An Extended Interpretation of the Concept of Entropy Opening a Link between Thermodynamics and Relativity

It is well known that thermodynamics raises conceptual difficulties. Far to be limited to students having to learn the subject, this impression is sometimes mentioned by specialists themselves who confess not being totally sure of the consistency of the thermodynamic theory, despite the fact that its practical usefulness is indisputable. The present paper deals with this interesting question and leads to the idea that there is an imperfect convergence between the way of using the thermodynamic tool and the way of understanding its significance. Illustrated by a very simple example, the discussion can be followed by every scientist having the fundamental basis in thermodynamics. The suggested hypothesis is that the Einstein mass-energy relation is closely associated to the concept of entropy, opening a link between thermodynamics and relativity.

A Revised Interpretation of the Thermodynamic Theory Including the Einstein Mass-Energy Relation <i>E</i>= <i>mc</i>²

Thermodynamics being among the most synthetic theories of physics and the mass-energy relation E = mc2 among the most general equations of science, it is somewhat surprising that this latter is not explicitly present in the laws of thermodynamics. Coupling this observation with the conceptual difficulties often felt in learning thermodynamics leads to the idea that both situations may have the same cause. On the basis of these clues, this paper is intended to provide complementary arguments to a hypothesis already presented. It consists of showing the existence of an imperfect compatibility between the conventional formulations of the first and second laws of thermodynamics and suggesting the need of the mass-energy relation to solving the problem.

The Reasons Suggesting a Close Link between Thermodynamics and Relativity

Since the advent of relativity, it is widely accepted that the law of conservation of energy must include the energy created by disintegration of matter, or converted into matter. The aim of the present paper deals with the insertion of this concept into the basic equations of thermodynamics.

Unless Connected to Relativity the First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics Are Incompatible

The first part of this paper is a condensed synthesis of the matter presented in several previous ones. It begins with an argumentation showing that the first and second laws of thermodynamics are incompatible with one another if they are not connected to relativity. The solution proposed consists of inserting the Einstein mass-energy relation into a general equation that associates both laws. The second part deals with some consequences of this new insight and its possible link with gravitation. Despite a slight modification of the usual reasoning, the suggested hypothesis leads to a simplification and extension of the thermodynamic theory and to the idea that relativity is omnipresent around us.

S变换相对谱熵及其在液压泵退化状态识别中的应用

为更好地表征液压泵的退化状态,对液压泵退化特征提取方法和退化状态识别方法进行研究。基于S变换分析非平稳信号的优异能力以及相对熵较好表征振动信号概率分布差异的特性,提出S变换相对谱熵的液压泵退化特征提取方法,对液压泵仿真信号分析结果验证了所提出的S变换相对能谱熵和S变换相对奇异谱熵作为退化特征的有效性和可行性。将两个特征指标组成退化特征向量,对滑靴磨损和松靴故障模式下不同故障程度的液压泵振动信号进行分析,进一步验证所提出的特征指标作为液压泵退化特征的有效性。将加权灰关联法用于液压泵退化状态识别,建立了液压泵的标准退化模式矩阵,对两种故障模式下液压泵待检测样本的退化特征向量和标准模式矩阵做加权灰关联分析,根据灰关联度的大小判定液压泵的退化状态,结果验证了所提出方法的良好性能。

A Suggestion to Make Thermodynamic Theory More Easily Understandable

The conceptual difficulties encountered in thermodynamics are well known and are certainly the reasons that have led the great physicist Arnold Sommerfeld, a long time ago, to say that understanding thermodynamics is not easy. The situation remains nearly the same today and is due to the fact that the tools used in thermodynamics, i.e. the equations, are not in good accordance with the laws of thermodynamics. Since the efficiency of the tools cannot be contested, it is probably the formulation of the laws that needs to be revised. On the basis of arguments already evoked in previous papers, the suggestion presented below is a contribution going in this sense and inserting the Einstein’s relation E = mc2 in the thermodynamic reasoning.

一种基于灰关联分析的多目标跟踪算法

针对多特征信息融合算法进行研究,给出了一种基于灰关联分析的多目标跟踪算法.该算法首先利用灰关联算法对多特征信息进行处理,然后利用证据距离法赋予各种特征信息不同的权重,进而利用D-S证据组合规则对多特征信息进行加权融合.将基于灰关联证据距离(GED)融合多特征信息的新算法与已有算法进行仿真对比,结果表明,本文所提新算法不仅具有较准确的目标跟踪精度,而且其时间花费较少.

Degradation of Grover＇s search under collective phase flips in queries to the oracle

We address the case in which querying the oracle in Grover＇s algorithm is exposed to noise including phase distortions. The oracle-box wires can be altered by an opposing party that tries to prevent reception of correct data from the oracle. This situation reflects an experienced truth that any access to prophetic knowledge cannot be common and direct. To study this problem, we introduce a simple model of collective phase distortions on the basis of a phase-damping channel. In the model, the probability of success is not altered via the oracle-box wires per se. Phase distortions of the considered type can hardly be detected via any one-time query to the oracle. However, the probability of success is significantly changed when such errors are introduced as an intermediate step in the Grover iteration. We investigate the probability of success with respect to variations of the parameter that characterizes the amount of phase errors. It turns out that the probability of success decreases significantly even if the error is not very high. Moreover, this probability quickly reduces to the value of one half, which corresponds to the completely mixed state. We also study trade-off relations between quantum coherence and the probability of success in the presence of noise of the considered type.

出口市场多元化的经济增长长、短期效应——基于协整和误差修正模型的实证分析

"市场多元化战略"是我国较早提出的外贸战略。虽然短期内出口市场多元化会阻碍经济增长,但长期内对我国经济增长具有促进作用。因此,要保持我国出口收入的稳定增长,就必须继续推行并不断完善出口市场多元化战略。