The Four Dimensional Connotation Definition of Scientific Understanding of the Ocean and Human Practical Achievements

By analyzing the sustainable development process of strengthening marine environmental protection and global reporting and assessment of marine environmental conditions since the Human Environment Conference, this paper summarizes the scientific connotation of “scientific understanding of the ocean” reflected in the United Nations Global Marine Environmental Assessment Report, proposes the etymological definition and specific coverage, representative global and regional practical experience of scientific understanding of the ocean, and further analyzes and defines the human activities and cognitive evolution process of “scientific understanding of the ocean”. It marks the leap in human cognition in four dimensions: observation and evaluation, intervention and regulation, disciplinary knowledge system, and supporting guarantee system. It condenses the connotation definitions and human practical achievements of each dimension, and puts forward countermeasures and suggestions to strengthen marine environmental protection and sustainable development.

The Buffer Capability of the Ocean to Increasing Atmospheric CO_2

The CO_2-seawater system and the method for calculating the partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) in seawater are studied. The buffer capability of the ocean to increasing atmospheric CO2 is expressed in terms of the differential buffer factor and buffer index. Dissolutions of aragonite and calcite have a significant inffluence on the differential buffer factor. The trend of change in the buffer factor is obtained by a box model.

A Study on the Nonlinear Stability of Fronts in the Ocean on a Sloping Continental Shelf

The baroclinic nonlinear stability of fronts in the ocean on a sloping continental shelf is studied, the model equations, called the frontal geostrophic model, developed by Cushman—Roisin et al.(1992) for describing the dynamics of surface density fronts in the ocean are developed and the two—layer frontal geostrophic model for fronts on a sloping continental shelf is first obtained. The nonlinear stability criteria for the fronts on a sloping bottom are obtained by using Arnol’d (1965, 1969) variational principle and a prior estimate method. It is shown that our result is better than the former works. Key words Fronts in the ocean - Frontal geostrophic model - Nonlinear stability This Work was supported by “ the National Key Programme for Developing Basic Sciences” G199804901-1 and the National Natural Science Foundation of China “ Research Programme for Excellent State Key Laboratory” under Grant No. 49823002 and No. 49805002.

A study of the chemical composition and transport of marine aerosols over the ocean near China

In this paper the authors cite the aerosol samples collected with a KA-200 Anderson cascade Impactor and a KB-120 sampler during the first cruise of the Kuroshio investigation operated by the People's Republic of China and Japan cooperative program, from July 23 to August 21, 1987. The concentration size distributions and composition of marine aerosols over the Kuroshio area are analyzed. Neutron activation analysis is used to determine the elemental composition of the aerosols. The authors also discuss some characteristics of marine aerosols relating to long-range transport of crustal and anthropogenic elements from the continent to the remote ocean. Analytical results indicate that elements Al, Fe, Sc and Sb over this area are obviously influenced by the continent of Asia, and the size distributions are changed after long-range transport. The concentration of large particles increase. The concentrations of the elements C1 and Na are closely related to ocean conditions; the source of the elements Cl and Na is mainly the ocean. Besides coal combustion, the ocean is also a very important source for the element Se. The amount of Se is related to the distribution of marine life.

Thermodynamic Feedback between Clouds and the Ocean Surface Mixed Layer

A cloud-ocean planetary boundary layer (OPBL) feedback mechanism is presented and tested in this paper. Water vapor, evaporated from the ocean surface or transported by the large-scale air flow, often forms convective clouds under a conditionally unstable lapse rate. The variable cloud cover and rainfall may have positive and negative feedback with the ocean mixed layer temperature and salinity structure. The coupling of the simplified Kuo's (1965) cumulus cloud model to the Kraus-Turner's (1967) ocean mixed layer model shows the existence of this feedback mechanism. The theory also predicts the generation of low frequency oscillation in the atmosphere and oceans.

