Daily Dining Tables of Emperors in the Qing Dynasty

Dining table is the daily necessity for the Qing emperor.However,emperors’dining tables in the Royal Court were quite different from those of commoners’in the folk.According to archives,Qing emperors normally used low tables put on the heatable brick bed rather than high tables laid on the ground.These low dining tables were mainly made of red sandalwood,huanghuali wood and lacquered wood.In Qing emperor’s daily meal,not just one low table,but a combination of multiple low tables was used.When the emperor leaved the Forbidden City on trip or inspection tour,folding low tables were applied.

Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor

An area of both outstanding human creativity and pristine natural landscapes

Brief History of Xu-style Gardens in the Qin and Han Dynasties

This paper studied the gardening activities and characteristics of Xu-style gardens in the Qin and Han Dynasties by combining ancient literature with the study of Han Dynasty stone reliefs.The results showed that by Qin and Han Dynasties,the imperial(royal)gardens and private gardens in ancient Xuzhou had developed in parallel.Imperial(royal)gardens were built by or for vassal kings,First Emperor of Qin Dynasty,Emperor Gaozu of Han Dynasty Liu Bang,for example,Pei Palace,Yanqi Tai,Xima Tai,Hanzu Temple,Lingguang Palace of Lu and so on.As for private gardens,stone reliefs in medium or small tombs owned by the bigwigs or the rich were collected from ancient Xuzhou,and from which we can see clearly the development of private garden from the court,the yard to the garden,rich garden plants and animal species,garden architecture types such as hall,building,pavilion,platform,boat,corridor,gate,gatetower,ornamental column etc.,particularly,hanging waterside pavilion was a unique architectural form of Xu-style garden.These achievements showed that Xu-style garden architecture had been transformed from the pre-Qin incubation period to the generation period.

The Excavation from Qin Dynasty

200 and more golden, jade, iron and bronze articles have been excavated from tomb of QinDynasty at Dasan′guan near the city Baoji, Shaanxi Province, recetly. Specalists highly aprraisedthis excavation as another important archaeological find of Qin Dynasty after discover the warriorfigures from Qin Tomb. The tomb talked about is classified to 2500 odd B.C. Among these articlesthe golden objects account for about half The very fascinating are three 37 cm-long iron swords

The Influence of the Southern Silk Road on the Social Development of the Southwestern Yi in the Qin and Han Dynasties

The Southern Silk Road ran through Sichuan,Yunnan,and other provinces of China.It was a vital transport artery that linked the region of the southwestern Yi(barbarian tribes)to the Central Plains and influenced politics,economy,and culture in the region of the southwestern Yi in ancient times.The imperial governments of the Qin and Han dynasties kept developing regions along the Southern Silk Road.Their relentless efforts brought about social development in the region of the southwestern Yi in three aspects.Politically,they established the county system and step by step integrated the southwestern frontier and the inland into an administrative whole;economically,they implemented“presenting generous gifts and tax exemption,”spread the advanced production technology from the Central Plains,and promoted local economic growth;ideologically,they spread Confucianism and culture,and promoted cultural exchange and development.

The“Emperor’s Edict”and the Emperor’s power in the Southern Song Dynasty

“Emperor’s Edict”refers to the writing of emperor himself.In the context of serving as official document,it refers to the special writ issued by emperor for sake of administering national affairs.In the official document system of Song Dynasty,“Emperor’s Edict”had always been an attention of the scholars and officials at that time due to its unusual functions in terms of drafting,promulgation and power.The Southern Song Dynasty was generally conceived by academic circles as a period when the“Administration by Emperor’s Edict”was gradually phased out.We did observe,however,with“Emperor’s Edict”placed in historical panorama of the early years of Southern Song Dynasty,an ever-strengthened power and prowess of“Emperor’s Edict”as backlit by several historical incidents such as Emperor Gaozong’s controlling and manipulating by“Emperor’s Edict”of the national armies.It reflects the political truth of strengthened imperial power in the Southern Song Dynasty.Hence,we can have access to another facet of the politics of the Southern Song Dynasty.

An Analysis of Pre -Qin Confucian Ecological Thoughts A Perspective from Ecological Civilization

Pre-Qin dynasty Confucianism is famous and rich in ecological thoughts,which include the holistic thought of "harmony between man and nature"; the thought of"benevolence for people and caring for animals and plants" and "ecological ethics of respecting nature"; the thought of "conforming to natural environment and its protection". Ecological civilization,as a forthcoming civilization form,highlights the sustainable development and the pursuit of harmony between man and nature. Pre-Qin Confucian ecological thought can provide useful ideological resources for the cultivation of ecological consciousness and the construction of ecological civilization.

