On the Network and the Principles of Freedom of Information

With the rapid development of network technology, the human production mode, life style, and thinking mode have had the great change, meanwhile human values and morality are new changes. Network technology has created a brand of new social form and social network, which is an extension of the real social life. The purpose of this paper is to clarify the concept of a freedom of information analyzed by the principle of free network information. In this paper, theoretical and empirical combination is based on using multidisciplinary theory study from the perspective of moral cognition of this analysis. The problems of the network ethics which try to find out the method to solve the problem, standardize and strengthen the construction of the new good network ethics, purify network environment, and improve people＇s spiritual world and moral accomplishment, have important theoretical and empirical significance.

Types and Distribution of Geological Hazards in the South China Sea

Various types of geological hazards exist in the South China Sea. In dynamics sense, they can be categorized into 5 principal genetic types related to effects of hydraulic dynamics, gaseous activity, soil mechanics, gravity and tectonism, respectively. Integrated analyses indicate that the geological hazards associated with volcanoes, earthquakes and fractures are mainly distributed in tectonically active regions, whereas those resulting from mudflows, landslides and diapirs are usually concentrated in the region of slope, that shallow gas, high pressure gas pockets and soft intercalations are major potential geological hazards in the inner shelf, and that strong hydraulic dynamics, especially storm tide, is one of the major causes of geological hazards in the littoral areas. The geological hazards that occurred in the South China Sea are also characterized by periodicity, succession and, to a certain extent, unpredictability in addition to regionalization.

A review of science–policy interface for water governance in the Caspian Sea

Science and policy have been interlinked for decades and perform essential nexus conditions in the governing aspects of environmental scenarios.This review paper examines the present challenges in the science–policy interface in terms of water governance in the Caspian Sea and identifies effective conditions that may be used in the current context to enhance the mechanism.The evaluation of the science–policy link in the water policy of the Caspian Sea reveals a gap between knowledge producer and governance system,impeding the translation of scientific information into action.Complicated and context-dependent solutions make it challenging to establish effective science–policy processes in the Caspian Sea water governance settings.Establishing a common governing authority,implementing water and resource management regulations,and protecting the natural environment through legal frameworks are crucial steps to address these concerns and ensure sustainable development.Collaboration among coastal states is essential in environmental,economic,and social aspects of regional development.However,the lack of a comprehensive approach,coherent activities,and effective utilization of national and regional power has hindered efforts to halt the environmental degradation of the Caspian Sea.Local governments need to recognize their responsibility to protect and utilize the Caspian Sea for present and future generations,considering both environmental and human security.The interlinkage of the Caspian Sea water governance with the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development(OECD)water governance principles offers a framework for policymakers to assess gaps and make necessary amendments to existing mechanisms.Effective science–policy interaction,engagement of diverse stakeholders,institutionalizing agreements,and addressing collective action issues are critical for successful water governance.

Distribution characteristics of historical earthquake classes in Jiangsu Province and South Huanghai Sea region

According to the analysis on the characteristics of historic earthquakes in Jiangsu Province and South Huanghai Sea region, the historical earthquakes in the studied area are divided into two kinds of comparatively safe class and comparatively dangerous class. Then the statistical result of earthquake class, the characteristics of geo-graphical distribution and geological structures are studied. The study shows: a) In Jiangsu Province and South Huanghai Sea region, the majority of historical strong earthquakes belong to comparatively safe class, only 13.8% belong to comparatively dangerous class; b) Most historical earthquakes belong to comparatively safe class in the land area of Jiangsu, eastern sea area of Yangtze River mouth and northern depression of South Huanghai Sea region. However, along the coast of middle Jiangsu Province and in the sea area of South Huanghai Sea, the distribution of historical earthquake classes is complex and the earthquake series of comparatively dan-gerous class and comparatively safe class are equivalent in number; c) In the studied area, the statistical results of historical earthquake classes and the characteristics of spatial distribution accord very well with the real case of present-day earthquake series. It shows that the seismic activity in the region has the characteristic of succession, and the result from this study can be used as a reference for early postseismic judgment in the earthquake emer-gency work in Jiangsu Province.

