Distinguishing of Abuse Drugs in Urine and Blood Samples of Abusers in Iran

In this study, one hundred urine samples and one hundred blood samples of abusers were examined for the presence of alkaloid substances and abuse drugs in urines and bloods. These numbers of blood and urine samples referred who addicts in clinics of Welfare Organization, during of detoxification treatment or maintenance treatment were screened for abuse drugs presence. Age ranges of female patients were 35 ± 15 and age range of males patients were 42 ± 18. All patients filled questionnaire and satisfy forms too. All data were analyzed by t-test and were Anowa one way, and P 〈 0.05 was considered significant. The P value of this study was P = 0.000. In this study we conclude that among all drug analytical methods the cheapest and easiest test to screening opioids and other abuse drugs in urine and blood samples is strip test for rapid diagnosis and TLC （thin-layer chromatography） is appropriate confirmation method to drug abuse distinguishing. Also tests on blood samples have high importance as a view point of accuracy to distinguishing of drugs abuse.

Evaluation of Abuse Drugs and Clinical Laboratory Tests Variations in Whole Blood ＆ Urine Samples of Abusers

In this study, five hundred urine samples and five hundred blood samples of abusers were examined for the presence of alkaloid substances and abuse drugs in urines and bloods. These numbers of blood and urine samples of addicts in clinics of welfare organization, during detoxification treatment or maintenance treatment were screened for abuse drugs presence. The all of samples were tested through as a view of clinical laboratory methods. Age ranges of female patients were 35 ~ 15 and age range of males patients were 45 ~ 15. All patients filled questionnaire and satisfy forms too. First, all fresh urine and blood samples were examined to confirm presence drugs abuses, depend on their addiction and treatment, so all samples were confirmed by two tests. Then they were examined to other clinical laboratory tests. All data were analyzed by t-test and were Anova one way and two ways of Anova Turkey, and p 〈 0.05 was considered significant. The p-value of this study was p = 0.0001. The results of this study were showed that 4% of abusers had mild increase in hematocrite level and 2% of narcotic drugs abusers had mild lower level of blood sugars than normal range and 4% of participants had increase liver enzymes such ALT （alanine transferase）, AST （aspartat transferase）, ALP （alkaline phosphatease） and 1% of them had renal failure. Although blood level BUN （blood urea nitrogen） and creatinin were examined to evaluation of their renal failure .The results in Tabriz/Iran undrevision of welfare organization clinics were approximately showed that positive results of addiction are in each of urine and blood samples. Because some of abusers directly consumed full long time agonist or partial agonists＇ drugs such as methadone and buprenorphine for their maintenance therapy in clinics. Also doing test on blood samples has high importance in distinguishing and confirmation of drugs abuse in samples. Also in this study we conclude that among all drug analytical methods the cheapest and easiest test to screening opioids and other abuse drugs in urine and blood samples is strip test for rapid diagnosis, also tests on blood samples have high importance as a view point of accuracy to distinguishing of drugs abuse, and serum levels of some other parameters showed all abusers patients situation such as liver and renal dysfimction through clinical laboratory tests.

Direct analysis method of^(14)C radioactivity concentration in urine samples

Objective:To establish a rapid analysis method for the activity concentration of carbon-14(14C)in urine,in order to estimate the internal dose of 14C exposure,and to protect the health of occupational population.Methods:Liquid scintillation counting(LSC)combined with the function of transformed spectral index of the external standard spectrum(tSIE)was used to measure the quenching level and counting rate,and the spiked urine samples with different shades of color were measured by LSC.After establishing the efficiency-quenching curve,the quenching correction and activity concentration analysis of the actual samples were carried out.Results:By LSC and the data fitting,the relationship between efficiency and quenching index could be represented using the equation y=0.0013x-0.0177(R^(2)=0.978).Three actual spiked samples were tested to verify this method,with recoveries of 97%,102%,and 89%,respectively.14C activity concentration of 4 actual urine samples were 0.12,0.11,0.10 and 0.08 Bq/mL,respectively,while the corresponding extended relative uncertainties were 0.0652,0.0929,0.0893 and 0.1043,respectively.Conclusion:The direct analysis method of 14C activity concentration in urine samples was established using LSC.The recovery of 14C activity concentration in urine samples showed that the proposed method had relatively high accuracy.By studying on the source of uncertainty,the uncertainty of the analysis results mainly came from the statistical error of LSC,and the uncertainty component of counting efficiency.

