Experimental determination and prediction of the compressibility factor of high CO_2 content natural gas with and without water vapor

In order to study the effect of different CO2 contents on gas compressibility factor（Z-factor）,the JEFRI-PVT apparatus has been used to measure the Z-factor of dry natural gas with CO2 content range from 10.74 to 70.42 mol%at the temperature range from 301.2 to 407.3 K and pressure range from 7 to 44 MPa.The results show that Z-factor decreases with increasing CO2 content in natural gas at constant temperature and increases with increasing temperature for natural gas with the same CO2 content.In addition,the Z-factor of water-saturated natural gas with high CO2 content has been measured.A comparison of the Z-factor between natural gas with and without saturated water vapor indicates that the former shows a higher Z-factor than the latter.Furthermore,Peng-Robinson,Hall-Yarborough,and Soave-Benedict-Webb- Rubin equations of state（EoS）are used for the calculation of Z-factor of high CO2 content natural gas with and without water vapor.The optimal binary interaction parameters（BIP）for PR EoS are presented.The measured Z-factor is compared with the calculated Z-factor based on three models,which shows that PR EoS combined with van der Waals mixing rule for gas without water and Huron-Vidal mixing rule for water-saturated gas,are in good agreement with the experimental data.

Effect of cobalt oxide on performance of Pd catalysts for lean-burn natural gas vehicles in the presence and absence of water vapor

Pd-based catalysts modified by cobalt were prepared by co-impregnation and sequential impregnation methods,and characterized by X-ray powder diffraction （XRD）,N2 adsorption/desorption （Brunauer-Emmet-Teller method）,CO-chemisorption and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy （XPS）.The activity of Pd catalysts was tested in the simulated exhaust gas from lean-burn natural gas vehicles.The effect of Co on the performance of water poisoning resistance for Pd catalysts was estimated in the simulated exhaust gas with and without the presence of water vapor.It was found that the effect of Co significantly depended on the preparation process.PdCo/La-Al2O3 catalyst prepared by co-impregnation exhibited better water-resistant performance.The results of XPS indicated that both CoAl2O4 and Co3O4 were present in the Pd catalysts modified by Co.For the catalyst prepared by sequential impregnation method,the ratio of CoAl2O4/Co3O4 was higher than that of the catalyst prepared by co-impregnation method.It could be concluded that Co3O4 played an important role in improving water-resistant performance.

The effect of humidity on the CO_2/N_2 separation performance of copolymers based on hard polyimide segments and soft polyether chains:Experimental and modeling

In this work, we studied two copolymers formed by segments of a rubbery polyether（PPO or PEO） and of a glassy polyimide（BPDA-ODA or BKDA-ODA） suitable for gas separation and CO2 capture. Firstly, we assessed the absorption of water vapor in the materials, as a function of relative humidity（R.H.）, finding that the humidity uptake of the copolymers lies between that of the corresponding pure homopolymers values.Furthermore, we studied the effect of humidity on CO2 and N2 permeability, as well as on CO2/N2 selectivity, up to R.H. of 75%. The permeability decreases with increasing humidity, while the ideal selectivity remains approximately constant in the entire range of water activity investigated. The humidity-induced decrease of permeability in the copolymers is much smaller than the one observed in polyimides such as Matrimid? confirming the positive effect of the polyether phase on the membrane performance.Finally, we modeled the humidity-induced decrease of gas solubility, diffusivity and, consequently, permeability, using a suitable approach that considers the free volume theory for diffusion and LF model for solubility. Such model allows estimating the extent of competition that the gases undergo with water during sorption in the membranes, as a function of the relative humidity, as well as the expected reduction of free volume by means of water molecules occupation and consequent reduction of diffusivity.

Interactive response of photosynthetic characteristics in Haloxylon ammodendron and Hedysarum scoparium exposed to soil water and air vapor pressure deficits

C4 plants possess better drought tolerance than C3 plants. However, Hedysarum scoparium, a C3 species, is dominant and widely distributed in the desert areas of northwestern China due to its strong drought tolerance. This study compared it with Haloxylon ammodendron, a C4 species, regarding the interactive effects of drought stress and different leaf–air vapor pressure deficits. Variables of interest included gas exchange, the activity levels of key C4 photosynthetic enzymes, and cellular anatomy. In both species, gas exchange parameters were more sensitive to high vapor pressure deficit than to strong water stress, and the net CO2 assimilation rate（A n） was enhanced as vapor pressure deficits increased. A close relationship between A n and stomatal conductance（g s） suggested that the species shared a similar response mechanism. In H. ammodendron, the activity levels of key C4 enzymes were higher, including those of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase（PEPC） and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-malate enzyme（NADP-ME）, whereas in H. scoparium, the activity level of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-malate enzyme（NAD-ME） was higher.Meanwhile, H. scoparium utilized adaptive structural features, including a larger relative vessel area and a shorter distance from vein to stomata, which facilitated the movement of water. These findings implied that some C4 biochemical pathways were present in H. scoparium to respond to environmental challenges.