Distribution characteristics of historical earthquake classes in Jiangsu Province and South Huanghai Sea region

According to the analysis on the characteristics of historic earthquakes in Jiangsu Province and South Huanghai Sea region, the historical earthquakes in the studied area are divided into two kinds of comparatively safe class and comparatively dangerous class. Then the statistical result of earthquake class, the characteristics of geo-graphical distribution and geological structures are studied. The study shows: a) In Jiangsu Province and South Huanghai Sea region, the majority of historical strong earthquakes belong to comparatively safe class, only 13.8% belong to comparatively dangerous class; b) Most historical earthquakes belong to comparatively safe class in the land area of Jiangsu, eastern sea area of Yangtze River mouth and northern depression of South Huanghai Sea region. However, along the coast of middle Jiangsu Province and in the sea area of South Huanghai Sea, the distribution of historical earthquake classes is complex and the earthquake series of comparatively dan-gerous class and comparatively safe class are equivalent in number; c) In the studied area, the statistical results of historical earthquake classes and the characteristics of spatial distribution accord very well with the real case of present-day earthquake series. It shows that the seismic activity in the region has the characteristic of succession, and the result from this study can be used as a reference for early postseismic judgment in the earthquake emer-gency work in Jiangsu Province.

Explaining the Double-Slit Experiment

In response to Orion and Laitman’s [1] explanation of the classic double-slit experiment of quantum mechanics, we propose an alternate explanation of that experiment by treating physical degrees of freedom as a conserved physical quantity, instead of referring to “vague terms” used in previous explanations, [1], that are not broadly applicable. Explanation in [1] refers to properties of groups of particles, even though the double-slit experiment’s results should address only to a single particle. By using physical degrees of freedom and the application of Hamilton’s principle, we obtain a single particle explanation of the double-slit experiment in terms of properties and via methods which apply equally in a quantum and a classical regime.

Evaluation of the Impact of Observations on Blended Sea Surface Winds in a Two-Dimensional Variational Scheme Using Degrees of Freedom

This paper presents an evaluation of the observational impacts on blended sea surface winds from a two- dimensional variational data assimilation （2D-Var） scheme. We begin by briefly introducing the analysis sensitivity with respect to observations in variational data assimilation systems and its relationship with the degrees of freedom for signal （DFS）, and then the DFS concept is applied to the 2D-Var sea surface wind blending scheme. Two meth- ods, a priori and a posteriori, are used to estimate the DFS of the zonal （u） and meridional （v） components of winds in the 2D-Var blending scheme. The a posteriori method can obtain almost the same results as the a priori method. Because only by-products of the blending scheme are used for the a posteriori method, the computation time is re- duced significantly. The magnitude of the DFS is critically related to the observational and background error statistics. Changing the observational and background error variances can affect the DFS value. Because the observation error variances are assumed to be uniform, the observational influence at each observational location is related to the background error variance, and the observations located at the place where there are larger background error variances have larger influences. The average observational influence of u and v with respect to the analysis is about 40%, implying that the background influence with respect to the analysis is about 60%.

新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情期间血管外科急症救治的“SEAS”原则及策略

血管外科急症临床常见、病情凶险、死亡率高,在新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)防控期间的救治难度和风险增加。目前鲜见血管外科急诊手术相关原则和策略报道。本文结合血管外科疾病本身急诊和病变特点,以及疫情期间本中心诊疗体会,提出“SEAS”原则及策略,即遵循安全(safe)、有效(effective)的原则,采取避免或减少(avoidance)、简捷(simple)的策略,可在有效防控COVID-19疫情的同时,及时、安全、有效地开展血管外科急症救治。

破解海岸带环境司法困境:基于陆海统筹原则

我国海岸带环境案件存在管辖权冲突、法律适用有争议、原告资格不明确、诉讼性质认定有争鸣、诉讼程序衔接未确定、司法执行机制不完善等环环相扣的问题,造成海岸带环境司法困境。究其根源,主要在于陆海“二分法”的分类思维影响较大,其与陆海统筹合为表里的内涵尚未得到全面、深入的理解。为破解海岸带环境司法困境,既要重视海岸带环境案件的特殊性,将其确立为类型化案件并由海事法院专门管辖,又要贯彻陆海统筹原则,实现司法规则内在融贯、法治环节协调一致。

