Time-and-space resolved measurements of the emission uniformity of carbon fibre cathode in high-current pulsed discharge

The remaining challenges, confronting high-power microwave （HPM） sources and pulsed power generators, stim- ulate the developments of robust relativistic electron beam sources. This paper presents a carbon fibre cathode which is tested in a single pulsed power generator. The distribution and the development of cathode plasma are observed by time-and-space resolved diagnostics, and the uniformity of electron beam density is checked by taking x-ray images. A quasistationary behaviour of cathode plasma expansion is observed. It is found that the uniformity of the extracted electron beam is satisfactory in spite of individual plasma jets on the cathode surface. These results show that carbon fibre cathodes can provide a positive prospect for developing a high-quality electron beam.

Degradation of the Emission Current from the Field Emitter Caused by Ion Bombardment

In field emission devices, the emission current sometimes degrades with the time. The mechanism of the current degradation is complicated. In this paper, a program is used to simulate the movement of the electron beam from a field emitter. According to the current distribution and the trajectories of the primary electron beam, it is shown that the residual gas is ionized and the ion pairs are generated. The trajectories of the positive ions are simulated. With the different locations and kinetic energy of i...

Comparing and evaluating the nationally determined contributions of the top six emitters under the Paris Agreement goals

Comparing and evaluating the Nationally Determined Contribution(NDC) is an important element in global stocktake in the post-Paris climate negotiations, aimed at closing the emissions gap with the Paris Agreement goals. To date, however, there has still been no explicit guideline or method. By applying emissions allowance allocated by 16 schemes as benchmarks, this paper tries to compare and evaluate the NDCs of the top six emitters, which jointly account for about 70% of the world's CO_2 emissions. Results show that the four developed countries' NDCs lack ambition with respect to most allocations under 2℃ and all under 1.5℃, indicating they need to substantially ratchet up their NDCs and lead elevating mitigation. Evaluating cumulative emissions is more likely to clarify the ambition and fairness of China's NDC. If considering cumulative emissions, China's NDC is aligned with the median of cumulative allowances under 2℃ and within the 1.5℃ range. The Paris Agreement invited the Parties to communicate the mid-century low emissions strategies. This paper also tries to explore the mid-century mitigation in the perspective of allocations, which might provide decision-makers with some useful information when envisaging the post-NDC mitigation.

IMPROVEMENT OF THE PERFORMANCE OF THE DISPENSER CATHODE WITH Re AS A MIDDLE LAYER

A new type of dispenser cathode with dual-layer (Os-W/Re) is developed. The cathode coated with Os-W/Re shows better emission performance than the cathode coated with Os-W alloy. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) spectra demonstrate that ternary alloy coating (Os-W-Re) formed on the surface of the cathode with dual-layer (Os-W/Re) after full activation is the major reason why it has better emission than the cathode with Os-W alloy. The surface of each variety of the cathode is characterized with Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) before and after activation: the emitting surface of the cathode with Os-W alloy after ageing appeared non-adherence (flaking) in localized areas, which is one of the reasons for non-uniform emission. However, the surface of the cathode with dual-layer (Os-W/Re) does not present film peeling under the same conditions. Thus it ensures better emission uniformity and functional reliability for the dispenser cathode.

Study on effect of heat transfer space non-uniformity of combustion chamber components on in-cylinder NOx emission formation in internal combustion engine

The components of combustion chamber (cylinder head-cylinder liner-piston assembly-oil film) were taken as a coupled body.Based on the three-dimensional heat transfer numerical simulation of the coupled body,a coupled three-dimensional calculation model for in-cylinder working process and the combustion chamber components was built with domain decomposition and boundary coupled method,which implements the coupled three-dimensional simulation of in-cylinder working process and the combustion chamber components.The model was applied in the influence investigation of the space non-uniformity in heat transfer among combustion chamber components on the generation of in-cylinder emissions:NOx.The results showed that the heat transfer space non-uniformity of combustion chamber components directly influences the formation of in-cylinder NOx.The main area being influenced was the accessory area on the wall,while the influence on the generation of NOx in the central area couold be omitted.

