Despite almost half a century of research for theory of mind, its evolutionary origin is largely unknown. This paper proposes that the evolutionary origin of theory of mind starts from the beginning of the human evolu...Despite almost half a century of research for theory of mind, its evolutionary origin is largely unknown. This paper proposes that the evolutionary origin of theory of mind starts from the beginning of the human evolution to form hominins through bipedalism and the mixed habitat. The feet of the early hominins were still adapted for grasping trees rather than walking for long distances and running fast on the ground. The early hominins lived in the mixed habitat of grassy woodland with patches of denser forest, and freshwater springs. The difficulty of walking in the mixed habitat leads to division of labor for the home specialist group (small children, old people, and mothers with small children, and pregnant women) in the safe forest area and the exploration specialist group (young people without the care of small children) in the dangerous open area. The different tasks, attitudes, and mentalities in different specialist groups produce theory of mind as the ability to attribute different mental states to different specialist groups. (Uniformity of mind instead of theory of mind is for generalists without division of labor). The early Homo species with the open habitat developed theory of mind for hunter specialist group and gatherer specialist group. The middle Homo species with complex stone tools developed theory of mind for the cooperative specialist groups in the large production of complex stone tools. The late Homo species with complex social interaction developed theory of mind for mind reading to enhance cooperation and to detect cheaters in complex social interaction. For religion, the unusually harsh Upper Paleolithic Period developed theory of mind for imaginary specialists in terms of supernatural power, guidance, and comfort. Therefore, the three general types of theory of mind are for specialists in division of labor, mind reading in complex social interaction, and imaginary specialists in imaginary division of labor under harsh conditions. Self-awareness in the mirror self-recognition test is also explained.展开更多
The fundamental theoretical framework of the Multisphere Tectonics of the Earth System is as follows:(1)It intends to extend the geotectonic studies from the crustal and lithospheric tectonics to the multisphere tecto...The fundamental theoretical framework of the Multisphere Tectonics of the Earth System is as follows:(1)It intends to extend the geotectonic studies from the crustal and lithospheric tectonics to the multisphere tectonics of the Ear th system as a whole.(2)The global dynamics driven by both the Earth system and the cosmic celestial system:solar energy,multispheric interactions of the Earth system and the combined effects of the motions of celestial bodies in the cosmos syste m are the driving forces of various geological processes.(3)The Continent-Ocean transformation theory:the continent and ocean are two opposite yet unified geological units,which can be transformed into each other;neither continent nor ocean wi ll survive forever;there is no one-way development of continental accretion or ocean extinction;the simple theory of one-way continental accretion is regarded as invalid.(4)The continental crust and mantle are characterized by multiple layers,with different layers liable to slide along the interfaces between them,but corroboration is needed that continents move as a who le or even drift freely.(5)The cyclic evolution theory:the development of Earth’s tectonics is not a uniform change,but a spiral forward evolution,characterized by a combination of non-uniform,non-linear,gradual and catastrophic changes;different evolutionary stages(tectonic cycles)of Earth have distinctive global tectonic patterns and characteristics,one tectonic mo del should not be applied to different tectonic cycles or evolutionary stages.(6)The structure and evolution of Earth are asymmetric and heterogeneous,thus one tectonic model cannot be applied to different areas of the world.(7)The polycyclic evolution of the continental crust:the continental crust is formed by polycyclic tectonics and magmatism,rather than simply lateral or vertical accretion.(8)The role of deep faults:the deep fault zones cutting through different layers of the crus t a nd mantle usually play important roles in tectonic evolution.For example,the present-day mid-ocean ridge fault zones,transform fault zones and Benioff zones outline the global tectonic framework.Different tectonic cycles and stages of Earth’s evolutio n must have their own distinctive deep fault systems which control the global tectonic framework and evolutionary processes during different tectonic cycles and stages.Starting from the two mantle superplumes Jason(Pacific)and Tuzo(Africa),the study of the evolutionary process of the composition and structure of the crust and mantle during the great transformation an d reorganization of the Meso-Cenozoic tectonic framework in China and the other regions of Asia is a good demonstration of theory of Multisphere Tectonics of the Earth System.展开更多