Determination of multiple drugs of abuse in human urine using dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction and capillary electrophoresis with PDA detection

A new method was developed for pre-concentration and determination of multiple drugs of abuse in human urine using dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction(DLLME)and capillary electrophoresis(CE)with photodiode array detection.The method was based on the formation of tiny droplets of an organic extractant in the prepared sample solution using water-immiscible organic solvent(chloroform)dissolved in water-miscible organic dispersive solvent(isopropyl alcohol).The organic phase,which extracted eight drugs of abuse from the prepared urine solution,was separated by centrifugation.The sedimented phase was transferred into a small volume CE auto-sampler vial with 10μL of 1%HCl methanol solution and evaporated to dryness.The residue was reconstituted in lidocaine hydrochloride(internal standard)aqueous solution and introduced by electrokinetic injection into CE.Under the optimum conditions,acceptable linear relationship was observed in the range of 3.0–500 ng/mL with the correlation coefficient(r)of 0.9982–0.9994 for spiked urine samples.The limit of detection(LOD)(S/N=3)was estimated to be 1.0 ng/mL.A recovery of 75.7%–90.6%was obtained for spiked samples.The mean relative error(MRE)was within±7.0%and the relative standard deviation(RSD)was less than 6.9%.The proposed DLLME-CE procedure offers an alternative analytical approach for the sensitive detection of drugs of abuse in real urine samples.

依托咪酯检测方法研究进展

定性定量分析结果是依托咪酯新兴毒品犯罪案件能够准确定罪量刑的主要依据之一。对国内外依托咪酯检测技术进行综述,依托咪酯的原品检测方法主要来自于《中国药典》公布方法的更新迭代,生物检材中的依托咪酯检测方法研究集中于血液检测,尿液和毛发检测偏少。这些方法最大的缺点是单个样品检测周期长,无法实现大量样品的高通量的检测,或存在检测成本高昂、样品前处理程序复杂等弊端。结合当前司法实践中依托咪酯毒品违法犯罪案件高发态势,认为依托咪酯检测方法未来研究应重点关注掺杂物的影响、高通量的检测方法、代谢物和衍生物的检测等方面。

Simultaneous determination of free methamphetamine,pethidine,ketamine and tramadol in urine by dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction combined with GC–MS

A simple and rapid dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction(DLLME)technique coupled with gas chromatography–ion trap mass spectrometry(GC–MS)was developed for the extraction and analysis of methamphetamine(MA),pethidine(PD),ketamine(KT)and tramadol(TD)from human urine.In this study,different parameters affecting the extraction process such as the type and volume of extraction solvent,type and volume of disperser solvent,extraction time and pH value and salt effect were studied and optimized.Under optimized conditions,the enrichment factor ranged from 185 to 226 and the average recovery ranged from 80.45%to 95.55%.The linear range was 10.0–1000.0 mg/L,the limit of detection and quantitation were in the range 0.43–1.96 mg/L and 1.44–6.53 mg/L,respectively.The relative standard deviations were in the range 1.98%–3.90%(n=7).The obtained results show that DLLME combined with GC–MS is a fast and simple method for the determination of MA,PD,KT and TD in human urine.

标本保存时间对电化学发光法检测他克莫司药物浓度结果的影响研究

目的探讨标本保存时间对电化学发光法检测他克莫司药物浓度结果的影响。方法选取168例应用他克莫司药物患者的全血标本作为观察对象,按照标本保存时间的不同将患者分为A组(48例)、B组(30例)、C组(30例)、D组(30例)、E组(30例)。所有患者的全血标本采用电化学发光法进行他克莫司浓度检测,A组采血当天标本在前处理后加入EP管立即检测,B组标本在前处理后加入EP管室温放置30 min检测,C组标本在前处理后加入EP管室温放置60 min检测,D组标本在前处理后放置于2~8℃冰箱冷藏3 d后检测,E组标本在前处理后放置于2~8℃冰箱冷藏7 d后检测。以A组标本检测结果为标准,对比A组与B组、C组、D组、E组标本的他克莫司浓度。结果A组、B组、C组、D组、E组全血标本中他克莫司浓度分别为(7.92±1.26)、(7.96±1.36)、(8.58±1.48)、(8.01±1.19)、(8.66±1.56)ng/ml。B组、D组全血标本中他克莫司浓度与A组相比,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。C组、E组全血标本中他克莫司浓度高于A组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论临床上进行电化学发光法检验时,需要重视标本保存时间的管理,尤其是对特定药品(如他克莫司等)浓度评定时,建议在获得检验样本后,短时间(30 min)内完成各项操作,注意时间不宜过长(≤60 min);如当前检验环境、操作无法满足要求,则建议将检验样本进行冷藏处理,并在解决环境、操作问题后立即进行各项操作,以保证最终结果的准确性,提高检验效能。

