Functional abnormalities of the glymphatic system in cognitive disorders

Various pathological mechanisms represent distinct therapeutic targets for cognitive disorders,but a balance between clearance and production is essential for maintaining the stability of the brain's internal environment.Thus,the glymphatic system may represent a common pathway by which to address cognitive disorders.Using the established model of the glymphatic system as our foundation,this review disentangles and analyzes the components of its clearance mechanism,including the initial inflow of cerebrospinal fluid,the mixing of cerebrospinal fluid with interstitial fluid,and the outflow of the mixed fluid and the clearance.Each section summarizes evidence from experimental animal models and human studies,highlighting the normal physiological properties of key structures alongside their pathological manifestations in cognitive disorders.The same pathologic manifestations of different cognitive disorders appearing in the glymphatic system and the same upstream influences are main points of interest of this review.We conclude this article by discussing new findings and outlining the limitations identified in current research progress.

Design of a Landscape Device for Children from the Perspective of Embodied Cognition in the New Era

In recent years,embodied cognition has ushered in a new research upsurge in the academic field,and has become a hot topic in the field of cognitive psychology.In this paper,from the perspective of embodied cognition,the interaction ways of a landscape device for children were discussed to achieve a more real and harmonious interaction between children and scenes.The research data of embodied cognition used by children was analyzed,and the drawbacks and breakthrough points of current landscape devices for children were discussed.The core characteristics of children’s growth period were extracted to establish children’s interaction model and summarize the interactive design methods of landscape devices for children.Embodied cognition has become the most intuitive way for children to know and understand the environment,and plays a pivotal role in children’s growth.Based on embodied cognition principle and interactive behavior mode,the interactive design of a landscape device for children was studied,and three interactive design modes,including simple and convenient interaction mode,multi-sensory interaction mode and game natural interaction mode were summarized.On the basis of this research,relevant design practice and research were carried out to bring a new vision to the design of children’s landscape.

Bodily Perception and Innovation in Design:Modern Practices of Embodied Cognition Theory

Inspired by Maurice Merleau-Ponty’s phenomenology of perception and the concept of“body-subject”,this study advances a new paradigm of“embodied”design thinking.This approach not only investigates how design can foster an organic connection between people and the world but also delves into the“embodiment of emotions”within design practices,thereby strengthening emotional resonance and empathy between design works and individuals.This transformation in design thinking holds significant importance for advancing and deepening research into design methodologies.The research aims to enhance the understanding of the intrinsic logic within design,aiding designers in creating works that resonate more profoundly with human daily productivity and life,and facilitating an emotional dialogue between the design and its users.Originating from a profound human-centered design philosophy and guided by Don Ihde’s theory of embodiment,the study begins with the functional relationships of bodily embodiment,employing phenomenological methods in design,enriched by in-depth case study analysis.Our research analysis has revealed three core logics of bodily embodiment in design:The logic of behavioral embodiment emphasizes innate and acquired human behavioral patterns;the logic of organ embodiment pertains to the interactions between internal organs and the external environment;and the logic of scenographic embodiment includes the design of empathetic scenes and subtler environmental layouts.In essence,this study underscores that modern design logic should consider the interplay between the human body,behavior,and the environment.Such Embodied Design logic offers new theoretical perspectives and guiding principles for future research and practical applications in design methodologies.

Exploration and Practice of Life Education Curriculum Based on Embodied Cognition Theory

In recent years,the suicide rate of adolescents has been increasing year by year,and life and health problems have become the most important in education.It is urgent to promote the construction of the curriculum of life education effectively.In view of the“vacuity”and“fragmented”state of traditional life education,this paper combs the teaching objectives,teaching contents,teaching methods,and teaching evaluation of life education from the perspective of embodied cognition theory,to explore the construction of positive experience of life education curriculum.

