The wheat sucrose synthase gene TaSus1 is a determinant of grain number per spike

Some haplotypes of the sucrose synthase gene TaSus1 are associated with thousand-grain weight(TGW)in wheat(Triticum aestivum L.).However,no mutations have been identified within the gene to test this association.The effects of TaSus1 on grain number per spike(GNS)also are largely unknown.Our previous genome-wide association study identified TaSus-A1 as a candidate gene controlling fertile spikelet number per spike(FSN).In the present study,we generated two independent mutants for the three TaSus1 homoeologs by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing.The triple mutants displayed lower FSN,GNS,grain number per spikelet(GNST),and TGW than wild-type plants.In 306 hexaploid wheat accessions,two single-nucleotide polymorphisms in TaSus-A1 contributed differently to GNS.Introgression of the two alleles into a wheat genetic background confirmed their effects.The alleles differed in geographical distribution among the accessions.

A rare natural variation in TaFT-D2 underlies QTss.cas-3D associated with increased total spikelet number per spike in wheat

Total spikelet number per spike(TSS)is a crucial yield component in wheat.Dissecting and characterizing major stable quantitative trait loci(QTL)associated with TSS can significantly enhance the genetic improvement of yield potential.In a previous study,we identified a stable major QTL for TSS,named QTss.cas-3D.In the present study,we conducted fine mapping of QTss.cas-3D,interval to approximately 6.35 Mb,ranging from 105.03 to 111.38 Mb,based on the IWGSC RefSeq v2.1.Through genome resequencing and gene function annotation,we identified TraesCS3D03G0308000(TaFT-D2)as the candidate gene.Phenotypic evaluation with paired near-isogenic lines revealed that this locus predominantly increases kernel number per spike by enhancing TSS and fertile spikelet number per spike,without significantly affecting thousand-kernel weight or tiller number.The presence of the TaFT-D2 allele in the parent P3228,which is rare in nature populations,highlights its potential value.This study provides a valuable gene resource and functional marker for wheat molecular breeding aimed at improving TSS and establishes a foundation for gene functional analysis of TaFT-D2.

Decrement of Sugar Consumption in Rice Young Panicle Under High Temperature Aggravates Spikelet Number Reduction

Two rice genotypes Huanghuazhan(HHZ, heat-resistant) and IR36(heat-susceptible) were subjected to high-temperature(HT, 40℃) and normal-temperature(NT, 32℃) treatments at the spikelet differentiation stage. HT treatment inhibited spikelet differentiation, aggravated spikelet degeneration, reduced spikelet size, and disordered carbohydrate allocation. Meanwhile, HT treatment increased nonstructural carbohydrate content in leaves, but decreased that in stems and young panicles, and the same tendencies of sucrose and starch contents were observed in leaves and stem. However, HT treatment significantly increased the sucrose content and sharply decreased the glucose and fructose contents in young panicles. Lower activity levels of soluble acid invertase(EC3.2.1.26) and sucrose synthase(EC2.4.1.13) were observed under HT treatment. Moreover, HT treatment reduced the activities of key enzymes associated with glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid cycle, which indicated sucrose consumption was inhibited in young panicles under HT treatment. Exogenous glucose and fructose applied under HT treatment increased the spikelet number more than exogenous sucrose. In conclusion, the results demonstrated that the reduction of spikelet number under high temperature was more affected by the decrease in sugar consumption than the blocking of sucrose transport. The impairment of sucrose hydrolysis was the main reason for the inhibition of sugar utilization.

QTL mapping for grain number per spikelet in wheat using a high-density genetic map