Notes The Ocean Drilling Program (ODP)

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Sediment Load of Asian Rivers flowing into the Oceans and their Regional Variation

Study of the major Asian rivers discharge to the ocean reveals variations of their water discharges and sediment loads, and local characteristics of river sediment concentrations. On the basis of this, the Asian rivers fall into three regions, including Eurasia Arctic, East Asia, Southeast and South Asia Regions. The Eurasia Arctic Region is characterized by the lowest sediment concentration and load, while the East Asia Region is of the highest sediment concentration and higher sediment load, and the South-East and South Asia Region yields higher sediment concentration and highest sediment load.The sediment loads of these regions are mainly controlled by climate, geomorphology and tectonic activity. The Eurasia Arctic rivers with large basin areas and water discharge, drain low relief which consists of tundra sediment, thus causing the lowest sediment load. The East Asia rivers with small basin areas and lowest water discharges, drain extensive loess plateau, and transport most erodible loess material, which results in highest sediment concentration. The SE and South Asia rivers originating from the Tibet Plateau have large basin areas and the largest water discharges because of the Summer Monsoon and high rainfall influence, causing the highest sediment load.In Asia, tectonic motion of the Tibet Plateau plays an important role. Those large rivers originating from the Tibet Plateau transport about 50% of the world river sediment load to ocean annually, forming large estuaries and deltas, and consequently exerting a great influence on sedimentation in the coastal zone and shelves.

Continuous Dependence for the 3D Primitive Equations of Large Scale Ocean Under Random Force

In this paper,we consider the initial-boundary value problem for the large scale three-dimensional(3D)viscous primitive equations under random force.Assuming that the random force and the heat source satisfy the some assumptions,we firstly establish rigorous a priori bounds with coefficients which depend only on boundary data,initial data and the geometry of the problem,and then with the aid of these a priori bounds,the continuous dependence of the solution on changes in the heat source is obtained.

Ties Across The Ocean

Hu Jintao’s visit to Australia binds Sino-Australian ties and strengthens communication with APEC member

Application of a Recursive Filter to a Three-Dimensional Variational Ocean Data Assimilation System

In order to improve the efficiency of the Ocean Variational Assimilation System （OVALS）, which has been widely used in various applications, an improved OVALS （OVALS2） is developed based on the recursive filter （RF） algorithm. The first advantage of OVALS2 is that memory storage can be substantially reduced in practice because it implicitly computes the background error covariance matrix; the second advantage is that there is no inversion of the background error covariance by preconditioning the control variable. For comparing the effectiveness between OVALS2 and OVALS, a set of experiments was implemented by assimilating expendable bathythermograph （XBT） and ARGO data into the Tropical Pacific circulation model. The results show that the efficiency of OVALS2 is much higher than that of OVALS. The computational time and the computer storage in the assimilation process were reduced by 83% and 77%, respectively. Additionally, the corresponding results produced by the RF are almost as good as those obtained by OVALS. These results prove that OVALS2 is suitable for operational numerical oceanic forecasting.

Scholte wave dispersion and particle motion mode in ocean and ocean crust

The dispersion equation of the Scholte wave was reviewed using the homogeneous elastic half-space covered by a liquid layer,and the range of the Scholte wave propagation velocity was examined using the dispersion equation.The displacement expressions of the Scholte waves in liquid and solid were derived.Additionally,the mode of motion of Scholte waves in liquid and solid and their variation with depth was studied.The following results were obtained:The dispersion equation shows that the propagation velocity of the fundamental Scholte wave was greater than the P-wave in liquid and less than that of the Scholte wave in homogeneous elastic half-space.In contrast,the velocity of higher-order Scholte waves was greater than that of P waves in liquid and S-waves in solid.Only the fundamental Scholte wave has no cutoff frequency.The Scholte wave at the liquid surface moved only vertically,while the particles inside the liquid medium moved elliptically.The amplitude variation with depth in the solid medium caused the particle motion to change from a retrograde ellipse to a prograde ellipse.The above results imply the study of Scholte waves in the ocean and oceanic crust and help estimate ocean depths.

Model calculation of air-sea heat fluxes over ocean area near China with GEOS DAS system

The sensible and latent heat fluxes over the ocean area near China were calculated and analyzed by usingthe Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS) - four-dimensional Data Assimilation System (DAS). The calculated results showed that the sensible heat flux had its large value in winter and autumn , small value in spring and summer overthe ocean area near China. In winter, the sensible heat flux increased distinctly with latitude, and its isolines were verycrowded. Over the ocean area east of Taiwan Province and south of Japan, the direction of isoline was from southwestto northeast. In the South China Sea the sensible heat flux was lower than that of surrounding ocean areas,and its isoline was distributed into a type of an inverted trough. In autumn and winter, the maximum center of latent heat flux appeared over the ocean area northeast of Taiwan Province and south and southeast of Japan, meanwhile, the isoline wasin the direction of southwest to northeast. In spring and summer, the latent heat flux had minimum value in the Huanghai Sea. At the same time, the maximum value center of latent heat flux appeared over the ocean area south of Japan inspring.

