The “Dead Universe” Theory: Natural Separation of Galaxies Driven by the Remnants of a Supermassive Dead Universe

This article explores the dead universe theory as a novel interpretation for the origin and evolution of the universe, suggesting that our cosmos may have originated from the remnants of a preceding universe. This perspective challenges the conventional Big Bang theory, particularly concerning dark matter, the expansion of the universe, and the interpretation of phenomena such as gravitational waves.

A symmetric substructuring method for analyzing the natural frequencies of conical origami structures

Conical origami structures are characterized by their substantial out-of-plane stiffness and energy-absorptioncapacity.Previous investigations have commonly focused on the static characteristics of these lightweight struc-tures.However,the efficient analysis of the natural vibrations of these structures is pivotal for designing conicalorigami structures with programmable stiffness and mass.In this paper,we propose a novel method to analyzethe natural vibrations of such structures by combining a symmetric substructuring method(SSM)and a gener-alized eigenvalue analysis.SSM exploits the inherent symmetry of the structure to decompose it into a finiteset of repetitive substructures.In doing so,we reduce the dimensions of matrices and improve computationalefficiency by adopting the stiffness and mass matrices of the substructures in the generalized eigenvalue analysis.Finite element simulations of pin-jointed models are used to validate the computational results of the proposedapproach.Moreover,the parametric analysis of the structures demonstrates the influences of the number of seg-ments along the circumference and the radius of the cone on the structural mass and natural frequencies of thestructures.Furthermore,we present a comparison between six-fold and four-fold conical origami structures anddiscuss the influence of various geometric parameters on their natural frequencies.This study provides a strategyfor efficiently analyzing the natural vibration of symmetric origami structures and has the potential to contributeto the efficient design and customization of origami metastructures with programmable stiffness.

Fundamental Issues Towards Unified Design Theory of Recycled and Natural Aggregate Concrete Components

In the past 20 years,recycled aggregate concrete(RAC),as a type of low-carbon concrete,has become a worldwide focus of research.However,the design methodology for RAC structural components remains a challenge.Consequently,demands for a unified design of natural aggregate concrete(NAC)and RAC components have been presented.Accordingly,this study analyses the necessity of a unified design theory and provides an in-depth demonstration of the strength determination,compressive constitutive relationship,and design method of concrete components.The coefficient of variation of RAC strength is found to be generally higher than that of NAC strength.The compressive and tensile strengths of RAC can be defined and determined using the same method as that used for NAC.The uniaxial compressive constitutive relationship between NAC and RAC has a unified mathematical expression.However,the elastic modulus of RAC decreases,and its brittleness exhibits an increasing trend compared with that of NAC.Finally,to unify the design formulae of RAC and NAC components for bearing capacity,modification factors for RAC components are proposed considering safety and reliability.Additionally,the feasibility of the proposed unified time-dependent design theory is demonstrated in terms of conceptual design and structural measures considering the effects of strength degradation and reinforcement corrosion.It is believed that this study enriches and develops the basic theory of concrete structures.

Density functional theory study on natural hydrophobicity of sulfide surfaces

Adsorption of water on sulfide surfaces and natural floatability of sulfide minerals were studied using density functional theory （DFT） method. All computational models were built in a vacuum environment to eliminate the effects of oxygen and other factors. H2O molecule prefers to stay with pyrite and sphalerite surfaces rather than water, whereas for galena, chalcocite, stibnite, and molybdenite, H2O molecule prefers to stay with water rather than the mineral surfaces. On the other hand, pyrite surface favors N2 more than water, while sphalerite surface cannot adsorb N2. These results show that galena, stibnite, chalcocite, and molybdenite are hydrophobic, while sphalerite is hydrophilic. Although pyrite has certain hydrophilicity, it tends to be aerophilic because the reaction of pyrite with H2O is weaker than pyrite with N2. Thus, pyrite, galena, chalcocite, stibnite and molybdenite all have natural floatability.

A theoretical insight about co-pyrolysis reaction of natural gas and coal

The co-pyrolysis of natural gas and coal is a promising way for the production of acetylene due to its high efficiency for energy and hydrogen utilization.This work investigated the thermodynamics for the copyrolysis reaction of natural gas and coal using density functional theory.The favorable reaction conditions are presented in the form of phase diagrams.The calculation results show that the extra amount of methane may benefit the production of acetylene in the co-pyrolysis reaction,and the C/H ratio of 1:1,temperature around 3000 K and pressure at 0.1 MPa are most favorable.The results would provide basic data for related industrial process for the production of acetylene.