Mathematical Model of Embodied Symbols: Cognition and Perceptual Symbol System

A mathematical model of perceptual symbol system is developed. This development requires new mathematical methods of dynamic logic (DL), which have overcome limitations of classical artificial intelligence and connectionist approaches. The paper discusses these past limitations, relates them to combinatorial complexity (exponential explosion) of algorithms in the past, and relates it further to the static nature of classical logic. DL is a process-logic;its salient property is evolution of vague representations into crisp. We first consider one aspect of PSS: situation learning from object perceptions. Next DL is related to PSS mechanisms of concepts, simulators, grounding, embodiment, productiveity, binding, recursion, and to the mechanisms relating embodied-grounded and amodal symbols. We discuss DL capability for modeling cognition on multiple levels of abstraction. PSS is extended toward interaction between cognition and language. Experimental predictions of the theory are discussed. They might influence experimental psychology and impact future theoretical developments in cognitive science, including knowledge representation, and mechanisms of interaction between perception, cognition, and language. All mathematical equations are also discussed conceptually, so mathematical understanding is not required. Experimental evidence for DL and PSS in brain imaging is discussed as well as future research directions.

The Application of Embodied Cognitive Linguistics in the English Translation of Two-Part Allegorical Saying—An Analysis of Examples From A Dream of Red Mansions

As a kind of widely circulated folk language,two-part allegorical saying(“xiehouyu”)carries the wisdom of the Chinese people and is characterized with humor and vivid imagery.Taking the two English translation versions of A Dream of Red Mansions as examples,this paper analyzes the English translation of two-part allegorical saying based on the core principle of Embodied Cognitive Linguistics(ECL),“Reality-Cognition-Language”,and explores how the English translation of two-part allegorical saying reflects the three dimensions of ECL.

Research on Children’s Game Activity Design Strategies Based on Embodied Cognition Theory

Edutainment,in the kindergarten education stage,emphasizes the game as the basic activity and combines the content of education with the form of the game,thus it also forms the educational method of gamification teaching.Through investigation and analysis,it is found that the current kindergarten game activity design has the problem of improper combination of educational content and game form.The current kindergarten game activity design has problems such as stereotypes,children’s lack of active learning opportunities in activities,teachers’insufficient theoretical understanding,inappropriate teacher guidance methods,and so on.Embodied cognition theory attaches importance to the important role of the body in the development of cognition,provides new guidance for classroom teaching,and opens up a new path for classroom teaching reform.Based on the perspective of embodied cognition theory,the concept of body and mind integration should be adhered to in kindergarten teaching with games as the basic activity,experiential teaching situation should be created,children’s subjective experience should be respected,and games and interactions should be designed to promote children’s physical and mental participation,thus laying a foundation for the realization of children’s individual freedom,autonomy,and all-round development.Therefore,this paper aims at the existing problems in the current kindergarten gamification teaching and discusses the design strategy of children’s game activities based on embodied cognition theory.

The Philosophical Basis of Social Turning of Embodied Cognition From the Perspective of Symbolic Interactionism

Since the 1990s,embodied cognition has become the research trend of cognitive science.Due to excessive attention to embodiment and the physical environment,embodied cognition does not pay more attention to the social characteristics of cognition,especially the role of others and symbolic activities,making cognitive science research unable to get rid of solipsism.So,it is difficult for the embodied cognition to explain the uniformity and multiplicity of cognition,and the problem of“other”mind.To solve these problems,the paper expounds the relations between symbolic interactionism and embodied cognition and the necessity of social turning in embodied cognition.Through analyzing the thoughts of George H.Mead about cognition and the influence of his symbolic interactionism on embodied cognition,as well as discussing Mark Johnson’s view on social interactional aspects of embodied cognition,we emphasize that the social and symbolic interactions are indispensable factors of embodied cognition.The paper argues that higher-order cognition comes out of symbolic interactions;cognition generates from posture dialogue interaction and manifests itself through attitude;intersubjectivity is closely associated with symbolic interactionism.Therefore,studying the relations between symbolic interactionism and embodied cognition helps overcome the solipsism or individualism of embodied cognition,and accordingly contributes to the social turning of embodied cognition.

The Significance of Image Schema in Embodied Cognition

As a recurring pattern of sensory-motor-affective experience, image schema is not only a concept discussed in linguistics and psychology, but also a significant one in the study of embodied cognition. Through analyzing the features of image schema considered by the authors as embodiment, recessiveness, sedimentation, logicality, scientificity, and dependency to cognitive metaphors and reviewing the definition of embodied cognition, the paper argues that image schema is an integration of bodily property and mental property, and accordingly a core and inseparable concept of embodied cognition by bridging body and mind. Image schema can help to explain how abstraction and inference generate from body-environment interactions, thus making the theory of embodied cognition more persuasive and reliable.