Grain number per spikelet (GNS) is a key determinant of grain yield in wheat.A recombinant inbred line population comprising 300 lines was developed from a cross between a high GNS variety H461 and Chinese Spring from which the reference genome assembly of bread wheat was obtained.Both parents and the recombinant inbred lines were genotyped using the wheat 55K single nucleotide polymorphism(SNP) array.A high-density genetic map containing 21,197 SNPs was obtained.These markers covered each of the 21 chromosomes with a total linkage distance of 3792.71 c M.Locations of these markers in this linkage map were highly consistent with their physical locations in the genome assembly of Chinese Spring.The two parents and the whole RIL population were assessed for GNS in two consecutive years at two different locations.Based on multi-environment phenotype data and best liner unbiased prediction values,three quantitative trait loci (QTL) for GNS were identified.One of them located on chromosomes 2B and the other two on 2D.Phenotypic variation explained by these loci varied from 3.07%to26.57%.One of these QTL,QGns.sicau-2D-2,was identified in each of all trials conducted.Based on the best linear unbiased prediction values,this locus explained 19.59%–26.57%of phenotypic variation.A KASP(Kompetitive Allele-Specific PCR) marker closely linked with this locus was generated and used to validate the effects of this locus in three different genetic backgrounds.The identified QTL and the KASP marker developed for it will be highly valuable in fine-mapping the locus and in exploiting it for markerassisted selection in wheat breeding programs.

Fine mapping and characterization of a major QTL for grain length,QGl.cau-2D.1,that has pleiotropic effects in synthetic allohexaploid wheat

Grain size is one of the determinants of grain yield,and identifying the genetic loci that control grain size will be helpful for increasing grain yield.In our previous study,a quantitative trait locus(QTL)for grain length(GL),QGl.cau-2D.1,was identified from an F2 population developed from the cross between the natural(TAA10)and synthetic(XX329)allohexaploid wheat.In the present study,we mainly fine mapped and validated its genetic effects.To this end,multiple near-isogenic lines(NILs)were obtained through marker-assisted selection with TAA10 as the recurrent parent.The secondary populations derived from 25 heterozygous recombinants were used for fine mapping of QGl.cau-2D.1,and the allele from XX329 significantly increased GL,thousand-grain weight(TGW),total spikelet number per spike(TSN)and spike compactness(SC).Using NILs for XX329(2D+)and TAA10(2D−),we determined the genetic and pleiotropic effects of QGl.cau-2D.1.The target sequences were aligned with the wheat reference genome RefSeq v2.1 and spanned an~0.9 Mb genomic region.TraesCS2D03G0114900(ortholog of Os03g0594700)was predicted as the candidate gene based on whole-genome re-sequencing and expression analyses.In summary,the map-based cloning of QGl.cau-2D.1 will be useful for improving grain weight with enhanced GL and TSN.

Characterization of a new hexaploid triticale 6D(6A) substitution line with increased grain weight and decreased spikelet number

Hexaploid triticale(×Triticosecale,AABBRR)is an important forage crop and a promising energy plant.Transferring D-genome chromosomes or segments from common wheat(Triticum aestivum)into hexaploid triticale is attractive in improving its economically important traits.Here,a hexaploid triticale 6D(6A)substitution line Lin 456 derived from the cross between the octoploid triticale line H400 and the hexaploid wheat Lin 56 was identified and analyzed by genomic in situ hybridization(GISH),fluorescence in situ hybridization(FISH),and molecular markers.The GISH analysis showed that Lin 456 is a hexaploid triticalewith 14 rye(Secale cereale)chromosomes and 28 wheat chromosomes,whereas non-denaturing fluorescence in situ hybridization(ND-FISH)and molecular marker analysis revealed that it is a 6D(6A)substitution line.In contrast to previous studies,the signal of Oligo-pSc119.2 was observed at the distal end of 6DL in Lin 456.The wheat chromosome 6D was associatedwith increased grain weight and decreased spikelet number using the genotypic data combined with the phenotypes of the F2 population in the three environments.The thousand-grain weight and grain width in the substitution individuals were significantly higher than those in the non-substitution individuals in the F2 population across the three environments.We propose that the hexaploid triticale 6D(6A)substitution line Lin 456 can be a valuable and promising donor stock for genetic improvement during triticale breeding.

Activity of Corn Silk at Different Days after Silk Emergence

This study was carried out to evaluate the changes in silk activity of two corn cultivars Xundan 518 and Yongyou 618 after silk emergence. Artificial pollination was conducted at different days after silk emergence, and the ear length, ear diameter,barren tip length, 100-grain weight, grain number per ear and grain weight per ear were measured at harvest. The results showed that with the delay of pollination, the number and weight of grains per ear increased at first, peaked at D2 to D4, and decreased subsequently; ear diameter and 100-grain weight showed a downward trend. Correlation analysis revealed that grain number per ear and grain weight per ear were most closely correlated. Rapid silk extrusion and long-lasting silk activity proved that the two corn cultivars Xundan 518 and Yongyou 618 are tolerant to high temperature.