Correlations between Mineral Nitrogen Contents and Vertical Distribution of N20 Emission Potentials in Tropical Peat Soils Transformed into Oil Palm Plantations in Sarawak, Malaysia

Tropical peat swamp forest beds that have been reclaimed for agricultural use are generally an active source of nitrous oxide （N2O） efflux, however, the mechanism by which reclaimed tropical peat soils promote the emergence of N2O emitters in soil microbial communities remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to reveal the vertical distribution of N2O emission potential and its correlation with mineral nitrogen contents in reclaimed soils. Using a culture-based N2O emission assay, the N2O emission potentials of soil at various depths （0-450 cm） were investigated in two oil palm plantations in Sarawak, Malaysia, which had elapsed times of two years （E2Y） and 10 years （El 0Y） after deforestation, respectively. On the basis of the relationship between the vertical profiles of N2O emission potentials and the contents of mineralized nitrogen in the peat soils at various depths, the impact of land management on soil microbial communities was discussed. The peat soil at plantation site E2Y showed a trend of high N2O production in deep layers （200-400 cm）, whereas the older plantation site E10Y showed considerably more active N2O emission in shallow soil （10-50 cm）. N2O emission potentials among the soil microbial communities at different soil depths at the E10Y site showed positive correlations with NO3- and NH4＋ contents, whereas, soils obtained from the E2Y site had N2O emission potentials that were inversely proportional to the contents of NO3-. This contrasting vertical correlation between N2O-emitting potentials and mineralized nitrogen contents in bulk soils suggests that active N2O emission in deep soil at the E2Y site has maintained the original carbon-nitrogen （C/N） ratio of the peat soil, whereas at EIOY, such a regulatory system has been lost due to advanced soil degradation, leading to dynamic changes in the nitrogen cycle in shallow soil.

Fabrication and Field Emission of Silicon Nano-Crystalline Film

The silicon nano-crystalline (nc-Si) film is fabricated on <100> orientation,0.01Ω·cm resistivity,and p-type boron-doped silicon wafer by the anodic etching.The microstructure and the orientation of nc-Si are examined by the scanning electron microscopy,transmission electron microscopy,and X-ray diffraction spectroscopy,respectively.The average size of particle is estimated by Raman spectroscopy.The results show that the particle size of nc-Si film is scattered from 10nm to 20nm,the alignment is compact,the orientation is uniform,the expansion of lattice constant is negligible,and mechanical robustness and stability are good.The correlations between film structure and the experiment parameters such as etching time,HF concentration,and etching current density are discussed.As a potential application,efficient field emission is observed from the nc-Si film,and the turn-on field is about 3V/μm at 0.1μA/cm 2 of current density,which is close to carbon nanotube film's.

Characteristics of a large gap uniform discharge excited by DC voltage at atmospheric pressure

A large-gap uniform discharge is ignited by a coaxial dielectric barrier discharge and burns between a needle anode and a plate cathode under a low sustaining voltage by feeding with flowing argon. The basic aspects of the large-gap uniform discharge are investigated by optical and spectroscopic methods. From the discharge images, it can be found that this discharge has similar regions with glow discharge at low pressure except a plasma plume region. Light emission signals from the discharge indicate that the plasma column is invariant with time, while there are some stochastic pulses in the plasma plume region. The optical emission spectra scanning from 300 nm to 800 nm are used to calculate the excited electron temperature and vibrational temperature of the large-gap uniform discharge. It has been found that the excited electron temperature almost keeps constant and the vibrational temperature increases with increasing discharge current. Both of them decreases with increasing gas flow rate.

