Temporal and spatial differences in human activities performed in Urban Green Spaces of Vilnius(Lithuania)

Urban green spaces(UGS)are relevant to city well-being,as recognized by the United Nations’Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs).However,few studies have studied the temporal use of UGS.This work assessed the seasonal,weekly,and daily use of three urban green spaces(Vingis Park,Bernardino Garden,and Jomantas Park)in Vilnius(Lithuania).The study is based on an on-site observation-based survey,which recorded users’characteristics,activities,and weather conditions during summer and winter.The results showed that UGS’s seasonal,weekly,and daily use differed according to park and users’characteristics.Parks with a higher diversity of facilities had a high seasonal difference in the number of observed activities.User numbers were higher in the summer for activities with children,social activities,sports,and water activities than in the winter.Jomantas Park had the lowest variability in user characteristics.Weather variables were linked to changes in users’activities.Higher precipitation and lower temperature were associated with reducing the number of users and the diversity of registered activities.Most of the stationary activities were observed during summer.The diversity of the observed activities was associated with the available facilities rather than the park size.The distribution of stationary activities was spatially correlated with facility/equipment(benches,playgrounds,sports,and fitness equipment)and proximity to water features.The results of this study are relevant for UGS design,planning,and management.

Model of Mediating Determinants of Time Differences in INDYCAR

The IndyCar series distinguishes itself by providing the same design and operation of the single-seater to its pilots.The difference in times is then attributable to the skills of the drivers,but considering the data from the races could test this assumption.The objective of this work was to establish a trajectory model to predict race times.A cross-sectional,correlational,and explanatory work was carried out with a sample of 18,474 records in the period from 2020 to 2023 of the IndyCar series.The results show that the time span predicts the time differences.In relation to the studies of acceptance of the technology,the adjustment of this to human capacities to explain the time differences in the series of racing cars is discussed.

Viscoacoustic prestack reverse time migration based onthe optimal time-space domain high-order finite-difference method

Prestack reverse time migration （RTM） is an accurate imaging method ofsubsurface media. The viscoacoustic prestack RTM is of practical significance because itconsiders the viscosity of the subsurface media. One of the steps of RTM is solving thewave equation and extrapolating the wave field forward and backward; therefore, solvingaccurately and efficiently the wave equation affects the imaging results and the efficiencyof RTM. In this study, we use the optimal time-space domain dispersion high-order finite-difference （FD） method to solve the viscoacoustic wave equation. Dispersion analysis andnumerical simulations show that the optimal time-space domain FD method is more accurateand suppresses the numerical dispersion. We use hybrid absorbing boundary conditions tohandle the boundary reflection. We also use source-normalized cross-correlation imagingconditions for migration and apply Laplace filtering to remove the low-frequency noise.Numerical modeling suggests that the viscoacoustic wave equation RTM has higher imagingresolution than the acoustic wave equation RTM when the viscosity of the subsurface isconsidered. In addition, for the wave field extrapolation, we use the adaptive variable-lengthFD operator to calculate the spatial derivatives and improve the computational efficiencywithout compromising the accuracy of the numerical solution.

COMPACT DIFFERENCES OF COMPOSITION OPERATORS ON HOLOMORPHIC FUNCTION SPACES IN THE UNIT BALL

We find a lower bound for the essential norm of the difference of two composition operators acting on H 2（BN ） or As2 （BN ） （s 1）. This result plays an important role in proving a necessary and sufficient condition for the difference of linear fractional composition operators to be compact, which answers a question posed by MacCluer and Weir in 2005.