基于纹理特征与深度学习的小麦图像中的穗粒分割与计数

穗粒数是小麦产量构成的重要因素和估测产量的参数之一,传统的人工计数方法耗时费力,人为因素影响大。为了实现对小麦穗粒数的智能、快速监测,以百农307、新麦26、稷麦336这3个小麦品种为试验材料,利用智能手机于小麦灌浆后期拍摄麦穗图像,随后对麦穗图像进行预处理并归一化为480×480像素大小,结合深度学习和迁移学习机制,构建基于冻结-解冻机制的HRNet模型的小麦小穗图像分割计数深度学习模型,利用图像处理算法、小麦小穗图像纹理特征确定小穗像素数与穗粒数之间的关系阈值,构建小穗粒数预测模型,实现对小麦穗粒的预测计数。结果表明,对比同样采用冻结-解冻机制的PSPNet模型、DeeplabV3+分割模型、U-Net模型及无冻结解冻机制的HRNet模型,采用基于冻结-解冻机制的HRNet模型对小麦小穗的分割效果更优,且具有更好的鲁棒性,分割精确度为0.9594,平均交并比(mIoU)为0.9119,类别平均像素准确率(mPA)为0.9419,召回率为0.9419;通过3个不同品种小麦的麦穗图像对小穗进行计数,所得决定系数(R2)为0.92,平均绝对误差为0.73,平均相对误差为2.89%;籽粒计数的R2为0.92,平均绝对误差为0.43,平均相对误差为5.51%。由研究结果可知,基于冻结-解冻机制得出的HRNet模型的小麦小穗图像分割算法能够有效分割小麦图像中的小穗,并获得更加丰富的语义信息,可用于解决小目标图像分割困难及训练欠拟合问题,通过粒数预测模型可以快速、精确地对小麦的籽粒数进行预测,从而为小麦高效、智能化估产提供算法支撑。

小麦TabHLH112-2B基因克隆及每穗小穗数相关功能标记开发

bHLH(basic Helix-Loop-Helix)转录因子在植物生长发育过程中发挥着重要作用。本研究克隆了小麦TabHLH112-2B,该基因由7个外显子和6个内含子构成,编码444个氨基酸,在315~364位氨基酸处具有一个典型的HLH保守结构域。组织表达模式分析表明TabHLH112-2B在小麦幼苗期、拔节期、抽穗期和开花期的各个组织中均有表达,其中在叶和根中表达量较高。顺式作用元件分析发现TabHLH112-2B启动子区含有植物激素应答、胁迫响应、与分生组织发育相关的多种顺式作用元件, qRT-PCR结果显示其表达响应ABA、IAA、MeJA等植物激素和干旱、高盐、低温、高温等胁迫处理。基因组序列多态性分析检测到启动子区域的2个SNP,分为2种单倍型。根据SNP-682开发分子标记并进行关联分析,发现该标记与干旱、高温等多种环境下的每穗小穗数显著相关,Hap-2B-2为每穗小穗数多的优异单倍型。研究结果为培育高产广适小麦新品种的分子标记辅助育种提供了优异基因资源和技术支撑。

