary General Stoltenberg.The atmosphere was mixed:tense because of the dramatic backdrop of the Summit,relief because of the speedy process that had taken the process further.It was finally happening:Sweden and Finland would join the Atlantic Pact.But how did they get there?Over a few hectic months,two countries strongly associated with neutrality had moved their policies from emphasizing continuity to altering the very foundations of their security.Not only NATO critics were taken by surprise.Many NATO supporters were astonished by the rapid pace and the turnaround of the Swedish Social Democratic party.The relatively quick turnaround in Stockholm also meant that questions about the future and the consequences of NATO membership were postponed,not least because the Swedish election campaign put a lid on debate about strategic consequences:what journey awaits in the future and what strategic consequences does a future NATO membership have?This article discusses these questions in the belief that the temporal perspectives are connected:Sweden’s historical collaboration with NATO had significance for the country’s partner relationship,and in turn this influenced how Sweden became a member and what challenges the country faces together with its allies on a new northern flank in Europe.展开更多
Microbial pathogens include bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites and together account for a significant percentage of acute and chronic human diseases. In addition to understanding the mechanisms by which various p...Microbial pathogens include bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites and together account for a significant percentage of acute and chronic human diseases. In addition to understanding the mechanisms by which various pathogens cause human disease, research in microbial pathogenesis also addresses mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance and the development of new antimicrobial agents and vaccines. Answering fundamental questions regarding host-microbe interactions requires an interdisciplinary approach, including microbiology, genomics, informatics, molecular and cellular biology, biochemistry, immunology, epidemiology, environment and interaction between host and microbe. Studies investigating the direct effects of pollutants on respiratory tract infections are very vast, but those interested in the role of a pre-existing disease and effects of the exposure on the response to secondary stresses are few. In an experimental study at concentrations of air pollutants found in urban environments, frank toxicological responses are rarely observed, however, exposure to secondary stress like the respiratory challenge with infectious bacteria can exacerbate the response of the experimental host. The models like experimental, mechanical, and mathematical are the most abstract, but they allow analysis and logical proofs in a way that other approaches do not permit. The present review is mostly concerned with these model representations particularly with a novel mathematical model explaining the interaction between pathogen and immunity including the equivalence point.展开更多
Low energy nuclear reactions are possible in condensed matter because of image forces. They result from induced charges at the surface of metals or very polarizable media. The height and width of the Coulomb barrier i...Low energy nuclear reactions are possible in condensed matter because of image forces. They result from induced charges at the surface of metals or very polarizable media. The height and width of the Coulomb barrier in free space can thus be reduced. Nuclear fusion requires also the formation of a compound nucleus in one of its excited states, but two deuterons yield an α particle that has 2 excited states. They are respectively accessible at high or low energies. Since the reduction of the Coulomb barrier depends on the local curvature of the interface, cold fusion becomes autocatalytic, but heat production is controllable. Even microbes, plants and animals can produce transmutations. They are also due to image forces. This solves a basic problem in nuclear physics and there are possible applications: facilitated synthesis of superheavy elements and development of a new type of energy sources. They are moderate, but safe.展开更多
基金The Knowledge Innovation Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences under contract No. KZCX2-YW-417the Knowledge Innovation Program of Institute of Oceanology,CAS under contract No. 2007-12the National Marine Public Welfare Research Project under contract No.200805069
文摘This report based on the results of investigations conducted in June 2007 and July 2008, respectively, on the benthic community structure and characteristic diversity of the Huanghai Sea （Yellow Sea） Cold Water Mass, as well as that in July 1959 during the national oceanic survey. The Naticidae specimens collected from Cold Water Mass in middle and northern Huanghai Sea were studied through morphological classification and the internal anatomy on radula. Three new species of Naticidae, i.e., Cryptonatica purpurfunda sp. nov., Cryptonatica sphaera sp. nov., and Cryptonatica striatica sp. nov. were identified. The morphological characteristics of the new species are described, and the similarties and differences between the new species and similar species are compared and discussed.
文摘This article probes the role that Great Britain played in stabilizing European economy and politics and its role in curbing the influence of communism during the first period of the Cold War by providing accurate statistics and hard believable facts. Apart from this, this article also discusses the extent of possibility of keeping peace during the Cold War. Through Vietnam War and Korean War and some other conflicts between two ideological rival blocs, the author safely concludes that peace is conditioned, if the power of balance is broken, the Cold War can be a hot one.