Emperor Qianlong’s Secret of Longevity

EMPEROR Qianlong(1710-1799)was the fourth emperor ofthe Qing Dynasty(1644-1911).His family name was Aisin- Gioro and his given name was Hongli.He died at the age of89,having reigned for 60 years.After he abdicated from the thronein favor of his son,he lived for another three years.He was the onlyemperor to possess power and live so long in China’s fendal society.

Ming Dynasty Eunuchs and Their Temples

IN 1513, construction ofDahui Temple, deep in thewoods of Beijing’s westernoutskirts, was completed,along with a number of othertemples scattered throughout thecity. The Ming EmperorZhengde personally inscribed atablet, and a stele was erected

秦“道”制起源新论

战国时期,秦国在统一进程中,根据被征服地区的顺逆程度,对新征服的非秦族群地区采取置郡县直辖和设立附属臣邦两种模式。秦属臣邦在保留原有“王侯君长”的同时,设置官员进行监督导化,秦“道”制即起源于臣邦中的“道官”系统,并在臣邦秦制化的过程中得到完善,发展为管理非华夏族群地区的与县平级的地方行政机构。从秦简文与封泥材料看,“道”即“導”,“道”制本意就是导化蛮夷,与交通道路无关。臣邦与“道”的主官为“丞”,意为辅佐,隐含“導”义,与县、都官主官称呼有别。

论秦朝对东北地区的统治及影响

公元前221年秦灭六国,建立起我国历史上第一个中央集权的王朝。秦始皇废封建,立郡县,统一了文字和度量衡等。秦朝对东北地区的统治和管理虽然仅15年左右,但因为继承了燕国原已奠定的基础,遂能以其强大的国家施政能力,把东北地区更紧密地纳入到我国多民族国家的统一整体中,为后世东北地区政治、经济、文化的发展奠定了坚实基础,也为中原文化的东传拓宽了传播的渠道。

新出秦简“新地”与秦代“差序疆域”的建构

秦简所见“新地”的界定应改变过去以时间界定为主线的研究取向,立足秦统一战争的宏观视角,考察郡制推展、罚戍署地规定与“新地”划郡而治、“东故徼”分界下的故秦地与“新地”,结合空间关系进行重新界定。“新地”实际以郡为单位进行划定,在时间上,“新地”可能是秦王政十七年至十九年间开始设置;在空间上,秦统一前东部边境防线“东故徼”变成统一后故秦地与“新地”的分界线。由此“中县道”、故秦地之郡与“新地”构成秦统一后的“差序疆域”。

清代巡幸驻跸行宫景点题名构成与精神表达

【目的】景点题名是园林营建活动的必要环节。目前关于清代巡幸驻跸行宫的研究多聚焦于历史背景、选址布局、建筑形制等方面,较少从景点题名切入,对其进行综合梳理有助于深入揭示清代行宫的历史与文化内涵。【方法】选取14座典型清代巡幸驻跸行宫的187个景点题名作为研究对象,采用文献研究、文本分析等方法,从景点题名的构成和精神表达2个方面展开探索。【结果】景点题名以三字格为主流形式,游赏空间题名数量最多。题名通过自然景观奠定情感基调,以人文景观作为具象骨架,描述出山林野趣、水波潋滟、点景构筑、宗教怀古4种主题,呈现出“中心—边缘”的辐射式关联,从不同角度强化巡幸目的。景点题名是驻跸行宫肩负巡幸使命和表征皇权的直接印证。【结论】以巡幸活动为主导,沿途的自然、历史、文化对驻跸行宫景点题名具有重要影响,使之在古典园林中独具特色。上述发现可为当代园林景点题名提供参考。