Evaluation of the Relation between Cognitive Science and Embodied Cognition

This article delves into the intricate relationship between cognitive science and embodied cognition, offering transformative philosophical insights with profound implications for our understanding of the mind-body connection. In response to the journal’s feedback, we have enhanced the abstract to provide a more comprehensive overview of our study. Background: We trace the historical evolution of ideas, from the inception of cognitive science rooted in analytic philosophy to the groundbreaking contributions of Rodney Brooks and others in the field of artificial intelligence. We also explore the work of scholars such as Agre, Chapman, and Dreyfus, shedding light on the role of cognitive metaphor and the concept of the cognitive unconscious in shaping our understanding of embodied cognition. Purpose: Our study aims to shed light on the central theme that unites these various strands of thought—the rejection of the traditional, transcendental view of the subject in favor of the concept of an embodied subject. This embodied subject actively engages with its environment, shaping consciousness and cognition. This shift in perspective challenges classical epistemological theories and opens new avenues for inquiry. Method: We have conducted a comprehensive literature review to explore the historical development and key concepts in the field of embodied cognition, with a particular focus on the philosophical underpinnings and their integration into cognitive science. Results: Our examination of embodied cognition reveals that the mind is intimately connected to the body, with cognition emerging through interactions with the environment and perceptual experiences. This perspective challenges reductionist notions and demonstrates that mental states cannot be reduced to brain states alone. We also explore the relationship between functionalism and computational states of the brain, illustrating that mental states can be understood in the context of mathematical functions. Conclusion: In conclusion, this paper highlights the profound implications of embodied cognition and suggests that the mind is not isolated from the body but intimately tied to it. This perspective provides a fresh approach to the mind-body problem, emphasizing the role of the environment and perceptual experiences in shaping cognition. We invite further research into the practical applications of embodied cognition in fields like artificial intelligence, robotics, and psychology, and encourage investigations into the intersections between cognitive science and various branches of philosophy, offering valuable insights into the nature of consciousness and cognition. In essence, this study provides a comprehensive overview of the evolution and implications of embodied cognition, laying the groundwork for further research and fostering a deeper appreciation of the profound shifts in perspective that this theory brings to our understanding of the human mind.

Embodied Cognition From the Perspective of Vygotsky’s Socio-cultural Theory

Embodied cognition is an approach to cognition that departs from traditional Descartes’ mind-body dualism for its emphasis on bodily interactions with the environment. The paper firstly describes three distinctive features of embodied cognition. Furthermore, from the perspective of philosophical methodology, the paper outlines Vygotsky’s socio-cultural theory and his contributions to the development of cognitive science. Three basic themes of Vygotsky’s writings are specifically described： genetic forces as a foundation of the study of mind, social origin of higher mental functioning, and mediation of sign systems in inter-mental and intra-mental functioning. Against the background of Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory, we further discuss the interface between embodied cognition and Vygotsky’s socio-cultural theory. It is claimed that bodily states and body-environment interactions are closely connected to sense-making. Embodied cognition should emphasize on the unity of body, mind, and cultural environment. Finally, the paper concludes with the influence of sociocultural theory on the study of embodied cognition.

Embodiment of Rationality:Philosophical Interpretation of Embodied Cognition

Under the influence of European rationalism,which holds that human rationality is higher than,or at least independent of human sensory cognition,the first generation of cognitive science advocates for disembodied cognition,manifesting the concept of dualism of mind and body.With the development of cognitive science in the 1980s,the second generation of cognitive science redefines the relationship between mind and body,thought and behavior,and reason and feeling and puts forward the concept of embodied cognition,representing monism of mind and body.It is claimed that the formation of concepts,categorical cognition and the evolution of rational thinking are characterized by embodiment,which is the necessary condition and basis for the formation of human rationality.The current study traces the shift of cognitive science from dualism to monism of mind and body and explores the relationship between rationality and sensibility from the perspective of philosophical basis and interpretations,with an aim to achieve a better understanding and thorough interpretation of human rationality.In this heated discussion about embodied cognition,there are still some fundamental questions that need to be further clarified,such as the essence and mechanism of human cognition,the ways that human body participates in cognitive activities,especially imagination and reasoning.The research paradigm of embodied cognition and its relevant theory have not been established and developed yet,and empirical research from interdisciplinary perspectives is far from enough to provide hard evidence for embodied cognition.