Feedback from supernovae （SNe） and from active galactic nuclei （AGN） accom- panies the history of star formation and galaxy evolution. We present an analytic model to explain how and when the SNe and AGN exert the...Feedback from supernovae （SNe） and from active galactic nuclei （AGN） accom- panies the history of star formation and galaxy evolution. We present an analytic model to explain how and when the SNe and AGN exert their feedback effects on the star formation and galaxy evolution processes. By using SNe and AGN kinetic feedback mechanisms based on the Lambda Cold Dark Matter （LCDM） model, we explore how these feedback mecha- nisms affect the star formation history （SFH）, the Near-Infrared Background （NIRB） flux and the cosmological reionization. We find the values of the feedback strengths, εAGN = 1.0 -0.03^＋0.5 and εSN = 0.04 -0.02^＋0.02, can provide a reasonable explanation of most of the observational resuits, and that the AGN feedback effect on star formation history is quite different from the SNe feedback at high redshifts. Our conclusions manifest quantitatively that these feedback effects decrease star formation rate density （SFRD） and the NIRB flux （in 1.4 - 4.0 μm）, and postpone the time of completion of the cosmological reionization.展开更多
By employing an improved simulation of the evolution of black holes （BHs） based on the merger tree of dark matter halos, we explore the relationship between the central BH mass Mbh and velocity dispersion σ＊ at hi...By employing an improved simulation of the evolution of black holes （BHs） based on the merger tree of dark matter halos, we explore the relationship between the central BH mass Mbh and velocity dispersion σ＊ at high redshift z ≥ 6 and quantify the mini-QSO＇s （with BH mass M = 200 - 105M⊙） contribution to cosmic reionization. The simulation demonstrates how seed BHs migrate onto the MBH-σ＊ relation by merging with each other and accreting gas at z ≥ 6： 1. The correlation between BHs and their host halos increases as the BHs grow; 2. The slope, i.e. Ф = dlog（Mbh）/dlog（σ＊） in the relationship, is insensitive to the redshift at z 〉 6. In agreement with previous work, we find that mini-QSOs＇ ionizing capability to the Universe lies in the range - 25% - 50% if early miniquasars have extremely high duty cycles, i.e. P（z 〉 6） - 0.9 - 1.展开更多
To the best of his ability,Charles Darwin amassed materials on a wide spectrum of biological species from many regions,grounding his theory of evolution with a global perspective in mind.Although he did not personally...To the best of his ability,Charles Darwin amassed materials on a wide spectrum of biological species from many regions,grounding his theory of evolution with a global perspective in mind.Although he did not personally conduct investigations in China,he collected and perused the China-related treatises available in European languages,particularly those written by sinologists.By means of these treatises,he made indirect citations of or reference to at least ten Chinese books,such as Qimin yaoshu齊民要術(Essential techniques for the peasantry),Bencao gangmu本草綱目(Compendium of materia medica),and Sancai tuhui三才圖會(Collected illustrations of the three realms),drawing especially from works on agriculture and medicine.Material drawn from these books bridged a gap in Darwin’s information on worldwide species and thus performed a vital role in his construction of the theory of evolution.Meanwhile,the investigations here help rectify and account for some factual errors that Darwin made.展开更多
In this review, we recall how stars contribute to the search for dark matter and the specific role of the Sun. We describe a more complete picture of the solar interior that emerges from neutrino detections, gravity a...In this review, we recall how stars contribute to the search for dark matter and the specific role of the Sun. We describe a more complete picture of the solar interior that emerges from neutrino detections, gravity and acoustic mode measurements of the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory （SOHO） satellite, becoming a reference for the most common stars in the Universe. The Sun is a unique star in that we can observe directly the effect of dark matter. The absence of a signature related to Weakly Interacting Massive Particles （WIMPs） in its core disfavors a WIMP mass range below 12 GeV. We give arguments to continue this search on the Sun and other promising cases. We also examine another dark matter candidate, the sterile neutrino, and infer the limitations of the classical structural equations. Open questions on the young Sun, when planets formed, and on its present internal dynamics are finally dis- cussed. Future directions are proposed for the next decade： a better description of the solar core, a generalization to stars coming from seismic missions and a better under- standing of the dynamics of our galaxy which are all crucial keys for understanding dark matter.展开更多
