Perceptions of Bark Beetle Landscape Disturbance Effects on Natural Resources and Drinking Water: Assessing Communication and Knowledge Exchange in the Rocky Mountain Region, USA

Widespread changes to forested watersheds affected by the mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) epidemic across western North America raised concerns about the effects of this climate-induced disturbance on drinking water and natural resources. Effective communication and knowledge exchange across scientists and stakeholders (i.e., drinking water managers) is essential for constructively responding to such landscape scale disturbances, providing improved adaptive capacity through knowledge sharing. An assessment of stakeholder knowledge levels, information needs, primary concerns, and suggested communication strategies were conducted via an online elicitation survey and World Science Café workshops. Knowledge levels, assessed via a survey of local water managers and experts, were relatively low with approximately half of the respondents reporting little to no knowledge of the effects of mountain pine beetle on drinking water quality and quantity, thereby indicating limited knowledge exchange between scientists and drinking water stakeholders. Increased accessibility and dissemination of research findings pertinent to the mountain pine beetle epidemic’s effects on drinking water quality and quantity is necessary for natural resource management. Recommendations for improved communication among scientists and drinking water stakeholders in particular and forest health in general include dispersal of non-academic research summaries, information exchange through existing media and community resources, demonstration projects, and information clearinghouses. This information provides a better understanding of the challenges, concerns, and first-hand experience of stakeholders of a landscape disturbance issue to apply this knowledge to enhance land management practice and how researchers on this overall project enhanced science communication efforts.

Relationship between the Three Laws of Dialectics of Nature and Agricultural Development

Based on the three laws of dialectics of nature-the law of unity of opposites, the law of mutual change of quality and the law of negation of negation, this paper analyzes the relationship between the three laws and agricultural development, and proposes making good use of the three laws to promote the better development of agriculture and realize agricultural modernization.

Coupling and coordination relationship of tourism inclusive green growth system:Evidence from Shandong Province

Sustainable growth is a prerequisite for high-quality development,and inclusive green growth is regarded as an important way to realize sustainable growth.This paper constructs a tourism inclusive green growth index(IGGI)system based on the 2018 Asian Development Bank IGGI.Using Shandong Province from 2017 to 2019,the entropy weight method is utilized to explore the degree of coupling and coordination among the subsystems of tourism inclusive green growth.The study shows that:(1)the tourism IGGI continues to grow;(2)in the tourism inclusive green growth system,the social equity subsystem shows a trend of steady improvement;and(3)in the system,there is a slight discordance between the economic growth subsystem and the environmental sustainability subsystem.The study aims to provide the scientific basis for the high-quality development of tourism and theoretical support for the field of tourism and environmental sustainability.

The Correlation Between Note Features and Consecutive Interpreting Quality for English Majors

Note-taking skill is a necessary component in interpreter training programs,and previous research has yielded findings such as note-taking training methods or features of interpreter trainees’notes.However,little research has been done to investigate the changes in note features and correlations between note features and interpreting quality concerning Chinese students’C-E(Chinese-English)and E-C(EnglishChinese)interpreting.Using the framework of Daniel Gile’s Effort Model and Interpretive Theory of Translation,this paper examined how 45 English Majors’notes develop within one semester(seventeen weeks)and the relationship between note features(quantity,form,and language choice of notes)and consecutive interpreting quality.The participants of this study were all beginner interpreting trainees,and the note-taking training was introduced in Week 6.The study employed note manuscripts,interpreting tests,and semi-structured interviews to track the features and changes in students’notes.Correlation analyses and T-tests showed that(a)after the note-taking training,the number of notes increased from Week 8 to Week 17,and it was positively correlated with interpreting quality(fidelity and delivery)for both C-E and E-C interpreting;(b)as for forms of notes,participants primarily employ single Chinese words and the percentages of abbreviations and symbols rose prominently from Week 8 to Week 17 for C-E interpreting.Besides,correlation analyses show that interpreting quality improves with fewer single Chinese words and more abbreviations and symbols.For E-C interpreting,notes were mainly in English,especially single English words and abbreviations.The percentages of single Chinese words and abbreviations ascended whereas those of single English words and symbols decreased.Furthermore,results show that the more abbreviations and symbols,the better target-text fidelity,and fewer abbreviations,the better the targettext delivery;(c)concerning language choice,notes were mainly in source language for both C-E and E-C interpreting and the percentage of target language notes went up significantly for C-E interpreting.Consequently,the percentage of target language notes was positively correlated with interpreting quality.Interviews indicate that most participants do not pay much attention to language selection in the first stage,and if the source text a familiar topic with little difficult vocabulary,he or she records the target language.Otherwise,it was safer to use the source language.