南齐帝乡、帝陵的政治隐喻与话语功能——以王敬则举兵的政治动员与《南齐书》的叙事立场为中心

萧氏故里“晋陵武进县东城里”与祖茔“武进陵”在南齐的政治话语中被视作王朝气运的象征与王朝正统的符号。宋齐易代之际,与东城里相对照的童谣“东城出天子”,武进旧茔上的“五色云气”“有龙出”“甘露降”等祥瑞及“萧道成当为天子”的流言,均被当作萧道成得天命的有力证据纳入禅让之际的舆论中。旧茔所在的彭山扼守着自建康沿破冈渎的东出要道,“拜武进陵”由此兼具政治与军事双重涵义。在齐明帝推行诛杀高、武子孙与旧将的时政语境中,萧氏故里、祖茔的政治意义被激活。王敬则以在武进陵口恸哭的方式将其举事与维护高、武相联,动摇了齐明帝的统治基础,在对方镇势力的疑惧下,齐明帝依靠建康禁军以作抵抗。在王敬则事件中,高、武王侯几乎被齐明帝所诛戮。作为“戕夷之事”的受害者,萧子显在编撰《南齐书·王敬则传》时,凸显王敬则的“旧将”身份、晋陵境内对王敬则举兵的响应以及王敬则的哭陵之举,或许隐含着彰显齐明帝统治之正当性缺乏的意味。这同样也是《南齐书》编撰期萧梁王朝对历史问题的定性。

先秦时期婚姻中媒人谫论

媒人在古代婚姻中发挥着重要作用,这是在先秦时期奠定的基础。最早的媒人,当出现于人类进入族外婚的史前时代。每个部族的女性祖先,应该就是该部族祭祀的负责人口繁衍与男女婚姻的女神“高禖”(高媒),比如夏人的涂山氏、商人的简狄、周人的姜嫄等。《周礼》中的“媒氏”,是周代官方的婚姻媒介组织,负责婚姻男女的统计与管理工作,实施劝导早婚多育,为适龄单身男女提供组成婚姻家庭的机会,其最高长官应是由颇有生育管理经验的老年女性担任。《仪礼·士昏礼》中的“使者”“使”“宾”,应该是在贵族婚姻过程中担任说合任务的媒人。《左传》记载了一些诸侯国君之间的跨国婚姻,媒人级别也比较高,一般由该国的执政大臣或宰相担任。《诗经》“国风”中反映家庭、婚姻、爱情的诗篇,多有平民阶层婚姻的媒人,应是当时社会主要的媒人群体。作为一个古老且重要的社会角色,媒人需要有较高的职业修养和语言能力,非一般人所能胜任。

卫操与拓跋力微及其子孙——《桓帝功德颂碑》考释

卫操撰写的《桓帝功德颂碑》既是北魏早期有文字记载的信史资料,又是北魏拓跋氏集团早期文章的代表作,具有重要的史料价值和文学意义。以《桓帝功德颂碑》为研究对象,具体考察了卫操的生平事迹、碑文的真伪等问题,得出的结论是卫操与拓跋力微、拓跋禄官以及拓跋猗■、拓跋猗卢三代部落首领都有交往,他对北魏早期的历史比较熟悉。解读《桓帝功德颂碑》对北魏早期历史及文学史的深入研究有一定的推进作用。

简牍所见战国秦至汉初“内史”及其沿革

“内史”一职西周已有,春秋战国以降秦因之,一度作为位次丞相的中央职官参与国家立法,掌治国家财政、上计等事务。秦统一前后,“内史”作为京畿地区治民长官的职能不断加强,“内史”职能或经拆分,将仓廪谷货部分析出,别置“治粟内史”。汉兴,“治粟内史”职权重归“内史”,直至高后执政后期,因现实需要,才又重新析为两职。

秦汉统一多民族国家的文明新构造

秦汉统一多民族国家的形成是古代中华文明发展的重要节点。秦汉时期“文化、主体人群、疆域”三位一体的文明新构造得以形成,文化、主体人群和疆域这三重因子在相互牵动中确立了“大一统”的社会格局。随着秦汉文化向边远地区的大规模扩展,初具国家和民族共同体意识的主体人群不断壮大,幅员辽阔的王朝疆域藉此得到巩固,汉民族就此成型。秦汉统一多民族国家的文明新构造强化了中华文明的突出特性,奠定了中国文化结构、中华民族结构和中国疆域版图的基础格局,在考古学上具有很大阐释空间。

新出秦简“县官田”与秦代地方公田经营

新出秦简所见“县官田”是秦代地方公田经营的一种重要方式。“县官田令”中“县官”指的是“县廷”,“县官田”应是属于县廷的公田。从里耶秦简所见迁陵县的情况分析,“县官田”的具体经营机构不是县属“田官”或“田”,而是直属于县廷的“左田”“右田”。秦统一后迅速在新占领地建立统治秩序,地方官营农业提供的物质支撑助力较大。