国际海峡通行制度综合法理分析

作为全球海洋的关键节点,国际海峡既是我国冲出岛链封锁的必经之地,也是关系21世纪海上丝绸之路畅通与否的重要通道。依据《联合国海洋法公约》相关规定,第一,针对某些存在长期有效的专门公约的特定海峡,其通行制度予以保留,如土耳其海峡适用1936年《蒙特勒公约》、麦哲伦海峡适用智利与阿根廷1881年《边界条约》、丹麦海峡适用1857年《哥本哈根条约》;第二,在用于国际航行的非领海海峡,他国船舶、飞机有权在其中间的专属经济区或公海海域适用航行飞越自由,如宗谷海峡、津轻海峡、宫古海峡、巴士海峡等咽喉要道;第三,在用于国际航行的领海海峡,他国船舶、飞机有权在其领海海域适用过境通行制度,如吐噶喇海峡、马六甲海峡、曼德海峡、多佛尔海峡等咽喉要道;第四,在摩西拿例外海峡和死巷例外海峡,他国船舶、飞机有权适用不应予以停止的无害通过制度,如摩西拿海峡、卡尔玛海峡、蒂朗海峡、首港航道等咽喉要道。综上,他国船舶、飞机在相关海峡的相关海域的通行权的享有,依靠的是国际法规则,并非海峡沿岸国的恩惠,也非其他海权大国的好意施惠。我国船舶、飞机有权适用国际海峡上述四类通行制度沟通全球。同时国际社会应加强合作,保障国际海峡畅通,促进海运发展,增进人类福祉,共建海洋命运共同体。

第三次联合国海洋法会议缘起之国际政治学分析

第三次联合国海洋法会议是20世纪60、70年代世界历史重大转折的集中体现和重要组成部分,其缘起可在国际政治框架内加以解释。大致而言,四个方面的发展推动了这次会议的召开。一是科技进步和人类开发海洋能力的增强,导致出现了世界范围内的海洋资源和环境污染问题,由此产生了从法律层面抑制单边行动和国家间冲突的需要;二是发展中国家以联合斗争的形式,向以“海洋自由”原则为基础的旧海洋法秩序发起冲击,并提出了一系列扩大国家海洋管辖权的主张,希望重塑整个海洋法秩序以赋予这些主张合法性;三是成长为海洋大国的苏联海洋利益立场发生变化,它主动与美国接触,达成了召开国际会议、确立12海里领海和国际海峡自由过境制度的共识;四是深海采矿需求的出现及其引发的国际海底法律地位问题辩论,成为会议召开的直接动因。以上四个方面在影响第三次联合国海洋法会议之核心议程的同时,也决定了会议的发展中国家与海洋大国之间博弈的基本格局和利益“交易”的本质。

机械比能模型在潜山储集层评价中的改进与应用

渤海油田潜山储层岩性多样、地质条件复杂、非均质性强,传统机械比能模型对潜山储层储集性能响应的敏感性较差,难以高效指导勘探作业决策。为此,基于微钻头钻进实验和滑动窗口理论,分析了机械比能对工程参数的响应规律,构建了机械比能标准化模型和改进型机械比能模型,形成了潜山储层储集性能解释标准。结果表明:渤海油田潜山储层钻压系数为0.309~0.605;改进型机械比能小于0.80时为Ⅰ、Ⅱ类储层,改进型机械比能为0.80~1.15时为Ⅲ类储层,改进型机械比能大于1.15时为致密储层。研究成果在渤海油田36口潜山探井作业中进行了应用,储层储集性能解释符合率平均值为80.2%。该研究可为中途测试、完钻等勘探作业决策提供技术支持,具有很好的借鉴意义。

美国“海洋自由”观念的欧洲源头(1643—1785)

作为美国外交政策原则的重要组成部分,“海洋自由”观念并非完全由美国人“原创”,而是有着深刻的欧洲理论源头和国家实践印记。在革命年代,美国开国先辈在设计国家外交政策的过程中,基于中立国国家角色定位,“舶来”了欧洲的“自由船所载货物自由”原则,主要体现在“1776年条约计划”中。而在争取加入1780年“武装中立”联盟,以及与欧洲国家的谈判中,富兰克林、亚当斯等人借鉴并阐发了源自欧洲启蒙思想家的“海上私人财产免于捕获”理念,将其确认为美国的外交政策原则之一,并落实在1785年与普鲁士签订的双边条约之中。作为具有美国特色的海洋自由观念,海上私人财产豁免原则具有理想主义和现实主义的双重属性,反映了美国建国之初海军力量弱小的现实,其式微是历史发展的必然趋势。