HPLC法测定生物样品中淫羊藿苷的浓度

以苯甲酸为内标，建立了ＨＰＬＣ测定动物血浆、尿、粪及心、肝、脾、肺、肾等组织匀浆中淫羊藿苷的浓度．色谱柱采用ＺｏｒｂａｘＯＤＳ，流动相为四氢呋喃—水—冰醋酸（２０７５５），紫外检测波长２７０ｎｍ．生物样品经乙酸乙酯提取处理后可获得良好分离，血药浓度在１～１２８μｇ／ｍＬ范围内呈线性关系，相关系数０．９９９９，最低检测浓度为０．５μｇ／ｍＬ．生物样品的平均方法回收率９５．２６％～１０１．３％，平均提取回收率７３．５７％～９７．１０％，日内、日间精密度ＲＳＤ２．０％～７．１％．

反相高效液相色谱法测定人血浆及尿液的甲磺酸帕珠沙星浓度

目的 建立血浆及尿液中甲磺酸帕珠沙星浓度的反相高效液相色谱分析方法。方法 用高氯酸沉淀血浆蛋白,离心后取上清液进行色谱分析;尿样稀释后离心取上清液进样。结果 血浆线性范围为0.15～10.0mg.mL-1(γ=0.9998)。低、中、高3浓度的绝对回收率均大于78%,相对回收率在100%～104%,日内、日间RSD分别小于17%和13%。尿液线性范围为2.5～50.0 mg.mL-1(γ=0.9993)。绝对回收率均大于89%,相对回收率在93%～101%,日内、日间RSD分别小于8%和7%。结论 本方法准确可靠,操作简便,适用于临床药代动力学及常规血药浓度监测。

诺氟沙星在健康人体内的药动学

本文用尿药浓度法,研究了6名志愿者单剂量口服诺氟沙星胶囊400mg后的药物动力学,其药动学参数分别是:β=0.1789h^(-1);T_(1/2β)=3.87h;AU^(0→24)=108.925mg;累积尿药排泄率为27.23%。

吸毒人群尿液 血液标本HIV-1抗体ELISA检测对比分析

目的 用酶联免疫吸附试验 (ELISA)检测吸毒人群尿液标本中艾滋病病毒 1型 (HIV 1 )抗体 ,与血清学检测结果进行比较。方法 采集某市劳教所吸毒者尿液、血液标本 354例 ,HIV 1抗体阳性吸毒者复检尿液标本1 9例 ,共计 373例。应用ELISA初筛试剂检测尿液及血液标本中HIV 1抗体 ,阳性者取其血液标本进一步用Genelabs试剂做蛋白印迹 (WB)试验确认。结果 尿液、血液标本中检测HIV 1抗体的特异性为 99 72 % ,尿试剂的假阳性率为 0 2 8% ;血液标本HIV 1抗体阳性者 ,尿液标本检测也呈阳性 ,灵敏度为 1 0 0 %。结论 尿液标本用ELISA方法检测HIV 1抗体与血液标本ELISA方法的检出率有高度的一致性。尿试剂适用于对高危人群进行尿液HIV

高效液相色谱-间接光度检测法测定尿中克林霉素浓度

目的：建立一种直接测定尿液中克林霉素高效液相色谱间接光度检测法。方法：在流动相中加入具有紫外检测响应的检测剂烟酰胺，用紫外检测器直接测定含量。Ｃ１８固定相，流动相为甲醇乙腈水（２５∶１５∶５５），内含烟酰胺０．５ｍｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１，庚烷磺酸钠５ｍｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１和磷酸０．０５ｍｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１。林可霉素为内标。检测灵敏度为０．０１Ａｕｆｓ，检测波长２６８ｎｍ。结果：平均加样回收率９３．５％±５．１％，ＲＳＤ为５．４％。日内和日间ＲＳＤ均＜７％。测定了３例肌内注射克林霉素患者的尿样品。

反相高效液相色谱法测定人血浆及尿液中甲磺酸帕珠沙星浓度

目的:建立血浆及尿液中甲磺酸帕珠沙星浓度的反相高效液相色谱分析方法。方法:用甲醇沉淀血浆蛋白,离心后取上清液进行色谱分析;尿样稀释后离心取上清液进样。分析柱为DiamonsilC18,流动相为乙腈-0.05mol/L磷酸二氢钾(含1%四丁基溴化铵)(8∶92,V/V),流速为1.4ml/min,激发波长320nm,发射波长400nm。结果:甲磺酸帕珠沙星在血浆和尿液中的检测浓度线性范围均为31.25～10000ng/ml(r=0.9999);在血浆、尿液中的相对回收率分别为97.77%～99.87%、98.31%～100.82%,RSD<1.0%～3.0%。结论:本方法准确可靠、操作简便,适用于甲磺酸帕珠沙星的临床药动学及常规血药浓度监测。