Spatio-temporal Characteristics and Geographical Determinants of Air Quality in Cities at the Prefecture Level and Above in China

In recent years, the large scale and frequency of severe air pollution in China has become an important consideration in the construction of livable cities and the physical and mental health of urban residents. Based on the 2016-year urban air quality index(AQI) data published by the Ministry of Environmental Protection of China, this study analyzed the spatial and temporal characteristics of air quality and its influencing factors in 338 urban units nationwide. The analysis provides an effective scientific basis for formulating national air pollution control measures. Four key results are shown. 1) Generally, air quality in the 338 cities is poor, and the average annual values for urban AQI and air pollution in 2016 were 79.58% and 21.22%, respectively. 2) The air quality index presents seasonal changes, with winter > spring > autumn > summer and a u-shaped trend. 3) The spatial distribution of the urban air quality index shows clear north-south characteristic differences and a spatial agglomeration effect; the high value area of air pollution is mainly concentrated in the North China Plain and Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. 4) An evaluation of the spatial econometric model shows that differences in urban air quality are due to social, economic, and natural factors.

RENEWAL OF BASIC LAWS AND PRINCIPLES FOR POLAR CONTINUUM THEORIES (X) -MASTER BALANCE LAW

Through a comparison between the expressions of master balance laws and the conservation laws derived by Noether＇s theorem, a unified master balance law and six physically possible balance equations for micropolar continuum mechanics are naturally deduced. Among them, by extending the well-known conventional concept of energymomentum tensor, the rather general conservation laws and balance equations named after energy-momentum, energy-angular momentum and energy-energy are obtained. It is clear that the forms of the physical field quantities in the master balance law for the last three cases could not be assumed directly by perceiving through the intuition. Finally, some existing results are reduced immediately as special cases.

Water quantity-quality combined evaluation method for rivers＇ water requirements of the instream environment in dualistic water cycle： A case study of Liaohe River Basin

In this article the meaning of the quantity and quality of environmental flows of river in dualistic water cycle is discussed, and compared with the meaning of unitary water cycle. Based on the analysis of the relationship between environmental flows of river requirements, the efficiency of water resource usage, the consumption coefficient, and the concentration of waste water elimination, the water quantity and water quality calculation method of the environmental flows of river requirements in dualistic water cycle is developed, and the criteria for environmental flows of river requirements are established, and therefore the water quantity-quality combined evaluation of natural river flows requirements are realized Taking the Liaohe River as a model, the environmental flows of river requirements for Xiliao River, Dongliao River, mainstream Liaohe River, Huntai River and northeast rivers along the coasts of the Yellow and Bohai seas in unitary water cycle are calculated, each taking up 39.3%, 63.0%, 43.9%, 43.3% and 43.5% of runoff respectively. Evaluated according to Tennant recommended flow, the results show that： except Xiliao River is ＂median＂, the rest are all upon ＂good＂, the Dongliao River is even ＂very good＂. The corresponding results in dualistic water cycle are that, the proportion of natural flows for each river is 57.5%, 74.1%, 60.8%, 60.3% and 60.4%; while the combined evaluation results show that： considering ＂quantity＂, except Xiliao River, the rest rivers can all achieve the ＂quantity＂ criteria of the en- vironmental flows of river requirements, but if considering the aspect of ＂quality＂, only Dongliao River can reach the ＂quality＂ standard. By water quantity-quality combined evaluation method, only Dongliao River can achieve the criteria. So the water quality is the main factor that determines whether the environmental flows can meet the river ecosystem demands.

Feasibility and acceptability of wrist actigraph in assessing sleep quality and sleep quantity: A home-based pilot study in healthy volunteers

Purpose: This study aimed to determine the feasibility and acceptability of actigraphy to monitor sleep quality and quantity in healthy self-rated good sleeper adults at home-based settings. Method: Sixteen healthy volunteers (age > 18) were invited to participate. Each participant was provided with a wrist actigraph device to be worn for 24-hour/day for seven consecutive days to monitor their sleep-wake patterns. Actigraphy data were downloaded using-proprietary software to generate an individual-sleep report. Participants also completed a set of self-reported Health Related Quality of Life (HRQOL) using WHO (five) Well Being Index (WBI) questionnaires. Results: Actigraphy was well accepted by all participants. Only 43.8% of the participants achieved normal total sleep time (TST) and 62.5% had a mean sleep efficiency value below the normal range. Despite a reduced quality of sleep among the participants, the self-reported HRQOL scores produced by the WHO-5 WBI showed a “fair” to “good” among the participants. Conclusions: To maintain healthy well-being, it is vital to have efficient and quality sleep. Insufficient and poor sleep may contribute to various health problems and hazardous outcomes. People often believe they have normal and efficient sleep, not realising they may be developing poor sleep habits. This study found that actigraphy can be easily utilized to monitor sleep-wake patterns at home-based settings. We proposed that actigraphy could be adapted for use in the primary care settings (e.g. community pharmacy) to improve the sleep health management in the community.