Hybrid and Reflective Insulation Assemblies for Buildings

Materials with a low thermal emittance surface have been used for many years to create reflective insulations that reduce the rate of heat flow across building envelopes. Reflective insulation technology is now being combined with other energy conserving technologies to optimize overall thermal performance. The basis for the performance of reflective insulations and radiant barriers will be discussed along with the combination of these materials with cellular plastic or mineral fiber insulations to form hybrid insulation assemblies. Calculations of thermal resistance for enclosed reflective air spaces and current field data from Southeast Asia will be presented. These data show that reductions in heat transfer across the building enclosure can be effectively reduced by the use of enclosed reflective air spaces and attic radiant barriers. Reflective technology increases the overall thermal resistance of the building enclosure when used to insulate poured concrete structures.

Control over emissivity of zero-static-power thermal emitters based on phase-changing material GST

Controlling the emissivity of a thermal emitter has attracted growing interest,with a view toward a new generation of thermal emission devices.To date,all demonstrations have involved using sustained external electric or thermal consumption to maintain a desired emissivity.In the present study,we demonstrated control over the emissivity of a thermal emitter consisting of a film of phase-changing material Ge2Sb2Te5(GST)on top of a metal film.This thermal emitter achieves broad wavelength-selective spectral emissivity in the mid-infrared.The peak emissivity approaches the ideal blackbody maximum,and a maximum extinction ratio of 410 dB is attainable by switching the GST between the crystalline and amorphous phases.By controlling the intermediate phases,the emissivity can be continuously tuned.This switchable,tunable,wavelength-selective and thermally stable thermal emitter will pave the way toward the ultimate control of thermal emissivity in the field of fundamental science as well as for energy harvesting and thermal control applications,including thermophotovoltaics,light sources,infrared imaging and radiative coolers.

引黄滴灌不同含沙率对灌水器堵塞影响和试验研究

灌水器堵塞是影响黄河水滴灌灌水质量的关键因素。对8种不同灌水器与1‰(1 kg/t)、2‰(2 kg/t)、4‰(4 kg/t)3种含沙率进行模拟试验,重点研究了引黄滴灌不同类型滴灌灌水器的流量变化规律和堵塞效应。试验结果表明:灌水器的流量衰减率随着灌水历时的增加而增大,灌水300 h后衰减率整体达到43%~72%;流量衰减率随着含沙率的增加而增大,低泥沙含量时(1‰),75%的灌水器呈现中度堵塞情况,高泥沙含量时(4‰),100%的灌水器呈现重度堵塞。灌水器N-1.6与N-2.0B在3种不同含沙率下的灌水均匀度均达到80%以上,可以满足作物的灌溉需求。灌水器的流量衰减与灌水器的流道长度呈正相关,随着流道长度的增加,灌水器抗堵塞性能降低,流量衰减率增大。流道内沉积泥沙的中值粒径与灌水器设计流速呈负相关,随着设计流速的增加而减小。灌水器流道内0~30μm粒径的沉积泥沙体积比随含沙率的增加而不断降低。研究成果可为解决引黄滴灌灌水器堵塞问题提供参考。

Localized-states quantum confinement induced by roughness in CdMnTe/CdTe heterostructures grown on Si(111) substrates

This work shows that despite a lattice mismatch of almost 20%, CdMnTe/CdTe/CdMnTe heterostructures grown directly on Si(111) have surprisingly good optical emission properties. The investigated structures were grown by molecular beam epitaxy and characterized by scanning transmission electron microscopy, macro-and micro-photoluminescence. Low temperature macro-photoluminescence experiments indicate three emission bands which depend on the CdTe layer thickness and have different confinement characteristics. Temperature measurements reveal that the lower energy emission band (at 1.48 eV)is associated to defects and bound exciton states, while the main emission at 1.61 eV has a weak 2D character and the higher energy one at 1.71 eV has a well-defined (zero-dimensional, 0D) 0D nature. Micro-photoluminescence measurements show the existence of sharp and strongly circularly polarized (up to 40%) emission lines which can be related to the presence of Mn in the heterostructure. This result opens the possibility of producing photon sources with the typical spin control of the diluted magnetic semiconductors using the low-cost silicon technology.