文摘Despite almost half a century of research for theory of mind, its evolutionary origin is largely unknown. This paper proposes that the evolutionary origin of theory of mind starts from the beginning of the human evolution to form hominins through bipedalism and the mixed habitat. The feet of the early hominins were still adapted for grasping trees rather than walking for long distances and running fast on the ground. The early hominins lived in the mixed habitat of grassy woodland with patches of denser forest, and freshwater springs. The difficulty of walking in the mixed habitat leads to division of labor for the home specialist group (small children, old people, and mothers with small children, and pregnant women) in the safe forest area and the exploration specialist group (young people without the care of small children) in the dangerous open area. The different tasks, attitudes, and mentalities in different specialist groups produce theory of mind as the ability to attribute different mental states to different specialist groups. (Uniformity of mind instead of theory of mind is for generalists without division of labor). The early Homo species with the open habitat developed theory of mind for hunter specialist group and gatherer specialist group. The middle Homo species with complex stone tools developed theory of mind for the cooperative specialist groups in the large production of complex stone tools. The late Homo species with complex social interaction developed theory of mind for mind reading to enhance cooperation and to detect cheaters in complex social interaction. For religion, the unusually harsh Upper Paleolithic Period developed theory of mind for imaginary specialists in terms of supernatural power, guidance, and comfort. Therefore, the three general types of theory of mind are for specialists in division of labor, mind reading in complex social interaction, and imaginary specialists in imaginary division of labor under harsh conditions. Self-awareness in the mirror self-recognition test is also explained.
基金This work was funded by the Geological Survey Fund of the China Geological Survey(Grant Nos.DD20190358,DD20221646)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.42172218,41772195).
文摘The fundamental theoretical framework of the Multisphere Tectonics of the Earth System is as follows:(1)It intends to extend the geotectonic studies from the crustal and lithospheric tectonics to the multisphere tectonics of the Ear th system as a whole.(2)The global dynamics driven by both the Earth system and the cosmic celestial system:solar energy,multispheric interactions of the Earth system and the combined effects of the motions of celestial bodies in the cosmos syste m are the driving forces of various geological processes.(3)The Continent-Ocean transformation theory:the continent and ocean are two opposite yet unified geological units,which can be transformed into each other;neither continent nor ocean wi ll survive forever;there is no one-way development of continental accretion or ocean extinction;the simple theory of one-way continental accretion is regarded as invalid.(4)The continental crust and mantle are characterized by multiple layers,with different layers liable to slide along the interfaces between them,but corroboration is needed that continents move as a who le or even drift freely.(5)The cyclic evolution theory:the development of Earth’s tectonics is not a uniform change,but a spiral forward evolution,characterized by a combination of non-uniform,non-linear,gradual and catastrophic changes;different evolutionary stages(tectonic cycles)of Earth have distinctive global tectonic patterns and characteristics,one tectonic mo del should not be applied to different tectonic cycles or evolutionary stages.(6)The structure and evolution of Earth are asymmetric and heterogeneous,thus one tectonic model cannot be applied to different areas of the world.(7)The polycyclic evolution of the continental crust:the continental crust is formed by polycyclic tectonics and magmatism,rather than simply lateral or vertical accretion.(8)The role of deep faults:the deep fault zones cutting through different layers of the crus t a nd mantle usually play important roles in tectonic evolution.For example,the present-day mid-ocean ridge fault zones,transform fault zones and Benioff zones outline the global tectonic framework.Different tectonic cycles and stages of Earth’s evolutio n must have their own distinctive deep fault systems which control the global tectonic framework and evolutionary processes during different tectonic cycles and stages.Starting from the two mantle superplumes Jason(Pacific)and Tuzo(Africa),the study of the evolutionary process of the composition and structure of the crust and mantle during the great transformation an d reorganization of the Meso-Cenozoic tectonic framework in China and the other regions of Asia is a good demonstration of theory of Multisphere Tectonics of the Earth System.