THEORY AND PRACTICE FOR COMPILING THE ATLAS OF NATURAL DISASTERS IN CHINA

This article inquires into theoretical and practical problems on compilation of an atlas of regional natural disasters. (1) The basic theory of compiling an atlas of regional disasters has been founded on the combination of the sciences of disasters, cartography and regional geogrphy. The content structure of a regional disaster atlas should be composed of at least the following five parts:hazard-formative environments and hazard-affected bodies,hazards, disaster effects, monitoring and warning system for natural disasters, and countermeasures for natural disaster reduction. (2) Contents of cartographic design of a regional disaster atlas should be composed of at least the following five parts: base map system, cartographic representation, Symbol System, color system, map edition and map layout system. (3) Based on theory and cartographic design of compiling an atlas of regional disaster, the Atlas of Natural Disater in China, which reveals objectively the temporal and spaial pattern of regional natural disasters of China,has been compiled and published.

The Practical Significance of Marx's Theory of Natural Force Resources

Marx's theory of natural force resources is an indispensable part of Marx's economic theory.Natural force resources,as a kind of natural elements that do not cost a penny,are added to the production process free of charge,and play a special role in the production process.Grasping and understanding the scientific connotation of Marx's theory of natural force resources is of great theoretical value and practical significance for promoting the harmonious unity of man and nature and adhering to the strategy of sustainable economic development.

Analysis of Marx's Theory of Natural Forces

Marx’s theory of natural forces is an indispensable part of Marx’s economic theory.As a natural element that does not need to spend a penny,natural forces are added to the production process free of charge,and play a special restrictive role in the production process.Mastering and applying the scientific connotation of Marx’s theory has very important theoretical value and practical significance for adhering to the sustainable development of nature,economy and society.

“Extreme utilization”development theory of unconventional natural gas

In the process of unconventional natural gas development practice,the"extreme utilization"concept that focuses on"continuously breaking through the limit of development technology"is gradually formed,and supports the scale benefit exploration of unconventional gas in China.On this basis,the development theory of"extreme utilization"is proposed,its theoretical connotation together with development technologies of unconventional natural gas are clarified.The theoretical connotation is that,aiming at"extreme gas reservoirs","extreme techniques"are utilized to build subsurface connected bodies,expand the discharge area,and enlarge the production range,to obtain the maximum single-well production,extreme recovery,and eventually achieve the"extreme effect"of production.The series of development technologies include micro/nano-scale reservoir evaluation,"sweet spot"prediction,unconventional percolation theory and production capacity evaluation,optimization of grid well pattern,optimal-fast drilling and volume fracturing,and working regulation optimization and"integrated"organizing system.The"extreme utilization"development theory has been successfully applied in the development of unconventional gas reservoirs such as Sulige tight gas,South Sichuan shale gas,and Qinshui coalbed methane.Such practices demonstrate that,the"extreme utilization"development theory has effectively promoted the development of unconventional gas industry in China,and can provide theoretical guidance for effective development of other potential unconventional and difficult-to-recovery resources.

Ecoeconomic construction and sustainable development of natural scenery cities in China

As a country of rich natural resources, China has many beautiful natural scenery resorts. Due to rapid growth in tourism, cities of various sizes have been formed with the development of these scenery resorts. The rapid growth of these cities, while bringing benefits to local people, also produces some serious problems. In this paper, general introduction is given to the studies of natural scenery cities in China. Types and functions of scenery cities in China are discussed, and their relation to tourism and urban ecosystem is defined. Special attention is given to the local and nationality factors in the construction of these cities. The problems the people are now facing in the construction of the natural scenery cities are analyzed and solutions presented.

Preliminary Explanation on "Natural Activation Theory" Based on "Fenlong"

Based on action mechanism of "Fenlong technology" with the maximum activation potential of global natural resources,"natural resources activation theory"("activation theory") is proposed firstly.Its connotation contains two parts.One is directly activating some natural resources in land,such as unutilized plough bottom of existing cultivated land and soil resources below it,saline-alkali land,degraded grassland,ecological reconstruction of desertification land,inter-row of fruit trees,lawn of sponge city,etc.The other is indirectly activating some natural resources in ground space,such as natural precipitation,solar energy,oxygen,terrestrial eco-environment,soil resources,river waters and even climate change factors.It could release and generate huge physical endogenous force and cyclic force,and increase food source and available water resources,which is favorable for human survival,nature's own ecological balance,harmonious coexistence and balance between man and nature,without harming nature itself.Moreover,its supporting theoretical system is explained from five aspects.It is pointed that the "activation theory" is deep derivation of "Fenlong technology" and "Fenlong science".By sufficiently playing the potential of natural resources,it could reach human-dominated comprehensive balance and coordinated development of air,sunshine,water,soil,nutrient,microorganism,plant,livestock and poultry,marine organism in the nature.The "activation theory" is concrete embodiment of respecting,changing and using the nature,and new channel of realizing sublimation of "life community of human and nature" and benefiting mankind.