On the Choice of the Path for the Development of the Rule of Law in China: From the Perspective of Improving the Rule of Law Quality by Promoting the Substantive Rule of Law

The continuous debate on the formal rule of law and the substantive rule of law in the construction of the rule of law in China not only affects the understanding of the connotation of the rule of law in China,but also the choice of the path for the development of the rule of law in China.In the new stage of “comprehensively advancing the Law-Based Governance of China”,the process of “comprehensively advancing the Law-Based Governance of China” is also a process of continuously improving the rule of law quality in China.And from this perspective,the relationship between the formal rule of law and the substantive rule of law has got a new meaning.Promoting the substantive rule of law is an important way to realize the development of the rule of law and improve the quality of the rule of law.At the same time,the promotion of the substantive rule of law should follow the “people-centered” nature of the rule of law and the objective is conducive to the promotion of the rule of law and the formation of the “rule of law ecology”.

Improvement of Physical and Biological Quality of Soil in a Sugarcane Plantation through the Management of Organic Matter Input

Changes in soil quality of sugarcane plantation as a result of changes in land management can not be measured directly, but must be demonstrated by measuring the change in the properties of the ecosystem as an indicator. This research aimed to study the effect of the addition of various quality and quantity of organic matter on soil biology （earthworms） and physical quality （aggregate stability, macroporosity and infiltration rate）. There were i 5 treatment combinations tested. The first factor is the type of organic matter： （1） cattle manure （CM）, （2） filter cake （FC）, （3） sugarcane trash （ST）, （4） a mixture ofCM ＋ FC and （5） a mixture of CM ＋ ST. The second factor is the application dose of organic matter, which consists of three levels-5, l0 and 15 Mg/ha. The treatments were arranged in a factorial randomized block design with three replicates and one control treatment （without organic matter input）. The result of this research showed that the highest population density of earthworms was found in the treatment of ST （78 individuals/m2） and a mixture of CM ＋ ST （84 individuals/m2）. The type of organic matter with C/N ratio ranged from 15.5 to 34.7 and cellulose content in 33.3%-40.1% gave better growth of earthworm. The effect of increase in earthworm growth on soil physical improvement is more apparent in the treatment of mixture of low quality and high quality organic matter. The increase of earthworm density and biomass enhanced soil macroporosity （from r = 0.683 to r = 0.606） and infiltration rate （from r = 0.669 to r = 0.756）. The results of this study suggest a mixture of CM ＋ ST or ST alone as organic matters, which is recommended to improve soil physical and biological quality of sugarcane land, with the dose application ranged from 10 Mg/ha to 15 Mg/ha.

Export Competition Between China and Other Asian Economies： Vying for Quantity, Quality or Variety？

China and some other Asian economies are the main providers of manufactured goods to the world. Similar geographical distribution, endowment structure and level of economic development mean that there is ferce competition among Asian economies in the international market. In an effort to understand thoroughly the model of export competition of Asian economies, this paper breaks the trade flow data into the quantity, variety and quality. The main conclusions are as follows： First, the export competition of the Asian economies takes place at the several levels of quantity, quality and variety, and the competitive advantage of different countries and regions lies in different aspect,＂ second, the variety and quality of exports are closely related to the economic development level; third, there are strong trade ties among the Asian economies competing in the world commodity market;fourth, bigger countries export more produets in terms of quantity;fifth, the change from quantity competition to quality and variety competition is the only way for China to achieve sustainable export growth.

Research on the Method of Balance Sheet Quality Inspection based on the Ford Law

This paper based on Benford＇s Law （Benford Law）, the Shanghai stock exchange 15 listed bank balance sheets for the past 5 years data for the study sample, results show that the model in the inspection report can quantify the quality in the process of accounting information quality comparison and has the outstanding advantages of simple, clear, this paper focuses on the Benford＇s law of balance sheet quality inspection method based on in our country and how to test the quality of balance sheets in the introduction and promotion.

Analysis of Laws and Regulations on Vaccine Quality Control in China

Objective To analyze laws, regulations and the responsibilities of relevant authorities for vaccine quality control and to provide suggestions for improving vaccine quality control system in China. Methods Laws and rules issued by related authorities were classified and studied. Results and Conclusion There are still some problems in the basic laws and regulations, including the lack of legal basis, the unclear responsibilities of relevant authorities and so on. We should improve the current laws, regulations as well as the responsibilities of the authorities so as to build up a sound system of vaccine traceability gradually.