高效液相色谱法测定血浆和尿中头孢唑肟浓度

本文建立了高效液相色谱法测定人血浆和尿中头孢唑肟浓度。血样经高氯酸沉淀蛋白后,直接进样测定;尿样稀释后直接进样测定。固定相为C_(18),5μm颗粒,流动相为乙腈:水:磷酸:二乙胺—1:9:0.013:0.017(v/v)。检测波长为UV254nm(血浆)和290nm(尿),采用内标法定量。方法的线性范围分别为1～160μg/ml(血浆)和10～1600μg/ml(尿),检测限为2ng,平均回收率分别为99.0±1.0%(血浆)和100.3±0.6%(尿)。日内及日间CV%均小于5%。

HPLC测定体液内帕尼培南的浓度

目的 建立高效液相色谱法测定人血浆样品及尿样品中帕尼培南浓度的定量分析方法 ,探讨帕尼培南在人体内药物动力学过程。方法 以 1mol/L 3 (N 吗啉 )丙烷磺酸 ( pH7 0 )为稳定剂 ,对乙酰氨基酚为内标 ,在Diamosil(TM )C18柱 ( 5 μm ,2 5 0mm× 4 6mm )上 ,血样测定以甲醇∶0 0 4mol/L乙酸铵缓冲液( pH4 0 ,10∶90 )为流动相 ,流速 1 6ml/min ;尿样测定以甲醇∶0 0 4mol/L乙酸铵缓冲液 ( pH4 0 ,2∶98,)为流动相 ,流速 1 6ml/min ,检测波长 2 99 3nm ,对帕尼培南进行定量测定。结果 血浆中帕尼培南在 0 5～ 5 0 0 μg/ml浓度范围内具良好线性关系 (r =0 9999)。血浆中三种浓度 2 0、10 0、5 0 0 μg/ml平均回收率为 98 69%(n =6) ;三种浓度日内及日间RSD分别为 1 92 %、2 44 %、2 3 1% (n =5 )及 2 15 %、1 45 %、2 68% (n =3 )。尿中帕尼培南在 2～ 2 0 0 μg/ml浓度范围内具良好线性关系 (r =0 9999) ,尿中三种浓度 10 0、2 5 0、10 0 0 μg/ml平均回收率为 10 1 3 0 % (n =6) ;日内、日间RSD分别为 2 63 %、1 0 5 %、0 88% (n =5 )及 2 3 0 %、3 85 %、2 3 8% (n =3 )。结论 本方法简便、快捷、灵敏、准确 ,适用于临床药动学及药效学的研究。

顶空气相色谱法测定二氯乙酸二异丙胺尿药浓度

目的 :建立顶空气相色谱法测定尿中二氯乙酸二异丙胺浓度。方法 :AgilentDB - 5MS毛细管色谱柱 (30m× 0 .2 5mm) ,柱温 :4 0℃保持 2min ,以 5℃ /min升至 80℃保持 2min ,再以 2 0℃ /min升至 2 0 0℃保持 8min ;进样口温度 2 0 0℃ ,分流比 5∶1;氢火焰检测器 ,检测温度 30 0℃ ;载气为高纯N2 ,流速 1ml/min ,H2 35ml/min ,空气 35 0ml/min ;内标仲丁醇。结果 :标准曲线线性范围为 8～ 80 0 μg/ml,尿中二氯乙酸二异丙胺提取回收率为 88.75 %～ 98.0 6 % ,相对回收率为 97.36 %～ 10 3.2 5 % ,日内和日间RSD分别为 2 .95 %～ 6 .6 2 %和 2 .4 5 %～ 5 .6 1% ,最低检测浓度为 2 μg/ml。 结论 :该法操作简单 ,杂质干扰小 ,提取回收率高 ,适合于二氯乙酸二异丙胺尿药浓度的测定。