Questions of Theory and Practice: To Synthesis, Analysis and Evaluation Natural Systems of Pacific Russia Based on Models of Landscape Geosystems

The results of long-term author’s scientific research in the field of geological and geographical study and landscape mapping of large regional links, such as Sikhote-Alinsky, Sakhalinsky, Kamchatsky, Anadyrsky, located in the Pacific landscape belt of Russia, are considered (Starozhilov, 2013). The studies were conducted at the medium scale (1:500,000) and were accompanied by landscape mapping (Starozhilov, 2016). The proposed article discusses the theory and practice of the overall results and the strategic vision of applying the landscape approach with selected examples. The wide range of possibilities of applying the landscape approach in studying the interaction of nature and society is emphasized. The importance and the indisputable need for the synthesis, analysis and assessment of natural systems based on the mapping of landscape geosystems to assess the environmental management of not only regional territories, but also of Pacific Russia as a whole are noted.

A Theory of Evolving Natural Constants Based on the Unification of General Theory of Relativity and Dirac’s Large Number Hypothesis

Talcing Dirac's large number hypothesis as true, we have shown [Commun.Theor. Phys. (Beijing, China) 42 (2004) 703] the inconsistency of applying Einstein's theory ofgeneral relativity with fixed gravitation constant G to cosmology, and a modified theory for varyingG is found, which reduces to Einstein's theory outside the gravitating body for phenomena of shortduration in small distances, thereby agrees with all the crucial tests formerly supportingEinstein's theory. The modified theory, when applied to the usual homogeneous cosmological model,gives rise to a variable cosmological tensor term determined by the derivatives of G, in place ofthe cosmological constant term usually introduced ad hoc. Without any free parameter thetheoretical Hubble's relation obtained from the modified theory seems not in contradiction toobservations, as Dr. Wang's preliminary analysis of the recent data indicates [Commun. Theor. Phys.(Beijing, China) 42 (2004) 703]. As a complement to Commun. Theor. Phys. (Beijing, China) 42 (2004)703 we shall study in this paper the modification of electromagnetism due to Dirac's large numberhypothesis in more detail to show that the approximation of geometric optics still leads to nullgeodesies for the path of light, and that the general relation between the luminosity distance andthe proper geometric distance is still valid in our theory as in Einstein's theory, and give theequations for homogeneous cosmological model involving matter plus electromagnetic radiation.Finally we consider the impact of the modification to quantum mechanics and statistical mechanics,and arrive at a systematic theory of evolving natural constants including Planck's h as well asBoltzmann's k_B by finding out their cosmologically combined counterparts with factors ofappropriate powers of G that may remain truly constant to cosmologically long time.

Development of an integrated dynamic model for supply security and resilience analysis of natural gas pipeline network systems

An integrated dynamic model of natural gas pipeline networks is developed in this paper.Components for gas supply,e.g.,pipelines,junctions,compressor stations,LNG terminals,regulation stations and gas storage facilities are included in the model.These components are firstly modeled with respect to their properties and functions and,then,integrated at the system level by Graph Theory.The model can be used for simulating the system response in different scenarios of operation,and evaluate the consequences from the perspectives of supply security and resilience.A case study is considered to evaluate the accuracy of the model by benchmarking its results against those from literature and the software Pipeline Studio.Finally,the model is applied on a relatively complex natural gas pipeline network and the results are analyzed in detail from the supply security and resilience points of view.The main contributions of the paper are:firstly,a novel model of a complex gas pipeline network is proposed as a dynamic state-space model at system level;a method,based on the dynamic model,is proposed to analyze the security and resilience of supply from a system perspective.

The Phenomenon of a Natural Thermonuclear Reactor

The study contains the justification of J.M. Herndon’s thesis about the existence of a thermonuclear reactor in the Earth’s core. A scenario of the formation of a spontaneous nuclear reactor is presented, referring to the universal law of gravity, to the relationship between matter and energy, and to the properties of plasma. The theoretical attitudes of the discussed phenomena and the relations between them can be called the Theory of the Primordial Forces of Nature. It includes the interactions of the gravitational field, the forces of the electromagnetic field, which determine the properties of matter, and the strong interactions resulting from the release of nuclear energy. Arguments for the thesis about the commonness of the phenomenon of thermonuclear reactors in space are presented. The second part of the article presents examples of geological phenomena that confirm the activity of a thermonuclear reactor in the center of the Earth.