Pd catalysts supported on modified Zr_(0.5)Al_(0.5)O_(1.75) used for lean-burn natural gas vehicles exhaust purification

Composite supports Zr0.5Al0.5O1.75 modified by metal oxides, such as La2O3, ZnO, Y2O3 or BaO, were prepared by co-precipitation method, and palladium catalysts supported on the modified composite supports were prepared by impregnation method. Their properties were characterized by X-ray diffraction （XRD）, NH3 temperature-programmed desorption （NH3-TPD）, He temperature-programmed reduction （He-TPR）, N2 adsorption/desorption, and CO-chemisorption. The catalytic activity and the resistance to water poisoning of the prepared Pd catalysts were tested in a simulated exhaust gas from lean-burn natural gas vehicles with and without water vapor. The results demonstrated that the modified supports had an apparent effect on the performance of Pd catalysts, compared with the Pd catalyst supported on the unmodified ZrA1. The addition of ZnO or Y203 promoted the conversion of CH4. In the absence of water vapor, Pd/ZnZrA1 exhibited the best activity for CH4 conversion with the light-off temperature （Tso） of 275 ℃ and the complete conversion temperature （T90） of 314 ℃, respectively. However, in the presence of water vapor, Pd/YZrA1 was the best one over which the light-off temperature （Tso） of methane was 339 ℃ and the complete conversion temperature （T90） was 371 ℃. These results indicated that Pd catalyst supported on the modified composite ZrA1 support showed excellent catalytic activity at low temperature and high resistance to H20 poisoning for the exhaust purification of lean-burn natural gas vehicles.

棉织物三手烟去除影响因素研究及成分分析

中国吸烟人群数量大、分布广泛,而被广泛使用的棉织物吸收烟草烟雾后会释放“三手烟”,不仅会散发难闻气味,还会对人体产生危害。本文利用所建吸附装置和除味装置,对显著影响除味效果的因素进行筛选和响应曲面建模分析,并利用顶空气相色谱分析系统对棉织物释放的卷烟味进行成分分析。结果显示,响应曲面模型的R^(2)为0.74,F统计量为38.04。水蒸气、热风和等离子体的作用对卷烟味去除效果影响显著;水蒸气和热风同时作用对除卷烟味有正向影响,但水蒸气持续时间过长会导致除味效果下降。GC-MS分析结果表明,三手烟成分包括吡啶类、醛、酚等多种类型化合物,本文为进一步研究其气味成形机理和形成过程提供了有效的基础探索。

Study of a Distributed Feedback Diode Laser Based Hygrometer Combined Herriot-Gas Cell and Waterless Optical Components

A distributed feedback diode laser （DFB-DL） based hygrometer combined with a long-path-length Herriot gas cell and waterless optical components was proposed and investigated. The main function of this sensor was to simultaneously improve the measurement reliability and resolution. A comparison test between a 10-cm normal transmission-type gas cell and a 3-m Herriot gas cell was carried out to demonstrate the improvement. Reliability improvement was achieved by influence suppression of water vapor inside optical components （WVOC） through combined action of the Herriot gas cell and waterless optical components. The influence of WVOC was suppressed from 726ppmv to 25ppmv using the Herriot gas cell. Moreover, combined with waterless optical components, the influence of WVOC was further suppressed to no more than 4ppmv. Resolution improvement from l l.7ppmv to 0.32ppmv was achieved mainly due to the application of the long-path-length Herriot gas cell. The results show that the proposed sensor has a good performance and considerable potential application in gas sensing, especially when probed gas possibly permeates into optical components.