TSCND:Temporal Subsequence-Based Convolutional Network with Difference for Time Series Forecasting

Time series forecasting plays an important role in various fields, such as energy, finance, transport, and weather. Temporal convolutional networks (TCNs) based on dilated causal convolution have been widely used in time series forecasting. However, two problems weaken the performance of TCNs. One is that in dilated casual convolution, causal convolution leads to the receptive fields of outputs being concentrated in the earlier part of the input sequence, whereas the recent input information will be severely lost. The other is that the distribution shift problem in time series has not been adequately solved. To address the first problem, we propose a subsequence-based dilated convolution method (SDC). By using multiple convolutional filters to convolve elements of neighboring subsequences, the method extracts temporal features from a growing receptive field via a growing subsequence rather than a single element. Ultimately, the receptive field of each output element can cover the whole input sequence. To address the second problem, we propose a difference and compensation method (DCM). The method reduces the discrepancies between and within the input sequences by difference operations and then compensates the outputs for the information lost due to difference operations. Based on SDC and DCM, we further construct a temporal subsequence-based convolutional network with difference (TSCND) for time series forecasting. The experimental results show that TSCND can reduce prediction mean squared error by 7.3% and save runtime, compared with state-of-the-art models and vanilla TCN.

Space-time evolution rules of acoustic emission location of unloaded coal sample at different loading rates

By using MTS815 rock mechanics test system,a series of acoustic emission(AE) location experiments were performed under unloading confining pressure,increasing the axial stress.The AE space-time evolution regularities and energy releasing characteristics during deformation and failure process of coal of different loading rates are compared,the influence mechanism of loading rates on the microscopic crack evolution were studied,combining the AE characteristics and the macroscopic failure modes of the specimens,and the precursory characteristics of coal failure were also analyzed quantitatively.The results indicate that as the loading rate is higher,the AE activity and the main fracture will begin earlier.The destruction of coal body is mainly the function of shear strain at lower loading rate and tension strain at higher rate,and will transform from brittleness to ductility at critical velocities.When the deformation of the coal is mainly plasticity,the amplitude of the AE ringing counting rate increases largely and the AE energy curves appear an obvious ''step'',which can be defined as the first failure precursor point.Statics of AE information shows that the strongest AE activity begins when the axial stress level was 92-98%,which can be defined as the other failure precursor point.As the loading rate is smaller,the coal more easily reaches the latter precursor point after the first one,so attention should be aroused to prevent dynamic disaster in coal mining when the AE activity reaches the first precursor point.

Adaptive Modeling and Forecasting of Time Series by Combining the Methods of Temporal Differences with Neural Networks

This paper discusses the modeling method of time series with neural network. In order to improve the adaptability of direct multi-step prediction models, this paper proposes a method of combining the temporal differences methods with back-propagation algorithm for updating the parameters continuously on the basis of recent data. This method can make the neural network model fit the recent characteristic of the time series as close as possible, therefore improves the prediction accuracy. We built models and made predictions for the sunspot series. The prediction results of adaptive modeling method are better than that of non-adaptive modeling methods.

Curved Space-Time at the Planck Scale

This paper presents a physically plausible and somewhat illuminating first step in extending the fundamental principles of mechanical stress and strain to space-time. Here the geometry of space-time, encoded in the metric tensor, is considered to be made up of a dynamic lattice of extremely small, localized fields that form a perfectly elastic Lorentz symmetric space-time at the global (macroscopic) scale. This theoretical model of space-time at the Planck scale leads to a somewhat surprising result in which matter waves in curved space-time radiate thermal gravitational energy, as well as an equally intriguing relationship for the anomalous dispersion of light in a gravitational field.

Solving Stiff Reaction-Diffusion Equations Using Exponential Time Differences Methods

Reaction-diffusion equations modeling Predator-Prey interaction are of current interest. Standard approaches such as first-order (in time) finite difference schemes for approximating the solution are widely spread. Though, this paper shows that recent advance methods can be more favored. In this work, we have incorporated, throughout numerical comparison experiments, spectral methods, for the space discretization, in conjunction with second and fourth-order time integrating methods for approximating the solution of the reaction-diffusion differential equations. The results have revealed that these methods have advantages over the conventional methods, some of which to mention are: the ease of implementation, accuracy and CPU time.

A Study on Interregional Differences in Elderly Person’s Remote Care in Terms of Traveling Time and Expense:Comparative Consideration in TOKYO Area and OSAKA Area

This study has been carried out to examine the development of an “elderly tele-nursing model” for care provided in-homeby family members and through remote nursing systems in a super-aging society. The time required for elderly tele-nursing wasinfluenced by whether or not the visitor uses the Shinkansen or the Express train. Based on 40 questionnaires, clear differences wereobserved according to whether visits were “every two weeks” or “once per month”. And finally, comparing the trends andcharacteristics of remote care for the elderly in the TMA (Tokyo Main Area) and Kansai region clarified regional characteristic.