Enhancement of morphological and emission stability of deep-blue small molecular emitter via a universal side-chain coupling strategy for optoelectronic device

Film morphology of emissive layers is crucial to the performance and stability of solution-processable organic light-emitting diodes(OLEDs). Compared to the interpenetration of conjugated polymer chain,small molecular emitter with a flexible side chain always presents easily aggregation upon external treatment, and caused π-electronic coupling, which is undesirable for the efficiency and stability of deep-blue OLEDs. Herein, we proposed a side-chain coupling strategy to enhance the film morphological an emission stability of solution-processable small molecular deep-blue emitter. In contrary to “parent” MC8 TPA,the crosslinkable styryl and vinyl units were introduced as ended unit at the side-chain of Cm TPA and OEYTPA. Interestingly, Cm TPA and OEYTPA films present a relatively stable morphology and uniform deep-blue emission after thermal annealing(160 ℃) in the atmosphere, different to the discontinuous MC8 TPA annealed film. Besides, compared to the Cm TPA and OEYTPA ones, serious polaron formation in the MC8 TPA annealed film also negative to the deep-blue emission, according to transient absorption analysis. Therefore, both Cm TPA and OEYTPA annealed film obtained at 140 ℃ present an excellent deep-blue ASE behavior with a 445 nm, but absence for MC8 TPA ones, associated with the disruption of annealed films. Finally, enhancement of device performance based on Cm TPA and OEYTPA film(~40%)after thermal annealing with a similar performance curves also confirmed the assumption above. Therefore, these results also supported the effectiveness of our side-chain coupling strategy for optoelectronic applications.

金属微纳结构操控单光子发射体辐射

固态单光子发射体结合了原子优异的光学性质(如高可靠性、高效率等)和固态系统的便利性与可扩展性,在可扩展光量子信息技术中扮演着重要角色。然而,真空中固态单光子发射体所发出的单光子具有自发辐射速率低、各向同性发射、发射光的偏振状态随机等不足,这极大地限制了其应用。金属微纳结构支持的表面等离激元具有巨大的场增强和亚波长的场束缚效应,因此国内外研究者设计了各种各样的金属微纳结构来操控单光子发射体的辐射。本研究综述了金属微纳结构在单光子发射体自发辐射增强、准直辐射、辐射偏振操控等方面的研究进展,重点比较了性能指标并分析了操控机制。最后,对金属微纳结构操控单光子发射体辐射的挑战和发展进行了展望。

Fabrication and field emission performance of arrays of vacuum microdiodes containing CuO nanowire emitters grown directly on glass without a catalyst

真空 microelectronic 来源的数组用含铜的氧化物(CuO ) 在玻璃底层上被制作 nanowire emitters。电子来源的数组拥有 microdiode 结构，它能有效地导致域排放并且在三极管类型设备操作控制射出的电子的交货到阳极。为没有使用催化剂并且在象 400 潩?敦摥慢正瀠牡浡瑥牥甠楳杮琠敨猠瑡汥楬整猭湥敳?潎浲污穩摥?晩敦敲据?敖敧慴楴湯?摮硥?一样低的温度，精确在一个数组在 microcavities 的中心种 CuO nanowires 的一种技术???湡?扯敳癲摥琠浥数慲畴敲?潦?桴?数楲摯ㄠ?有????污?敳獡湯?瘠来瑥瑡潩?硥牥獴愠洠'?瑳潲杮牥映牯楣杮漠??慭?桴湡漠??業?愠摮琠畨?慨???獢慴瑮慩?晥敦瑣漠?桴?楤牵慮?整灭牥瑡牵?慲杮??剔?癯牥?楨慮?楓湧晩捩湡?潰楳楴敶映敥'N捡獫漠??慭?湡?桴?呄?耶喌嚊?牡慥?景?楨慮眠瑩?桴?