文摘Feedback from supernovae （SNe） and from active galactic nuclei （AGN） accom- panies the history of star formation and galaxy evolution. We present an analytic model to explain how and when the SNe and AGN exert their feedback effects on the star formation and galaxy evolution processes. By using SNe and AGN kinetic feedback mechanisms based on the Lambda Cold Dark Matter （LCDM） model, we explore how these feedback mecha- nisms affect the star formation history （SFH）, the Near-Infrared Background （NIRB） flux and the cosmological reionization. We find the values of the feedback strengths, εAGN = 1.0 -0.03^＋0.5 and εSN = 0.04 -0.02^＋0.02, can provide a reasonable explanation of most of the observational resuits, and that the AGN feedback effect on star formation history is quite different from the SNe feedback at high redshifts. Our conclusions manifest quantitatively that these feedback effects decrease star formation rate density （SFRD） and the NIRB flux （in 1.4 - 4.0 μm）, and postpone the time of completion of the cosmological reionization.
基金partially supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(2009CB824800)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.10733010,10673010 and 10573016)the Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University
文摘By employing an improved simulation of the evolution of black holes （BHs） based on the merger tree of dark matter halos, we explore the relationship between the central BH mass Mbh and velocity dispersion σ＊ at high redshift z ≥ 6 and quantify the mini-QSO＇s （with BH mass M = 200 - 105M⊙） contribution to cosmic reionization. The simulation demonstrates how seed BHs migrate onto the MBH-σ＊ relation by merging with each other and accreting gas at z ≥ 6： 1. The correlation between BHs and their host halos increases as the BHs grow; 2. The slope, i.e. Ф = dlog（Mbh）/dlog（σ＊） in the relationship, is insensitive to the redshift at z 〉 6. In agreement with previous work, we find that mini-QSOs＇ ionizing capability to the Universe lies in the range - 25% - 50% if early miniquasars have extremely high duty cycles, i.e. P（z 〉 6） - 0.9 - 1.
文摘To the best of his ability,Charles Darwin amassed materials on a wide spectrum of biological species from many regions,grounding his theory of evolution with a global perspective in mind.Although he did not personally conduct investigations in China,he collected and perused the China-related treatises available in European languages,particularly those written by sinologists.By means of these treatises,he made indirect citations of or reference to at least ten Chinese books,such as Qimin yaoshu齊民要術(Essential techniques for the peasantry),Bencao gangmu本草綱目(Compendium of materia medica),and Sancai tuhui三才圖會(Collected illustrations of the three realms),drawing especially from works on agriculture and medicine.Material drawn from these books bridged a gap in Darwin’s information on worldwide species and thus performed a vital role in his construction of the theory of evolution.Meanwhile,the investigations here help rectify and account for some factual errors that Darwin made.
文摘In this review, we recall how stars contribute to the search for dark matter and the specific role of the Sun. We describe a more complete picture of the solar interior that emerges from neutrino detections, gravity and acoustic mode measurements of the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory （SOHO） satellite, becoming a reference for the most common stars in the Universe. The Sun is a unique star in that we can observe directly the effect of dark matter. The absence of a signature related to Weakly Interacting Massive Particles （WIMPs） in its core disfavors a WIMP mass range below 12 GeV. We give arguments to continue this search on the Sun and other promising cases. We also examine another dark matter candidate, the sterile neutrino, and infer the limitations of the classical structural equations. Open questions on the young Sun, when planets formed, and on its present internal dynamics are finally dis- cussed. Future directions are proposed for the next decade： a better description of the solar core, a generalization to stars coming from seismic missions and a better under- standing of the dynamics of our galaxy which are all crucial keys for understanding dark matter.