复方秦柏洗剂及土槐丹四物汤对银屑病模型小鼠炎症因子的影响

目的:观察复方秦柏洗剂及土槐丹四物汤对小鼠耳肿胀炎症及鼠尾鳞片表皮颗粒层的影响,为银屑病的治疗提供依据。方法:选取雄性KM小鼠48只,按照随机数字表法分为空白组、模型组、卡泊三醇软膏组、复方秦柏洗剂组、土槐丹四物汤组、复方秦柏洗剂+土槐丹四物汤组,每组各8只。空白组、模型组予生理盐水涂搽加灌胃,各给药组分别给予各自药物涂搽加灌胃,连续7 d,末次给药1 h后除空白组外在其余各组小鼠右耳耳郭正反两面均匀涂抹20μL二甲苯以建立耳肿胀炎症模型。观察耳肿胀程度;酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)法测定血清中白细胞介素-17(IL-17)、白细胞介素-23(IL-23)含量;苏木精-伊红(HE)染色观察耳部皮肤皮损病理学改变;免疫组化测定耳组织中γ干扰素(IFN-γ)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)的表达情况。选取雌性KM小鼠40只,按照随机数字表法分为空白组、卡泊三醇软膏组、复方秦柏洗剂组、土槐丹四物汤组、复方秦柏洗剂+土槐丹四物汤组,每组各8只,直接利用鼠尾鳞片表皮模型,空白组予生理盐水涂搽加灌胃,各给药组分别给予各自药物涂搽加灌胃,连续14 d。测定鼠尾鳞片表皮颗粒层细胞数量;ELISA法测定血清中IFN-γ、IL-6的含量;HE染色观察鼠尾鳞片表皮颗粒层细胞形成情况;免疫组化测定尾部皮肤组织中IL-17、IL-23的表达情况。结果:与模型组比较,各治疗组雄鼠的耳肿胀程度均减轻(P<0.01),雌鼠尾鳞片表皮颗粒层细胞均增多(P<0.01);复方秦柏洗剂+土槐丹四物汤组雄鼠血清中IL-17、IL-23和雌鼠血清中IFN-γ、IL-6的含量显著下降(P<0.01);雄鼠耳组织中IFN-γ、IL-6和雌鼠尾部皮肤组织中IL-17、IL-23的表达也显著下降(P<0.01)。与卡泊三醇软膏组比较,复方秦柏洗剂+土槐丹四物汤组上述指标差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:复方秦柏洗剂联合土槐丹四物汤可通过降低炎症因子IL-17、IL-23、IFN-γ、IL-6的表达抑制炎症和促进表皮正常分化,从而起到治疗银屑病的作用。

2023年皖西南地区水稻新品种筛选试验

为筛选适宜皖西南地区种植的水稻新品种,本研究对Y两优9826等24个水稻新品种的生育期、种植表现以及产量等进行比较,研究分析其综合表现。结果表明,各品种生育期120~138d,多数品种生育期130d,有效穗数200.1万~330.3万/hm^(2),结实率70.4%~92.8%;各品种实际产量为7851.0~12426.0 kg/hm^(2)。综合各品种生长表现,品种林两优1771、荃优879、万丰优818、玮两优8612和晶两优8612的产量较高,综合性状好,可在该地区进行推广种植。

播期和密度对扬麦25产量及产量构成因子的影响

为探索小麦品种扬麦25在皖中地区推广种植的适宜播期及栽植密度,进一步完善扬麦25的高产栽培技术,本研究对扬麦25在不同播期、密度条件下的有效穗数、穗粒数、千粒重和产量等指标进行分析。结果表明,播期及密度均会影响扬麦25的产量结构;随着播期的延迟,扬麦25的有效穗数、穗粒数和千粒重均表现为先增加后降低的趋势,产量以11月2—9日播种处理较高;随着密度的增加,扬麦25的有效穗数逐渐增加,穗粒数先增加后降低,千粒重逐渐降低,以基本苗密度255万~270万/hm^(2)处理的产量较高。适合的播期、密度下扬麦25的产量构成因子协调,利于形成高产。试验结果为扬麦25在研究区及相似生态区位的高产栽培提供播期及密度参考。