Examination of seasonal variation of the equatorial undercurrent termination in the Eastern Pacifi c diagnosed by ECCO2

Seasonal variations of the equatorial undercurrent(EUC) termination in the Eastern Pacific,and their mechanism were examined using the Estimating the Circulation and Climate of the Ocean,PhaseⅡ(ECCO2).The ECCO2 reproduced a weak and shallow eastward EUC east of the Galapagos Islands,with annual mean transport of half of EUC to the west of the Islands.The diagnosis of zonal momentum equation suggests that the zonal advection(nonlinear terms) drives the EUC beyond the Islands rather than the pressure gradient force.The EUC in the Far Eastern Pacific has the large st core velocity in boreal spring and the smallest one in boreal summer,and its volume transport exhibits two maxima in boreal spring and autumn.The seasonal variability of the EUC in the Eastern Pacific is dominated by the Kelvin and Rossby waves excited by the zonal winds anomalies in the central and Eastern Pacific that are associated with the seasonal relaxation or intensification of the trade wind.In the Far Eastern Pacific to the east of 120°W,the eastward propagation Kelvin waves play a dominate role in the seasonal cycle of the EUC,results in a semiannual fluctuation with double peaks in boreal spring and autumn.A construction of water mass budget suggests that approximately 24.1% of the EUC water east of 100°W has upwelled to the mixed layer by0.35 m/d.The estimated upwelling is stronge st during boreal autumn and weake st during boreal winter.It is also found that approximately 42.6% of the EUC turns westward to feed the south equatorial current(SEC),13.2% flows north of the equator,and 20.1% flows south of the equator,mainly contributing to Peru-Chile undercurrent.

On two-dimensional large-scale primitive equations in oceanic dynamics (Ⅱ)

The initial boundary value problem for the two-dimensional primitive equations of large scale oceanic motion in geophysics is considered. It is assumed that the depth of the ocean is a positive constant. Firstly, if the initial data are square integrable, then by Fadeo-Galerkin method, the existence of the global weak solutions for the problem is obtained. Secondly, if the initial data and their vertical derivatives are all square integrable, then by Faedo-Galerkin method and anisotropic inequalities, the existerce and uniqueness of the global weakly strong solution for the above initial boundary problem are obtained.

Using MAN and Coastal AERONET Measurements to Assess the Suitability of MODIS C6.1 Aerosol Optical Depth for Monitoring Changes from Increased Arctic Shipping

Collocated data of the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MO-DIS) Collection 6.1 aerosol optical depths (AOD) at 3 km × 3 km north of 59.9°N over ocean were assessed at 550 nm by aerosol robotic network (AERONET) data from coastal sites and marine aerosol network (MAN) data from vessels during June to October 2006 to 2018. Typically, MODIS AOD was higher at low and lower at high values than the AERONET AOD. Discrepancies were largest for sites where the Earth’s surface around the site is very heterogeneous (Canadian Archipelago, coast of Greenland). Due to the higher likelihood for sea-ice, MAN and MODIS AOD differed stronger west of Greenland and over the Beaufort Sea than at location in the Greenland and Norwegian Seas and Atlantic. MODIS AOD well captured the inter-seasonal variability found in the AERONET AOD data (R = 0.933). At all sites, MO-DIS and AERONET AOD agreement improved as time progressed in the shipping season, hinting at errors in sea-ice vs. open water classification. Overall 75.3% of the MODIS AOD data fell within the limits of the error envelops of the AERONET/MAN AOD data with MAN ranging between 87.5% and 100%. Changes in both MODIS and AERONET mean AOD between two periods of same length (2006-2011, 2013-2018) were explainable by changes in emissions for all sites.

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The authors study the regularity of soutions of the GFD-Stokes problem and of some second order linear elliptic partial differential equations related to the PrimitiveEquations of the ocean .The present work generallizes the regularity results in[18] by taking into consideraion the non- homogeneous boundary conditions and teh dependence of solutions on the thickness of the domain occupied by the ocean and its varying bottom topography. These regularity results are important tools in the study of the PEs(see e.g.[6]), and they seem also to possess their own interest.