Embryonic skeleton development and neonatal learning and memory ability of rats anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium: Differences of administration occasion and time

BACKGROUND: Generally speaking, anesthesia is often used in gravid body and it has been already proved that many kind of medicine can result in malformation. OBJECTIVE: To explore embryonic skeleton development and neonatal learning and memory of rats anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium in gravid rats. DESIGN: A randomized control trial. SETTING: Laboratory Animal Center of Xuzhou Medical College. MATERIALS: A total of 80 adult female SD rats, of clean grade and weighing 220-240 g, were selected in this study. The main reagents were detailed as follows: pentobarbital sodium (Shanghai Xingzhi Chemical Plant, batch number: 921019); MG-2 maze test apparatus (Zhangjiagang Biomedical Instrument Factory); somatotype microscope (Beijing Taike Instrument Co., Ltd.). METHODS: ① A total of 160 SD rats of half males and females were selected in this study. All rats were copulated. The day that the plug was checked out in the vagina next day was looked as the first day of pregnancy. Gravid rats were divided randomly into four groups, including early anesthesia group, second anesthesia group, late anesthesia group and control group with 20 in each group. Rats in the early anesthesia group were injected with 25 mg/kg soluble pentobarbitone on the 7th day of pregnancy for once; rats in the second anesthesia group were anesthetized with 25 mg/kg soluble pentobarbitone on the 7th and the 14th days of pregnancy for once; rats in the late anesthesia group were anesthetized with 25 mg/kg soluble pentobarbitone on the 14th day of pregnancy for once; rats in the control group did not treat with anything. The time of anesthetizing was controlled in 3 to 4 hours and ether was absorbed while the time was not enough. ② Half of each group was sacrificed on day 20th of pregnancy and the fetus was taken out to be stained with alizarin red S. After stained, the fetal skeleton was examined. The learning and memorizing of one-month rats that were given birth by the rest gravid rats were tested through electric mare method. Determine their study ability according to their correct rate of 90% or above of arrival at the safe area in 20 s. After they finally learned to arrive at the safe area correctly, test them once more in 24 hours and record the correct rate of 15 times. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The rate of malformation in fetus and ability of learning and memory in one-month rats. RESULTS: A total of 80 female rats were anesthetized in this experiment. Totally 490 immature rats were tested with maze testing machine and 196 fetuses were stained with alizarin red S to observe the development of their skeleton. However, one of the 80 female rats was led to death because of overdose. ① Malformation experiment: Learning ability of second anesthesia group was evidently different from the control group while the other two groups were not in the electric mare method. The fetal skeleton malformation rate of three experimental groups was 87.0%, 60.9% and 17.9%, respectively, while it was 5.6% in the control group. ② Electric mare method: Times of rats which arrived at the safe regions were respectively 49.0±31.0, 68.0±35.0, 47.0±31.0 and 44.0±21.0 in early anesthesia group, second anesthesia group, late anesthesia group and control group; and then, there was significant difference between the second anesthesia group and the control group (P < 0.05). Exact rates of memory of rats were respectively (64.36±14.35)%, (62.15±18.33)%, (54.19±12.28)% and (68.24±15.91)% in early anesthesia group, second anesthesia group, late anesthesia group and control group; and then, there were no significant differences as compared with the control group (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: The influence of anesthesia with pentobarbital sodium is obvious in fetal skeleton development and learning and memory ability.

Suppressive Influence of Time- Space White Noise on the Explosion of Solutions of Stochastic Fokker- Planck Delay Differential Equations

It is generally known that the solutions of deterministic and stochastic differential equations （SDEs） usually grow linearly at such a rate that they may become unbounded after a small lapse of time and may eventually blow up or explode in finite time. If the drift and diffusion functions are globally Lipschitz, linear growth may still be experienced, as well as a possible blow-up of solutions in finite time. In this paper, a nonlinear scalar delay differential equation with a constant time lag is perturbed by a multiplicative Ito-type time - space white noise to form a stochastic Fokker-Planck delay differential equation. It is established that no explosion is possible in the presence of any intrinsically slow time - space white noise of Ito - type as manifested in the resulting stochastic Fokker- Planck delay differential equation. Time - space white noise has a role to play since the solution of the classical nonlinear equation without it still exhibits explosion.