密度对玉米产量(>15000kg·hm^(-2))及其产量构成因子的影响

【目的】研究密度对高产玉米(>15 000 kg·hm-2)产量及其构成因子的影响,揭示高产玉米产量形成机制,为玉米持续稳定高产提供依据。【方法】连续两年在新疆和宁夏高产玉米区,以郑单958为试材,以1.5万株/hm2为一个密度梯度,设置从1.5万株/hm2至18万株/hm2不同密度处理,充分满足水肥需求,进行高产栽培实践,在实现高产基础之上分析其产量及产量构成因子特征。【结果】两年多点共68个处理,最低和最高单产分别为7 675.5和20 503.5 kg·hm-2,其中有47个处理达到15 000 kg·hm-2以上的产量;对产量构成特征的分析表明,要达到15 000 kg·hm-2以上的高产,最低、最高密度分别为5.25万株/hm2和16.28万株/hm2;最低、最高收获穗数分别为6.66万穗/hm2和13.84万穗/hm2;最低、最高穗粒数分别为365和657粒;最低、最高千粒重分别为237和404 g。【结论】密度与单产呈抛物线关系,以10.5万株/hm2密度处理单产最高;随着产量的提高,种植密度、单位面积穗数、穗粒数和千粒重表现出最适值范围变窄的趋势。随种植密度增加,单位面积穗数呈增加趋势,穗粒数和千粒重呈下降趋势,而单位面积粒数呈增加并趋于不变趋势。

春季低温对冬小麦穗部发育和粒重的影响

利用2010-04-12—04-14的自然低温条件,选用36个河南省大面积推广和近年来审定的品种,探讨了春季低温对冬小麦穗部发育和粒重的影响.结果表明,春季低温对小麦穗部发育和粒重有较大影响.与春季低温危害较轻相比,危害严重的总小穗数平均减少0.98个,不育小穗数增加3.32个,小穗不育率增加17.86个百分点,基部小花数降低8.42个,基部小花结实率降低5.90个百分点,穗粒数降低16.01个,千粒重降低2.55g,这些差异均达到极显著水平,其影响程度因品种不同有较大差异.不同受害程度下多数穗部性状差值之间存在显著的相关性.

秸秆全量还田对冬小麦不同小穗位和粒位结实粒数和粒重的影响

【目的】研究小麦玉米秸秆连续全量还田对小麦穗部不同小穗位和粒位结实粒数及粒重变化的影响。【方法】通过设置3年定位试验研究小麦玉米秸秆全量还田对小麦不同小穗位结实粒数、粒重的小穗位和粒位的影响效应。【结果】小麦玉米秸秆连续全量还田提高了小麦的公顷穗数、穗粒数、千粒重和产量。各处理小麦不同小穗位结实粒数、小穗重、小穗平均单粒重均呈现二次曲线变化趋势,不同粒位的粒重也随小穗位的变化呈二次曲线形式。结实小穗越多、各小穗结实粒数或单粒重差异越小,空间分布模拟曲线的弧度越平缓。秸秆还田提高了小麦主茎穗和分蘖穗的结实小穗数与小穗结实粒数,降低了不孕小穗数,且下部小穗的结实粒数增加幅度较大;秸秆还田还提高了小麦不同粒位的单粒重,以第3、4粒位提高幅度较大。【结论】小麦玉米秸秆连续全量还田提高了小麦不同小穗位的结实粒数和粒重,进而提高了籽粒产量。

小麦结实粒数、粒重和品质的小穗位和粒位效应

【目的】研究小麦不同小穗位和粒位的穗结实粒数、粒重和品质变化规律。【方法】通过田间试验系统研究穗结实粒数相近,粒重和品质不同的3个小麦品种的结实粒数、粒重和品质的小穗位和粒位效应。【结果】3个小麦品种不同小穗位籽粒结实粒数、小穗千粒重、粒重、蛋白质含量、干面筋、沉降值、吸水率、稳定时间、评价值和软化度均呈现二次曲线变化趋势分布,第1粒位、第2粒位和第3粒位的粒重及品质也随小穗位的变化呈二次曲线形式,表现出籽粒发育的近中优势。第1粒位和第2粒位的粒重相近,都高于第3结实粒位;第2粒位增产潜力较大,是粒重变化的主要因素;临优2018和临优2069第2粒位,临优145第1粒位的蛋白质含量、干面筋和沉降值较高且变异较大,增质潜力较大,是品质变异的主要因素。【结论】在小麦育种和栽培中,对于每小穗最多结实3粒籽粒的品种,应尽量减少小花位数,来保持小麦籽粒品质的稳定性和一致性。