文摘Every serious confrontation between the United States and Russia evokes new cold war debates.The Cold War found its true meaning because it had achieved to create its own momentum within time.This question is a great test in terms of measuring the level that today’s international relations has reached:Is cold war still relevant in a global politics?The answer to be given to this question depends on whether any cold war can be maintained against all the pluralistic tendencies of international relations.It will be a negative one because the dynamics unleashed by globalization are likely to marginalize new cold war regardless of the will to wage and sustain it.For,beyond the will to wage and sustain it,the concept of cold war is a technical issue that can only exist provided that it can achieve to subordinate all the dynamics of the global politics to itself.
文摘Sino-US relations are complex relations with multi-aspects between the two bigcountries in the world. It has three levels: the global level, the Asia-Pacificlevel and the bilateral level. The critical relationship between China and the US isembodied in the regional and bilateral levels that are more specific and essential.Beyond the field of economy and trade, their relationship is mainly embodied in thestrategic and security field.
文摘Post-Cold-War Latin America currently presents a scene of overall political sta-bility, continued economic growth, accelerated regional integration and omni-directional diplomatic activity. Nations here are deepening reforms to head off po-tential fresh crises threatening regional peace and development.
文摘The origin of the Cold War is a quite important problem in the history of postwar world.Thewar was faught by "cold"means-political-economic means,propaganda,and limited violence.Duringthe Second World War,the United States and Russia,proceed from the need of the antifascit strug-gle together,formed an alliance.Shortly after the Second World War,however,relations between theUnited States and the Soviet Union worsened dramatically.They could no longer cooperate and be-came opponent.The United States emerged from the World War Ⅱ a relatively unified,powerfuland confident nation,Victory gave Americans an uncritical pride in the productivity of their econo-my,in the prowess of their armed forces,in the rectitude of their motives,and in the strength
文摘On June 282022 Sweden and Finland were invited to join NATO.During a symbolic ceremony at the NATO Madrid Summit,all the central actors gathered in front of the cameras,as if to replicate a“family photo”in mini format:representatives from Sweden,Finland,and Turkey,as well as Secretary General Stoltenberg.The atmosphere was mixed:tense because of the dramatic backdrop of the Summit,relief because of the speedy process that had taken the process further.It was finally happening:Sweden and Finland would join the Atlantic Pact.But how did they get there?Over a few hectic months,two countries strongly associated with neutrality had moved their policies from emphasizing continuity to altering the very foundations of their security.Not only NATO critics were taken by surprise.Many NATO supporters were astonished by the rapid pace and the turnaround of the Swedish Social Democratic party.The relatively quick turnaround in Stockholm also meant that questions about the future and the consequences of NATO membership were postponed,not least because the Swedish election campaign put a lid on debate about strategic consequences:what journey awaits in the future and what strategic consequences does a future NATO membership have?This article discusses these questions in the belief that the temporal perspectives are connected:Sweden’s historical collaboration with NATO had significance for the country’s partner relationship,and in turn this influenced how Sweden became a member and what challenges the country faces together with its allies on a new northern flank in Europe.
文摘Microbial pathogens include bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites and together account for a significant percentage of acute and chronic human diseases. In addition to understanding the mechanisms by which various pathogens cause human disease, research in microbial pathogenesis also addresses mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance and the development of new antimicrobial agents and vaccines. Answering fundamental questions regarding host-microbe interactions requires an interdisciplinary approach, including microbiology, genomics, informatics, molecular and cellular biology, biochemistry, immunology, epidemiology, environment and interaction between host and microbe. Studies investigating the direct effects of pollutants on respiratory tract infections are very vast, but those interested in the role of a pre-existing disease and effects of the exposure on the response to secondary stresses are few. In an experimental study at concentrations of air pollutants found in urban environments, frank toxicological responses are rarely observed, however, exposure to secondary stress like the respiratory challenge with infectious bacteria can exacerbate the response of the experimental host. The models like experimental, mechanical, and mathematical are the most abstract, but they allow analysis and logical proofs in a way that other approaches do not permit. The present review is mostly concerned with these model representations particularly with a novel mathematical model explaining the interaction between pathogen and immunity including the equivalence point.
文摘Low energy nuclear reactions are possible in condensed matter because of image forces. They result from induced charges at the surface of metals or very polarizable media. The height and width of the Coulomb barrier in free space can thus be reduced. Nuclear fusion requires also the formation of a compound nucleus in one of its excited states, but two deuterons yield an α particle that has 2 excited states. They are respectively accessible at high or low energies. Since the reduction of the Coulomb barrier depends on the local curvature of the interface, cold fusion becomes autocatalytic, but heat production is controllable. Even microbes, plants and animals can produce transmutations. They are also due to image forces. This solves a basic problem in nuclear physics and there are possible applications: facilitated synthesis of superheavy elements and development of a new type of energy sources. They are moderate, but safe.