Cognition Embodied in Buddhist Philosophy A Comparative Reflection of D6gen and Heidegger

Contrary to occidental philosophy, oriented to grasping and solidifying the principles of essential being （ontos on）, Buddhism seeks to understand the aspect of our existence that experiences suffering in life. In the East Asian languages Human beings are described as Inter-Beings in that they are enveloped by the topos of life and death. From breath to breath, our life is bound to the moments of emerging and vanishing, being and non-being in an essential unity. D6gen＇s philosophical thinking integrated this conception with the embodied cognition of both thinking and acting self. In the phenomenological point of view, Heidegger （1927; 1993） emphasizes Being as bound to fundamental substantiality, which borders at the Ab-grund, falling into nothingness. With D^gen, the unity-within-contrast of life and death is exemplified in our breathing, because it achieves the unity of body and cognition which can be called ＂corpus.＂ In perfect contrast, the essential reflection for Heidegger is that of grasping the fundament of Being in the world, which represents the actualization of a Thinking-Being-Unity. The goal of this comparison is to fundamentally grasp what is the essentiality of being, life, and recognition （in Japanesejikaku f~ ~） bound to embodied cognition in our globalized world.

A Study on the Advancement of Prototype Theory from the Perspective of Embodied Philosophy

Prototype theory,one of the most important part of cognitive linguistics,as well as the theoretical foundation and focus of cognitive sem antics,has many aspects of advancement when compared with classical theory,which mainly can be seen from the following ways:attaching more to the interaction between subjectivity and objectivity,being unequal in a category,being open to any entity sharing certain attributes with the prototype,being dynamic to cope with changing conditions and changing expressive needs and etc.

MODELING RADIO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IN COGNITIVE RADIO SYSTEM BASED ON OFDMA USING COLORED PETRI NET

Cognitive Radio(CR) system based on Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access(OFDMA),such as Wireless Regional Area Networks(WRAN) and Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access(WiMAX),often attempt to improve performance via dynamic radio resource management,which is characterized as concurrent processing of different traffic and nondeterministic system capacity.It is essential to design and evaluate such complex system using proper modeling and analysis tools.In the previous work,most of the communication systems were modeled as Markov Chain(MC) and Stochastic Petri Nets(SPN),which have the explicit limitation in evaluating adaptive OFDMA CR system with wide area traffic.In this paper,we develop an executable top-down hier-archical Colored Petri Net(CPN) model for adaptive OFDMA CR system,and analyze its performance using CPN tools.The results demonstrate that the CPN can model different radio resource manage-ment algorithms in CR Systems,and the CPN tools require less computational effort than Markov model using Matlab,with its flexibility and adaptability to the traffics which arrival interval and processing time are not exponentially distributed.

From Biological Rhythms to the Default Mode Network: What Lies beneath the Tip of the Iceberg of Mind?

Our conscious day-to-day self is often described as the “tip of the iceberg” of a much greater cognitive system. The edge of the water divides the phenomenal self from the sub/unconscious underlying it. Similar to an iceberg, the unconscious activity below the water vastly outweighs the conscious activity above it. What exactly lies beneath the surface of this murky water is a tantalizing topic of research and theory. The current research predominantly focuses on the physiology of the brain and the default mode network has been identified as an intrinsic mode of functioning. It is well known that autonomic nervous system sympathovagal balance orchestrated by the central autonomic network is strongly associated with modulation of cardiac, respiratory rate and other visceral physiological activity. In this article, we use existing research and a novel theory to tie together the default mode network, the autonomic nervous system, and non-neural physiology to describe a hypothesis on a greater biological system from which intrinsic brain activity may be founded. This hypothesis is that intrinsic brain activity and connectivities are significantly founded on activity of the body. We review how cardiorespiratory and other rhythms and electrical activity of the body may modulate and even underlie fundamental activity of the human brain and ultimately the mind. A more holistic biological system that could interface the brain and body via mechanisms such as neurovascular coupling would more accurately describe the nature of neural systems. Greater knowledge on the association and interface of brain and body via isomorphic physiologic counterparts to mind may carry profound implications in understanding intrinsic activity of the brain, consciousness, mind, and mental illness.

