Effect of Alloying Elements on Thermal Wear of Cast Hot-Forging Die Steels

The effect of main alloying elements on thermal wear of cast hot-forging die steels was studied. The wear mechanism was discussed. The results show that alloying elements have significant influences on the thermal wear of cast hot-forging die steels. The wear rates decrease with an increase in chromium content from 3% to 4% and molybdenum content from 2% to 3%, respectively. With further increase of chromium and molybdenum contents, chromium slightly reduces the wear resistance and molybdenum severely deteriorates the wear resistance with high wear rate. Lower vanadium/carbon ratio （1.5-2.5） leads to a lower wear resistance with higher wear rate. With an increase in vanadium/carbon ratio, the wear resistance of the cast steel substantially increases. When vanadium/carbon ratio is 3, the wear rate reaches the lowest value. The predominant mechanism of thermal wear of cast hot-forging die steels are oxidation wear and fatigue delamination. The Fe2O3 and Fe3O4 or lumps of brittle wear debris are formed on the wear surface.

Research on Thermal Wear of Cast Hot Forging Die Steel Modified by Rare Earths

Thermal wear of cast hot-forging die steel modified by rare earths（RE） was studied and compared with commercially used die steels. The function of RE and the mechanism of thermal wear of cast steel modified by RE were discussed. The results showed that with increasing content of RE, the wear rate of cast steel reduced at first and then increased. By adding 0.05% （mass fraction） RE, the cast hot-forging die steel with optimum thermal wear resistance was obtained, which was better than that of H13 and 3Cr2WSV. The large amount of coarse inclusions, （RE）2O2S, resulted from excessive RE, which obviously deteriorated thermal wear resistance. The mechanism of thermal wear of the modified cast die steel is oxidation wear and oxide fatigue delamination. The wear debris are lumps of Fe2O3 and Fe3O4.

New Method for Evaluating Thermal Wear of Rolls in Rolling Process

A new method was developed by a thermal wear machine to evaluate the thermal wear of roils in steel rolling process. The steel strip and rolls were simulated by upper and lower heating disks. The upper heating disk could he kept at a temperature of over 900 ℃ by induction heating. The pressure between the disks as high as 323.2 MPa could be achieved and the slipping rate could be 12. 7 %. The thermal wear of high speed steel （HSS） roll material, the wear rate of the HSS roll, and the SEM morphology of a worn HSS roll surface were investigated. This method was useful and could be employed to simulate friction and wear between strip and roll during the strip rolling process.

Improving Wear Resistance of the Ni-base Thermal Spray-Welding Coating Using Rare Earths

By adding rare earth alloy and cerium oxide, the effect of rare earths on tribological properties of nickel base alloy layer was studied to approach the possibility of applying rare earths to Ni base thermal spray welding coating. Wear test results showed that the wear rates of the nickel base coating without rare earths were quite high, and the load bearing capacity of coating was low, in contrast, the wear rates of the coating with rare earths were low and the coating had higher load bearing capacity. The results show that rare earths can refine the structure of nickel base alloy, improve the interface of the coating and substrate.

Effect of Hot Deformation on Formation and Growth of Thermal Fatigue Crackin Chromium Wear Resistant Cast Iron

The formation and growth of thermal fatigue crack in chromium wear resistant cast iron was investigated, and the effect of hot deformation on the crack was analyzed by means of optical microscope and scanning electron microscope and high frequency induction thermal fatigue tester. The results show that eutectic carbide is the main location and passage for initiation and extension of thermal fatigue cracks, hot deformation can improve the eutectic carbiders morphology and distribution, inhibit the generation and propagation of thermal fatigue cracks. In the experiment, the propagation rate of thermal fatigue crack reduces with the quantity of hot deformation increasing, which was analyzed in the point view of the activation energy of crack propagation.

Microstructure and wear resistance of electro-thermal explosion sprayed stellite coating used for remanufacturing

Electro-thermal explosion directional spraying was used to prepare the stellite coating on substrate of the AISI 1045 steel. The morphologies of cross-section and worn scar, porosity, distribution of elements, micro- hardness and wear resistance of the coating were determined by means of SEM, EDAX, micro-hardness tester and sliding wear tester. Because of the compact construction, good bonding and high hardness, the coating is characterized by good wear resistance. The results show that the mainly failure mode of the stellite coating is micro- plowing.

THERMAL CRACK AND WEAR OF RAIL WHEEL AND DEVELOPMENT OF THERMAL CRACKING PROOF WHEELS

The thermal cracking and wear mechanism of rail wheel tread have been studied.The results showed that the thermal cracking of rail wheel tread is related to the chemical composition (mainly the carbon content)and the hardness of the wheels.When the composite braking shoes are used,the rate of wear of the wheel tread is related to the fracture toughness of the newly-formed“white layer”i.e.the martensite.The thermal cracking proof wheels(55SiMn) so far developed has achieved significant operating results in practical use.

Influence of CeO_2 on the Microstructure and Wear Resistance of M_(80)S_(20) Thermal Spray and Thermal Spray Welding Coatings

The influence of rare earth oxide CeO_2 on microstructure and wear resistance of M_(80)S_(20) thermal spray and thermal spray welding coatings is studied using optical microscope,scanning electron microscope,X-ray energy dispersion spectroscope,X-ray diffractometer and wear testing machine.The results show that the addi- tion of 8% CeO_2 can improve the microstructure,microhardness and wear resistance of coatings significantly.