泌尿道反复感染患者尿标本检测结果的临床分析

目的 探讨泌尿道反复感染致病菌的发病特点、临床特征及其耐药性。 方法 将 138例患者的无菌中段尿进行常规 (沙氏培养基 )和高渗培养基同步培养 ,并用 K- B法进行药物敏感试验 (简称药敏 )。 结果 高渗培养的阳性率占 5 1% (71/ 138) ,明显高于沙氏培养 2 1% (2 9/ 138)的阳性率。药敏结果显示 :L型 (含伴 L 型 )细菌对作用于细胞壁的抗生素不敏感 ,耐药率达 73%左右 ,如 PNC等药物 ;对作用于细胞膜、蛋白质或者核酸的抗生素敏感 ,耐药率为 5 %左右 ,如丁胺卡那霉素等药物。 结论 L型细菌 (含伴 L型 )在泌尿道感染反复发作的过程中占主要地位 ,因其临床表现不典型 ,容易导致漏诊或误诊 ,以致耐药性的形成 ,建议在临床选用药物治疗的过程中应兼顾 L 型和细菌型 ,以利合理用药 。

二维毛细管区带电泳/胶束电动毛细管色谱分离尿样中的药物及其对映体

建立了毛细管区带电泳(CZE)/胶束电动毛细管色谱(MEKC)二维毛细管电泳分离平台,CZE毛细管和MEKC毛细管通过一段带微孔的聚四氟乙烯(polytetrafluoroethylene,PTFE)套管固定。样品在CZE毛细管中分离后进入MEKC毛细管进一步分离,在二维转换过程中采用动态pH连接-胶束扫集法避免第一维分离区带在接口处扩散。将该方法成功用于鼠尿样品中4种药物及其对映体的分离,各组分的理论塔板数为(2.8～4.3)×104/m,检出限为0.015～0.052mg/L,实际样品中峰面积和迁移时间的相对标准偏差(n=7)分别为1.7%～3.8%和1.3%～4.6%。方法重现性好、灵敏度和分离度高、峰容量大,适用于尿样中多种药物组分及其对映体的同时分离检测。

尿路感染疑似患者的中段尿样本培养病原菌分布情况及耐药性分析

目的探究尿路感染疑似患者的中段尿样本培养病原菌分布情况及耐药性。方法于2017年3月至2020年3月在滨州市中心医院检验科抽取的2300例尿路感染疑似患者中段尿样本,采取VITEK-2compact全自动微生物检测系统进行病原菌分布检测,采取纸片扩散形式对药敏进行试验,对病原菌分布以及耐药性实施回顾性探究。结果2300例尿路感染疑似患者的中段尿样本中,检测出病原菌感染690例,阳性率为30.00%;检出920株病原菌,其中革兰阴性菌651株(70.77%),革兰阳性菌231株(25.11%),真菌38株(4.13%)。检出病原菌的中段尿标本以泌尿外科、肾内科以及重症病房为主,分别为38.99%(269/690)、22.61%(156/690)、14.20%(98/690)。主要革兰阴性菌对氨苄西林、哌拉西林、环丙沙星、左氧氟沙星、磺胺甲恶唑/甲氧苄啶、头孢噻肟的耐药性高,对阿米卡星、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦的耐药性低;革兰阳性菌对红霉素、四环素、庆大霉素、链菌素的耐药性高,对呋喃妥因、替考拉宁、氯霉素的耐药性低。结论疑似尿路感染患者中段尿样本当中的病原菌主要以大肠埃希菌和铜绿假单胞菌等革兰阴性菌为主,病原菌的耐药性比较高,临床的主治医师应高度关注患者中段尿样本当中的病原学检测结果,按照药敏检测结果来选择敏感性抗菌药物,尽可能降低病原菌耐药情况发生。

有限采样法估算重症感染患者卡泊芬净的药-时曲线下面积

目的建立有限采样法估算重症感染患者卡泊芬净的药-时曲线下面积(AUC)模型。方法重症感染患者静脉输注维持剂量卡泊芬净50 mg,每日1次,输注时间为0.5 h,达稳态后以超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)法测定给药前及给药后0.5,1,2,3,5,9,12,24 h时的血浆药物浓度。以梯形面积法计算AUC0-24,采用SPSS 22.0统计学软件,以多元逐步线性回归法建立有限采样模型。结果最终纳入24例患者的血药浓度数据,其AUC0-24为(167.81±46.03)μg/(mL·h);采集2~4个时间点血药浓度方案的回归方程预测能力优于单点采血;其中2个时间点C9,C24,3个时间点C0.5,C9,C24,4个时间点C0.5,C1,C9,C24方案的预测性能良好,调整相关系数(r2)分别为0.962,0.977,0.983;结合预测精准性及可操作性,推荐3点方案方程为7.911+2.606×C0.5+13.765×C9+4.662×C24。结论重症感染患者中卡泊芬净存在药动学差异,以给药后0.5,9,24 h时的卡泊芬净浓度可准确估算AUC0-24,为个体化给药提供基础。