基于小麦穗部小穗图像分割的籽粒计数方法

[目的]小麦穗部小穗数及籽粒数能够直接反映小麦产量,也是小麦穗表型研究中2个非常重要的参数。[方法]为了快速测量这2个参数,针对小麦穗部正视图像,提出了一种基于图像处理技术的小麦小穗抛物线分割方法,并实现了小穗数及籽粒数的同步识别计数。首先采用图像预处理算法获得麦穗二值图像,然后将二值图像沿穗轴方向的像素按行求和,根据行像素求和曲线图中波峰波谷确定所需要的小穗3个位置点,由小穗3个位置点在二值图像上确定三点拟合抛物线,最后运用抛物线位置分割出各小穗,同时通过阈值法确定各小穗面积值与其籽粒数之间的关系。[结果]使用3个品种小麦穗图像对小穗数及籽粒数识别方法进行验证,结果表明:采用该方法 3个品种小麦穗部小穗数识别的平均零误差率为68.16%,平均绝对误差为0.46,平均相对误差为2.99%,对比已有文献识别小穗数方法,识别精度显著提高;3个品种小麦穗部籽粒数识别的平均绝对误差为2.11,平均相对误差为5.62%;3个品种单株麦穗平均测量时间为7.99 s。[结论]运用本方法可以快速高精度地对小麦穗部小穗数及籽粒数进行自动计数。

水稻单株有效穗数和每穗粒数的QTL剖析

应用２９２个Ｌｅｍｏｎｔ／特青Ｆ１３重组自交系（ＲＩＬｓ）及其含２７２标记的遗传连锁图谱剖析单 株有效穗数（ＰＮ）和每穗粒数（ＳＮＰ）及其相关性状的遗传．所有性状呈现超亲分离，ＰＮ与ＳＮＰ 存在弱的负相关．检测到影响 ＰＮ和 ＳＮＰ及其相关性状的 ＱＴＬ ５１个和互作位点 ４５对，它们 可以解释 ６０％以上的性状总变异。 ＳＮＰ与其相关性状的 ＱＴＬ定位在一起，比较与 ＳＮＰ－ＱＴＬ 同一或相邻区域的 ＱＴＬ数，穗部枝梗数是长度性状的两倍，故前者对ＳＮＰ的作用更大。仅有 ２个ＰＮ－ＱＴＬ与ＳＮＰ相关性状的ＱＴＬ相邻，因此通过标记辅助选择有可能实现ＰＮ与ＳＮＰ的 有利重组。其中影响 ＰＮ的 ＱＰｎ４和影响穗枝梗数和长度的 ＱＰｂｎ３ａ，ＱＰｂｎ３和 ＱＰｂｌ４等主效 ＱＴＬ，在标记辅助选择中具有重要的应用价值。对通过标记辅助选择合理配置穗部性状 ＱＴＬ 产生新的高产穗型进行了讨论．

基于图像处理技术的大田麦穗计数!

为了实现不同播种方式下单位面积小麦穗数的智能计算,设计了一种利用图像分析技术实现大田麦穗快速计数的方法,分析了利用颜色特征和纹理特征分割麦穗的优缺点和粘连区域麦穗个数的计算方法。通过对撒播和条播各35幅样本图像进行计数实验,准确率分别为95.77%和96.89%。结果表明,利用颜色特征和纹理特征均可提取大田环境下麦穗图像,其中利用颜色特征提取速度快。麦穗骨架角点个数能够反映粘连区域麦穗个数,在条播和撒播小麦田中计数准确率均较高。

基于顶端发育的小麦产量结构形成模型

小麦产量由单位面积穗数、每穗粒数与粒重构成。本研究以试验资料为基础,通过定量分析小麦茎顶端发育过程及其与环境因子和品种特性的动态关系,构建了小麦穗粒发育与结实的模拟模型,包括对叶原基数、叶片数、小穗原基数、小穗数、籽粒数及籽粒重的预测;进一步结合茎蘖发生与穗数决定模型,最终建立了小麦产量结构形成的模拟模型。运用2年度3个播期2个品种的田间试验资料对所建模型进行了测试和检验,表明模型能够可靠地预测不同类型品种、不同环境条件下的穗粒数、粒重与产量形成。