Effect of cognitive training on brain dynamics

The human brain is highly plastic.Cognitive training is usually used to modify functional connectivity of brain networks.Moreover,the structures of brain networks may determine its dynamic behavior which is related to human cognitive abilities.To study the effect of functional connectivity on the brain dynamics,the dynamic model based on functional connections of the brain and the Hindmarsh–Rose model is utilized in this work.The resting-state fMRI data from the experimental group undergoing abacus-based mental calculation(AMC)training and from the control group are used to construct the functional brain networks.The dynamic behavior of brain at the resting and task states for the AMC group and the control group are simulated with the above-mentioned dynamic model.In the resting state,there are the differences of brain activation between the AMC group and the control group,and more brain regions are inspired in the AMC group.A stimulus with sinusoidal signals to brain networks is introduced to simulate the brain dynamics in the task states.The dynamic characteristics are extracted by the excitation rates,the response intensities and the state distributions.The change in the functional connectivity of brain networks with the AMC training would in turn improve the brain response to external stimulus,and make the brain more efficient in processing tasks.

Book Review: Metaphor: Embodied Cognition and Discourse Edited by Beate Hampe Cambridge University Press (2017) UK xii+369 pp. ISBN 9781108187480

The book under review presents a comprehensive investigation into Metaphor theories from perspectives of embodied cognition and discourse.After sketching dimensions and dynamics of contemporary metaphor theories in the first part,it presents and evaluates metaphor in cognition by analyzing sources and target of the primary metaphor theory,the hierarchical structure of mental metaphors,metaphorical directionality and body schema in metaphorical cognition.Investigations of sign systems,modalities,contextualized discourse interaction patterns,embodied metonymy are included in the third part.And metaphor in discourse in detailed research with multiple related topics is in the fourth part.The embodied and discourse views of metaphor are highlighted in the epilogue,and it points out that one’s preferred level of analysis argues against the relevance of other perspectives on metaphor performance by using different methods.

Dynamic spectrum allocations in multi-cells and intra-cell of cognitive network to enhance system performance

In this study, we propose new dynamic spectrum allocations in multi-cells and intra-cell of cognitive network to enhance system performance in terms of decreasing probability of interruption and spectrum handoff of communication services in a cognitive system. The inter-cells of the spectrum allocation mechanism is designed to share the risk of vacating spectrum caused by licensed incumbents re-occupying the spectrum and minimize probability of service interruption in the cognitive network. This mechanism also can guarantee fairness among multi-cells. The intra-cell of the proposed spectrum allocation is based on a service data hierarchical model and establishes a mapping mechanism between layered data and the spectrum. It can reduce probability of spectrum handoff. Finally, simulation results are given and show that the new mechanism can reduce service interruption ratio and the probability of spectrum handoff caused by licensed incumbents with re-occupying the spectrum.

Implementing Sustainability Reporting （SR）： （Neo-） Institutional Theory Insights in the Analysis of the SGR Group, Italy and CityGas, Bulgaria

The aim of this paper is to investigate how the corporate characteristics and contextual factors influence the choice of managers in initiating the sustainability report/reporting （SR） and to understand the role of organisational dynamics. The research design develops through a deductive and inductive approach. The deductive approach is based on an analysis of the Social and Environmental Accounting Research （SEAR） strands which use the theoretical framework of （neo-） institutional theory to inquire the adoption and diffusion of SR. The inductive method is based on a research case that focuses on the SGR Group. ＂How can the rico-institutional theory help explain the process of SGR＇s SR implementation in Italian and Bulgarian companies＂？ The study identifies both the internal and contextual factors associated with the SR development and the regulative, normative, and cognitive dimensions/factors that affect the implementation and institutionalisation of SR in Italy and Bulgaria, in accordance with the different institutional environments in which the social and sustainability accounting projects are developed.