Determination of selected semi-volatile organic compounds in water using automated online solid-phase extraction with large-volume injection/gas chromatography/mass spectrometry

A rapid,sensitive,and cost-effective analyticalmethod was developed for the analysis of selected semivolatileorganic compounds in water.The method used anautomated online solid-phase extraction technique coupledwith programmed-temperature vaporization large-volumeinjection gas chromatography/mass spectrometry.Thewater samples were extracted by using a fully automatedmobile rack system based on x-y-z robotic techniquesusing syringes and disposable 96-well extraction plates.The method was validated for the analysis of 30 semivolatileanalytes in drinking water,groundwater,andsurface water.For a sample volume of 10 mL,the linearcalibrations ranged from 0.01 or 0.05 to 2.5μg·L^(-1),and themethod detection limits were less than 0.1μg·L^(-1).For thereagent water samples fortified at 1.0μg·L^(-1)and2.0μg·L^(-1),the obtained mean absolute recoveries were70%-130%with relative standard deviations of less than20%for most analytes.For the drinking water,groundwater,and surface water samples fortified at 1.0μg·L^(-1),theobtained mean absolute recoveries were 50%-130%withrelative standard deviations of less than 20%for mostanalytes.The new method demonstrated three advantages:1)no manipulation except the fortification of surrogatestandards prior to extraction;2)significant cost reductionassociated with sample collection,shipping,storage,andpreparation;and 3)reduced exposure to hazardous solventsand other chemicals.As a result,this new automatedmethod can be used as an effective approach for screeningand/or compliance monitoring of selected semi-volatileorganic compounds in water.

水雾的红外衰减性能实验与分析

烟幕干扰光电设施的效果与其组成成分密切相关。以NaCl为填料,从水雾的光学和微物理特性角度,分析微粒消光特性的主要影响因素,通过实验比较不同浓度、不同用量和不同靶温条件下NaCl水雾对中远红外辐射的衰减性能,实验表明增大NaCl溶液的浓度和用量有利于提高水雾的消光能力,NaCl水雾对高温目标的近红外辐射衰减能力更强些。应用米式理论,对粒径服从对数正态分布的水雾在红外传输窗口的消光性能进行了计算和分析,波长分别为3.5μm和10.591μm时,其透过率分别为38%和55%,提出选用具备良好电磁特性和悬浮性能的干扰填料是增强水雾干扰性能的有效途径。

冷凝式锅炉

首先介绍了热效率达到或超过100%的冷凝式锅炉的基本概念、工作原理、分类与基本型式,然后简要介绍冷凝式供热与电站锅炉及其系统,最后对冷凝式锅炉尾部特有的安全问题与预防进行探讨。

烟熏对肉制品风味及安全性影响研究进展

烟熏是一种利用木材不完全燃烧产生的熏烟对食品进行熏制的加工方法。熏烟不仅能提升肉制品的感官特性,还能对肉制品起到防腐保鲜的作用。通过改良传统烟熏方式,开发出更加科学的烟熏技术,如液态烟熏和水蒸气渗透烟熏,能够有效提高烟熏肉制品的安全性,并进一步改善烟熏肉制品的风味和色泽。本文综述了烟熏的发烟与熏制原理、影响因素及熏烟成分组成,着重介绍了烟熏技术对肉制品风味及安全性的影响,并对其发展趋势进行了展望。

优化烟道工艺结构 提高烟道使用寿命

莱钢 2 #转炉汽化冷却烟道、活动烟罩存在使用寿命短、事故率高等问题 ,分析其原因是炉口段设计不合理、烟道径向热膨胀量无法释放、水封行程短、水封内积渣严重、烟道隔板易疲劳损坏等。为此对烟道结构进行改造 ,采取将炉口段和斜一段改为整体结构、加大氧枪口、加大烟罩水封行程等措施 ,从而改善了水动力不足 ,提高了转炉余热锅炉的使用寿命。

DDNP废水处理新方法研讨

文中提出一种新型 DDNP废水处理方法。先用废烟气蒸发浓缩 ,再焚烧 ,既巧妙处理了废水 ,又降低了锅炉烟尘 ,是一种低成本。

Research Progress of Optical H2O Sensor With a DFB Diode Laser

In the field of near infrared H2O sensing, the acquisition of the absorption signal usually is from a noisy background, thus it is important to adopt an effective signal demodulation method. This study introduced the research progress in the field of trace water vapor detection, covering different individual gas detection techniques. On the basis of the conventional double-beam differential absorption, the division method in voltage and the dual-peak method based on the differential value of two adjacent absorption lines have been studied. Voltage division has an excellent stability to temperature variation, mechanical extrusion, and fiber bend loss. The dual-peak method proved a linear relation with the water vapor concentration, and this method provided a way to measure the concentration at high pressure. Furthermore, the so called balanced ratiometer detection （BRD） was introduced. It has an outstanding self-adjusting capability, and it can also avoid an excess phase difference caused by the current-to-voltage converting circuit, thus this method has a high sensitivity. In addition, the second harmonic technique applied to gas detection was introduced, and for the high-frequency modulation via driving current, l/f was suppressed apparently; as a result, this technique realized a better sensitive detection by one to two orders of magnitude.