Novel time-frequency differential space-time modulation for multi-antenna OFDM systems

Differential space-time （DST） modulation has been proposed recently for multiple-antenna systems over Rayleigh fading channels, where neither the transmitter nor the receiver knows the fading coefficients. Among existing schemes, differential modulation is always performed in the time domain and suffers performance degradations in frequency-selective fading channels. In order to combat the fast time and frequency-selective fading, a novel time-frequency differential space-time （TF-DST） modulation scheme, which adopts differential modulation in both time and frequency domains, is proposed for multi-antenna orthogonal frequency division multiplexing （OFDM） system. A corresponding suboptimal yet low-complexity non-coherent detection approach is also proposed. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed system is robust for time and frequency-selective Rayleigh fading channels.

A New High Rate Differential Space-Time-Frequency Modulation for MIMO-OFDM

In this paper, we propose a new differential space-time-frequency （DSTF） modulation for MIMOOFDM system with four transmit-antennas and arbitrary receive-antennas, which can improve the transmission rate since it can adopt high order quadrature amplitude modulation （QAM） modulation. Our proposed DSTF scheme embeds some full diversity full rate （FDFR） quasi-orthogonal space-time codes （QOSTBC） with QAM modulation into the frequency intervals and adopts the differential modulation in both time and frequency domains. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed DSTF scheme can improve transmission rate greatly. Compared with the conventional differential unitary space-time modulation （DUSTM）, it can get better transmission performance in high transmission rate for MIMO-OFDM system.

Comparative Study of Different Space-Time Coding Schemes for MC-CDMA Systems

In this paper, performance of space-time trellis-code (STTC), space-time block code (STBC), and space-time trellis-code concatenated with space-time block code (STTC-STBC) for multi-carrier code-division multiple-access (MC-CDMA) system are studied. These schemes are considered by employing different detection techniques with various multi input multi output (MIMO) antenna diversity for different number of states in multi-path fading channel. The corresponding bit error rate (BER) is obtained using simulation for minimum mean-square error (MMSE), maximum-ratio combining (MRC), and equal-gain combining (EGC) receivers employing Viterbi decoder. The simulation results show that the STTC-STBC MC-CDMA system perform better compared to other schemes considered in this paper using MMSE detection and it is also observed that the performance can also be enhanced by increasing diversity using more transmitter and receiver antennas. However, this improvement in performance comes at the cost of increased computational complexity, which is calculated for different transmitting and receiving antennas.

Modeling of Surface Waves in a Fluid Saturated Poro-Elastic Medium under Initial Stress Using Time-Space Domain Higher Order Finite Difference Method

In this present context, mathematical modeling of the propagation of surface waves in a fluid saturated poro-elastic medium under the influence of initial stress has been considered using time dependent higher order finite difference method (FDM). We have proved that the accuracy of this finite-difference scheme is 2M when we use 2nd order time domain finite-difference and 2M-th order space domain finite-difference. It also has been shown that the dispersion curves of Love waves are less dispersed for higher order FDM than of lower order FDM. The effect of initial stress, porosity and anisotropy of the layer in the propagation of Love waves has been studied here. The numerical results have been shown graphically. As a particular case, the phase velocity in a non porous elastic solid layer derived in this paper is in perfect agreement with that of Liu et al. (2009).