Research on the gas desorption law of the consumingly destruct coal

To solve the issues of calculating gas loss quantity during sampling,simulated gas desorption process of the consumingly destruct coal with the assembly simulation testing device.Through an analysis of the simulation test datum using SPSS software, established a new formula that can be better description on gas desorption process,more accurate calculation of the gas loss quantity during sampling process,and calculating re- leasable gas quantity during a certain period.Aimed at the new formula,the best time of taking sample is confirmed 3 minutes for consumingly destruct coal,the computative error is less than 10%.Through experiment at laboratory and locale,the new formula could well describe consumingly destruct coal gas desorption law,and it has high calculation preci- sion of gas loss quantity in sampling and desorption quanlity.

Effective first law of thermodynamics of black holes with two horizons

For a black hole with two horizons, the effective entropy is assumed to be a linear combination of the two entropies of the outer and inner horizons. In terms of the effective thermodynamic quantities the effective Bekenstein-Smarr formula and the effective first law of thermodynamics are derived.

The Laws of the Chemical Psychology

As a result of the research, new knowledge about the chemical mechanisms of mental processes in the brain was obtained,which allowed us to identify new patterns in chemical psychology. We proposed the laws of conservation of the quantity and energy of emotions.

Hydrological Systems in the Greater Virunga Landscape: Water Quality around Mikeno Sector

Monitoring of environmental parameters is one of the highest priorities in the evaluation of environmental status of water resources and in environmental protection policy. The main objectives are to understand and evaluate the water quantity and quality in order to provide water of appropriate quality to various water users. The water quantity was assessed by the measurement of runoff or discharge at specific river cross sections using floating method for surface water and bucket and stopwatch method for springs and boreholes. The quality of river water and spring was identified in terms of its physical, chemical, and biological parameters. The analyzed data were compared with standard values recommended by WHO. Macroinvertebrates were collected in the rivers using a plankton nets and 10 minutes of sampling. Identification was made at the laboratory of Malacology. Results revealed that the quality of water obtained from sampling points is generally good to use for different domestic purposes except the Idanta River and Rwembwe borehole, which need an appropriate treatment before use. All sampling points are located far from houses and latrines, which can contribute to fecal contamination. On the different sampling points, bathing and washing clothes were observed and could constitute the source of pollution of drinking water. In Idanta and Kamira Rivers animals used water for drinking while also people use this water for domestic and drinking. In the two sampling points high values of Escherichia coli were found. No pollutant-taxa tolerant were found in the two monitored rivers for macroinvertebrates. Since water quality and quantity remain a major challenge in rural areas, the government should provide safe water to the population around Mikeno sector after treatment using suitable techniques.

Transparency Reports as a Red Flag for Quality Control of Audit Firms The Republic of Macedonia Experiences

A full application of the new auditing law dated 2005 meant, among other things, an obligation for audit firms to present transparency reports. In the period of 2007-2010, audit firms overcame the barrier and started disclosing the data on their operations, being treated as confidential for a long period of time. A continuous period of four years might seem to be a short period to create a big picture of the developments in the audit profession in the Republic of Macedonia. However, the issue of who, how, and for what purposes these data were used remains open. Pursuant to Article 7 of the Statute of the Institute for Certified Auditors of the Republic of Macedonia （ICARM）, the institute is in charge of carrying out quality control. In 2010, ICARM carried out, for the first time, quality control over the operations of audit firms in 2009. Did ICARM use and how much did it use the data from the transparency reports in the process of selecting the entities to be subjected to quality control？ Is it possible to establish relation between transparency in the operations of the audit firms and improvement of quality of services they offer to their clients？ The authors will try to provide the answers to the abovementioned questions in this paper.

Issues of Access, Equity, and Quality in Early Childhood Development Programmes in Zimbabwe

The paper sought to explore issues of access, equity, and quality in the early childhood development （ECD） sub-sector in Zimbabwe. The massive expansion of ECD services prompted the author to undertake the study. Data were collected using focus group discussions, individual interviews, document analysis, and observations. Information from literature, research reports, policies, and practices was also analyzed in order to establish the state of affairs in the provision of ECD. The data were analyzed using theme identification methods to solicit emerging issues. Generally, it was found that on issues of access, equity, and quality in ECD in Zimbabwe, there is a quality-quantity dilemma with qualitative progress less conspicuous than quantitative progress. The resultant specific challenges include： large teacher-child ratio; lack of parental involvement, lack of trained ECD specialists with expertise in using a play-based curriculum; and shortage of equipment, material resources, and age appropriate infrastructure. In most ECD settings, there were inadequate health and nutrition provisions. Water, sanitation and health （WASH） facilities were found to be insufficient in most centres. The study recommended that there is need for： equal access to quality early childhood education; provision of infrastructure, provision of ability and age appropriate resources; and health, sanitation, and nutrition services especially in rural settings. Overall, ECD programmes in Zimbabwe should strive to attain quality more than quantity services. The need to train more early childhood specialists who would drive the ECD sub-sector is emphasized.