Molecular simulation studies on natural gas hydrates nucleation and growth:A review

How natural gas hydrates nucleate and grow is a crucial scientific question.The research on it will help solve practical problems encountered in hydrate accumulation,development,and utilization of hydrate related technology.Due to its limitations on both spatial and temporal dimensions,experiment cannot fully explain this issue on a micro-scale.With the development of computer technology,molecular simulation has been widely used in the study of hydrate formation because it can observe the nucleation and growth process of hydrates at the molecular level.This review will assess the recent progresses in molecular dynamics simulation of hydrate nucleation and growth,as well as the enlightening significance of these developments in hydrate applications.At the same time,combined with the problems encountered in recent hydrate trial mining and applications,some potential directions for molecular simulation in the research of hydrate nucleation and growth are proposed,and the future of molecular simulation research on hydrate nucleation and growth is prospected.

Nanotechnoscience as Combination of the Natural and Engineering Sciences

This paper discusses the methodological specialty of the theoretical investigation in the nanotechnology. In the nanotechnoscience, on the one hand, similar with the classical natural science are created explanatory schemes of the natural phenomena and formulated predictions of the course of the definite natural events on the basis of mathematics and experimental data, and on the other, as in the engineering sciences are constructed not only the projects of the new experimental situations but also structural schemes of the new nanosystem unknown in nature and technology. The operation of nanotheory is realized by the iteration method. At first a special engineering problem is formulated. Then it is represented in the form of the structural scheme of the nanosystem which is transformed into the idea about the natural process reflecting its performance. To calculate and mathematically model this process a functional scheme is constructed. Consequently, the engineering problem is reformulated into a scientific one and then into a mathematical problem solved by the deductive method. This path from the bottom to the top represents the analysis of schemes （the bottom up approach）. The way in the opposite direction--the synthesis of schemes （the top down approach）--makes it possible to synthesize the ideal model of a new nanosystem from idealized structural elements, according to the appropriate rules of deductive transformation, to calculate basic parameters of the nanosystem and simulate its function. Nanotechnology is at the same time a field of scientific knowledge and a sphere of engineering activity, in other words--nanotechnoscience--similar with systems engineering as the analysis and design of large-scale, complex, man-machine systems, but now as micro- and nanosystems. Scanning tunneling microscope in the nanoexperiment is not only an arrangement of scientific investigation but also at the same time a facility to fabricate the electrically conducting bridges between an electrode and the selected nanotubes and computer modeling and the design of different artifacts.

On the Natures of English Passive Construction Based on Theta Theory

The study of English passive construction has always been one of the hot topics in the literature of Generative Grammar. Although many attempts have been made, the study of this structure is still not systematic enough especially in terms of its essential natures. The present study is designed to give a full explanation of natures of English passive construction from the perspective of theta theory, which can provide English learners with a deeper understanding of passive structure.

Natural Bond Orbital(NBO)Population Analysis,First Order Hyperpolarizabilities and Thermodynamic Properties of Cyclohexanone

The molecular structure of cyclohexanone was calculated by the B3LYP density functional model with 6-31G(d,p)and 6-311++G(d,p)basis set by Gaussian program.The results from natural bond orbital(NBO)analysis have been analyzed in terms of the hybridization of atoms and the electronic structure of the title molecule.The electron density based local reactivity descriptors such as Fukui functions were calculated.The dipole moment(μ)and polarizability(α),anisotropy polarizability(Δα)and first order hyperpolarizability(βtot)of the molecule have been reported.Thermodynamic properties of the title compound were calculated at different temperatures.

Natural frequency of tapered high pier considering pile-soil interaction

In seismic design of tapered high pier, the analysis of natural vibration frequency is of great importance. According to the engineering features of tapered high pier in mountainous area, a vibration calculation model was set up considering the tapered pier characteristics and pile-soil interaction. Based on Southwell frequency composition theory, it consists of elastic deformation of bridge pier and the rigid deformation of group piles, which are respectively solved by the finite-element method and energy method, and then the natural frequency is derived. The comparison between the measured and calculated results shows that the calculation errors with and without considering pile-soil interaction are 4.9% and 14.7%, respectively. Additionally, the main parameters (pier height, section variation coefficient and lateral foundation horizontal proportional coefficient) affecting natural frequency were investigated. The result shows that natural frequency ascends with the increase of the lateral foundation horizontal proportional coefficient; and it is quite necessary to consider the pile-soil interaction in natural frequency calculation of tapered high pier.