试探究消费者保护法中的“反悔权”

由于《消费者权益保护法》第25条的产生,百姓通过网络进行购物时举证责任大大减少,有效增添了消费者的选择信心,推动线上交易的发展。对“反悔权”的产生背景及其正当性来更好认识第25条,并提出个人对于“消费者”与“客体”的理解,进一步规范相关法律适用。

新公司法下“对赌协议”履行进路探析——以厘清合同法与公司法的关系为前提

合同法与公司法在规范层面系平行法,在价值取向上各有侧重,同时还在功能上相互协同。对赌协议履行困境背后的本质问题,事实上就是合同法与公司法关系的认定问题。公司法强制性规范在介入合同自治领域时应遵循“最小、必要”的基本原则,尽量避免影响合同效力或合同履行,完全坚持“公司法优先”理念并不利于商事纠纷的解决。公司法上的资本维持原则不构成对赌协议履行的绝对障碍,实体上的留存收益和资本公积均有可能作为履行对赌义务的资金来源,程序上的公司决议程序及债权人保护程序亦存在变通解释或改变进路的可能。新公司法新增的控股股东滥用股东权利时其他股东的回购请求权条款,以及类别股条款,为对赌协议的履行开辟了新的空间。

保守主义与卡特政府的联合国海洋法会议施压政策

在保守主义势力上升的国内政治背景下,为了打破第三次联合国海洋法会议在国际海底制度谈判上的僵局,卡特政府制定了坚持国际多边谈判,同时向第三世界施压的政策,以期在保住已谈妥的航行自由条款的同时,迫使七十七国集团在国际海底制度上接受美国的方案。这一施压政策主要包括两项互相补充、彼此加持的措施:一是以国会海底矿业立法为杠杆,推动国际海底问题谈判朝着美国希望的方向前进;二是制定并实施“航行自由计划”,以抗议过度海洋主张、展示美国捍卫航行和飞越权利的意志。《深海底床硬质矿产资源法》和“航行自由计划”是保守主义势力上升的产物,并反过来进一步强化了美国在联合国海洋法会议政策上的保守主义立场,推动着这一政策不断走向单边主义和利己主义。

压电型精密位移驱动器的研究进展

把压电型精密驱动器按技术特点分为直动式、步进式/蠕动式和惯性式三类,列举了各类中的国内外典型机构,分析各类驱动机构的工作原理、优势、缺点、适用场合及研究的活跃点,对进一步研究多自由度精密位移驱动器具有指导意义。

圆环驻波型多自由度压电马达的研究

首次提出一种新型的多自由度压电马达结构，分析了马达的工作原理。设计并研制了样机，进行了初步的实验，实验证明了理论分析的结果，为进一步的研究工作奠定了理论和实践基础。

国际法体系下南极生物勘探的法律规制研究

南极生物遗传资源具有极大的经济和应用价值,各国积极开展南极生物勘探活动和激烈的资源争夺。发达国家和发展中国家在南极遗传资源的法律属性、利用与保护等问题上持有不同的政治立场,并展开了激烈的国际争论。国际上并无专门的关于南极生物勘探及其遗传资源的法律文件,现有的国际法律制度对此均有所涉及,但在适用上具有一定的局限性。所以南极生物勘探及其遗传资源相关问题的解决不是一个国际文件就可解决的复杂问题,因此须扩展适用区域制度和公海自由原则,发挥联合国的宏观作用,扩展全球公共利益的范围,广泛应用人类共同遗产原则,并在国际法和南极条约体系的协调和融合下寻求解决的方法。

基于齐次线性方程组的工件自由度分析技术

工件自由度的合理约束是夹具设计的关键,基于定位原理的数学模型,根据齐次线性方程组解结构的性质,首先推导了三个定位方案的合理性判据;然后,基于刚体运动学,建立了描述加工要求和理论约束自由度之间关系的自由度模型;最后,利用典型实例详细讨论了自由度模型及合理性判据的分析应用过程。