燃料与空气预混方法及性能研究进展

随着大气污染物排放标准的日益严格,低排放燃烧技术已成为先进燃气轮机发展的关键技术之一。在气态燃料低排放燃烧室中,燃料与空气的预混均匀性是影响NOX生成的关键因素。基于污染物生成机理及控制方法,指出了燃料空气预混均匀性与NOX排放的关系,即均匀性越好,NOX排放越少。根据现有研究内容,从结构参数、旋流/湍流强度、预混距离以及边界条件(温度和压力)等4个方面梳理了国内外提高低排放燃烧室内燃料与空气预混均匀性的研究进展,提出可以通过增大旋流数、燃料穿透深度、预混长度等参数以提高预混均匀性,指出了目前研究中缺少小尺寸短距离空间内燃料与预混均匀性的预测。基于低排放燃烧室技术水平和发展趋势,认为未来的研究方向应为短距离、受限空间内燃料与空气预混均匀性的定量预测与评估。

凤台电厂双V型均流收尘电除尘技术提效改造试验

清洁高效先进节能的煤电是新能源体系的重要支撑,节能减排是火电厂今后的重点工作。对凤台电厂某660 MW机组电除尘器进行了性能测试分析,发现电除尘器出口A通道、B通道烟尘浓度偏高导致整体烟尘浓度偏高,电除尘器进口A通道、D通道流场不均匀,部分供电分区已退出工作,电除尘器出口烟尘平均质量浓度为81 mg/m^(3)超过了设计要求。在此背景下,开发了双V型均流收尘电除尘技术并进行了改造,对高压电源和烟道导流板进行了恢复性检修,改造后电除尘器出口粉尘浓度降至20 mg/m^(3)以下。对比试验得出:均流收尘电除尘技术具有显著的均流和收尘提效作用,可作为燃煤电厂老机组和非电领域电除尘器改造的选择方案。

再生水滴灌对滴头堵塞的影响

研究以再生水(二级处理出水)为灌溉水源时,3种滴头(单翼迷宫式滴头、内镶式滴头和压力补偿孔口式滴头)的流量、灌水均匀度和堵塞的变化过程及规律,并和自来水灌溉条件下的结果进行对比,分析了滴头堵塞的主要原因。研究结果显示:再生水灌溉条件下3种滴头的流量和灌水均匀度都要明显小于自来水条件下的结果,其中单翼迷宫式滴头的流量和灌水均匀度下降最大,而压力补偿孔口式滴头的变化最小。水质和滴头内沉淀物质的分析显示,化学沉淀(主要成分为CaCO3和MgCO3)是引起滴头堵塞的主要方式,滴头流量小、流道尺寸小和流态指数偏高也增加了滴头堵塞的风险。建议实际中利用再生水灌溉的滴灌系统,可选用压力补偿孔口式滴头。

微地形影响下滴灌均匀度设计指标研究

首先对滴灌系统中田面微地形偏差、水力偏差、制造偏差三因素独立作用及共同作用下产生的滴头流量偏差率、偏差系数、均匀度的计算公式进行分析,对符合正态分布的田面局部高、滴头制造系数进行计算机模拟,并随机分配给滴头;然后借助计算机模拟计算出上述三种因素独立作用及共同作用下流量偏差率、偏差系数、均匀度等指标;最后将上述四种计算结果的500组数据, 经过统计分析,确定了灌水均匀度计算公式,并建立了各均匀度参数之间的关系,分析得到的公式可直接用于滴灌系统的水力学计算。

地下滴灌技术发展及应用现状综述

地下滴灌方式有诸多优点，已成为微灌技术应用的典型形式之一，近年来已引起国内业界人士的重视。本文对地下滴灌技术的发展及应用现状进行了综述，并讨论了研制出一种既具有良好压力流量关系又可抗负压堵塞能力的灌水器（ 滴头） ，以促进我国推广应用地下滴灌技术。