Differential modulation based on space-time block codes

A differential modulation scheme using space-time block codes is put forward. Compared with other schemes, our scheme has lower computational complexity and has a simpler decoder. In the case of three or four transmitter antennas, our scheme has a higher rate a higher coding gain and a lower bit error rate for a given rate. Then we made simulations for space-time block codes as well as group codes in the case of two, three, four and five transmit antennas. The simulations prove that using two transmit antennas, one receive antenna and code rate of 4 bits/s/Hz, the differential STBC method outperform the differential group codes method by 4 dB. Useing three, four and five transmit antennas, one receive antenna, and code rate of 3 bits/s/Hz are adopted, the differential STBC method outperform the differential group codes method by 5 dB, 6. 5 dB and 7 dB, respectively. In other words, the differential modulation scheme based on space-time block code is better than the corresponding differential modulation scheme

AN INTEGRATION METHOD WITH FITTING CUBIC SPLINE FUNCTIONS TO A NUMERICAL MODEL OF 2ND-ORDER SPACE-TIME DIFFERENTIAL REMAINDER——FOR AN IDEAL GLOBAL SIMULATION CASE WITH PRIMITIVE ATMOSPHERIC EQUATIONS

In this paper,the forecasting equations of a 2nd-order space-time differential remainder are deduced from the Navier-Stokes primitive equations and Eulerian operator by Taylor-series expansion.Here we introduce a cubic spline numerical model(Spline Model for short),which is with a quasi-Lagrangian time-split integration scheme of fitting cubic spline/bicubic surface to all physical variable fields in the atmospheric equations on spherical discrete latitude-longitude mesh.A new algorithm of"fitting cubic spline—time step integration—fitting cubic spline—……"is developed to determine their first-and2nd-order derivatives and their upstream points for time discrete integral to the governing equations in Spline Model.And the cubic spline function and its mathematical polarities are also discussed to understand the Spline Model’s mathematical foundation of numerical analysis.It is pointed out that the Spline Model has mathematical laws of"convergence"of the cubic spline functions contracting to the original functions as well as its 1st-order and 2nd-order derivatives.The"optimality"of the 2nd-order derivative of the cubic spline functions is optimal approximation to that of the original functions.In addition,a Hermite bicubic patch is equivalent to operate on a grid for a 2nd-order derivative variable field.Besides,the slopes and curvatures of a central difference are identified respectively,with a smoothing coefficient of 1/3,three-point smoothing of that of a cubic spline.Then the slopes and curvatures of a central difference are calculated from the smoothing coefficient 1/3 and three-point smoothing of that of a cubic spline,respectively.Furthermore,a global simulation case of adiabatic,non-frictional and"incompressible"model atmosphere is shown with the quasi-Lagrangian time integration by using a global Spline Model,whose initial condition comes from the NCEP reanalysis data,along with quasi-uniform latitude-longitude grids and the so-called"shallow atmosphere"Navier-Stokes primitive equations in the spherical coordinates.The Spline Model,which adopted the Navier-Stokes primitive equations and quasi-Lagrangian time-split integration scheme,provides an initial ideal case of global atmospheric circulation.In addition,considering the essentially non-linear atmospheric motions,the Spline Model could judge reasonably well simple points of any smoothed variable field according to its fitting spline curvatures that must conform to its physical interpretation.

A PSO microseismic localization method based on group waves' time difference information

Aiming at the lower microseismic localization accuracy in underground shallow distributed burst point localization based on time difference of arriva（TDOA）,this paper presents a method for microseismic localization based on group waves’ time difference information Firstly, extract the time difference corresponding to direct P wavers dominant frequency by utilizing its propagation characteristics. Secondly, construct TDOA model with non-prediction velocity and identify objective function of particle swarm optimization （PSO）. Afterwards, construct the initial particle swarm by using time difference information Finally, search the localization results in optimal solution space. The results of experimental verification show that the microseismic localization method proposed in this paper effectively enhances the localization accuracy of microseismic explosion source with positioning error less than 50 cm, which can satisfy the localization requirements of shallow burst point and has definite value for engineering application in underground space positioning field.

Full-Wave Analysis of Slotline Using Time-Domain Finite-Difference Method

The transmission and dispersive characteristics of slotline are calculated in this paper. The tail of Gaussion pulse is improved because a modified dispersive boundary condition (DBC) is adopted. It leads to a reduction in computer memory requirements and computational time. The computational domain is greatly reduced to enable performance in personal computer. At the same time because edges of a boundary and summits are treated well, the computational results is more accurate and more collector.