Study on the Thermal Fatigue Behavior of Hot Deformed Wear Resistance Cast Iron and Effect of Carbide

The thermal fatigue behavior of wear resistance cast iron with different quantity of deformation has been investigated. The results show that eutectic carbide is the main location and passage for initiation and extension of thermal fatigue cracks, approving that the more serious, the carbide breaks. The higher thermal fatigue resistance of wear resistance cast iron will be and thermal fatigue fracture belongs mainly to brittleness.

On－Line Identification of Grinding Burn and Wheel Wear Based on Grinding Chips Thermal Flow

The theoretical basis of the grinding chips thermal flow being regarded as the characteristic signal of on line identification is summarized. And on line identification of grinding burn and wheel wear based on the grinding chips thermal flow is introduc

Effect of RE Modification and Heat Treatment on Formation and Growth of Thermal Fatigue Crack in Wear Resistant Cast Iron Containing Low Alloy

The formation and growth of thermal fatigue crack and the function of RE and heat treatment in wear resistance of cast iron containing low alloy were investigated,and it was analyzed in view of the activation energy for the crack′s propagation. The results show that the thermal fatigue cracks are mainly generated at eutectic carbides,and the cracks are grown by themselves spreading and joining each other. RE can improve the eutectic carbide′s morphology,inhibit the generation and propagation of thermal fatigue cracks,therefore,promote the activation energy for the crack′s propagation,and especially,which is more noticeable in case of the RE modification in combination with heat treatment.

抗磨添加剂ZDDP在聚α-烯烃基础油中摩擦学性能的研究

为了研究二烷基二硫代磷酸锌(ZDDP)在润滑剂中的抗磨机理以及润滑成膜能力,利用四球摩擦磨损试验机分析了ZDDP对聚α-烯烃(PAO10)基础油摩擦磨损性能的影响,采用电子显微镜(SEM)和能谱仪(EDS)对摩擦副磨斑表面形貌以及化学元素进行表征;利用原子力显微镜(AFM)对ZDDP热反应膜进行三维形貌扫描并测量其粗糙度,分析了热膜厚度与表面粗糙度之间的关系;采用球-盘点接触光干涉油膜厚度试验台,研究了ZDDP对PAO10润滑成膜性能的影响.结果显示,ZDDP在摩擦副表面形成的摩擦反应膜具有较好的抗磨性;摩擦膜的存在改变了接触区的形貌和磨斑表面粗糙度,对润滑剂卷吸到接触区产生了影响,表现出高摩擦特性;根据稳态下ZDDP热反应膜厚度与其表面粗糙度的关系,分析了摩擦膜中的摩擦化学作用机制.充分供油条件下,ZDDP形成的吸附膜对油膜厚度的影响不大,限量供油条件下,吸附膜的存在增加了接触区的油膜厚度,有效缓解了乏油状况.

关于核电厂压力容器顶盖热套管磨损下沉导致控制棒卡涩问题的研究

热套管在国内被认为是控制棒驱动机构的部件之一,其吊挂在驱动机构密封壳底部,采用非固定式安装结构形式。欧美核工业界一般把热套管视为压力容器顶盖的内部构件之一,对控制棒驱动杆起导向作用,同时对顶盖贯穿件起保护作用。在冷却剂的流动冲击下,热套管会发生振动并与密封壳底部互相磨损,致使热套管下沉甚至断裂,从而可能会导致控制棒卡涩。此类问题对于我国M310及其改进型机组具有较高的反馈价值。本文将分析国内外核电厂压力容器顶盖热套管磨损下沉导致控制棒卡涩问题的研究现状、事件原因和维修策略,并提出合理建议。

基于真实形貌的机械密封摩擦界面热力致损分析

机械密封在运行时密封界面热力及摩擦状态多变,为了探究机械密封运行时的界面热力及磨损等特性,使用非接触3D形貌仪,获得摩擦界面微观形貌信息,逆向构造摩擦界面三维模型,基于该模型对密封环摩擦过程进行分析,进一步得出摩擦界面的Von Mises应力、热源、振动、磨损区域、磨损量等相关特性。结果表明,在同一时刻SiC-SiC组的磨损面积均小于SiC-C组;SiC-C组摩擦界面的热源分布相比于SiC-SiC组更加复杂;密封环启动瞬间SiC-C组的法向加速度远大于SiC-SiC组;SiC-C组的磨损量约为SiC-SiC组的3倍。

油田井下输送原油管道保温结构及性能

高含蜡原油易在开采及输送过程中出现蜡沉积现象,造成井筒和输送管道的堵塞,影响油田的正常生产。为综合解决油井井筒结蜡和偏磨问题,在分析了目标油藏生产概况以及井筒温度影响因素的基础之上,开展了油田井下输送原油管道保温措施和防磨措施研究,并对保温材料和防磨材料的性能进行了评价。结果表明:油井产液量越大、含水率和动液面高度越高,井筒温度相对就越高,造成井筒析蜡的风险相对就越小。聚苯乙烯泡沫保温材料的综合性能相对更好,当实验时间为360 min时,温度保持率仍能达到85.35%,保温效果较好。NC-2耐磨材料的硬度和耐温性能较好,延展性能优良。采用复合复挤的方式将聚苯乙烯泡沫保温材料和NC-2耐磨材料相结合,形成适合目标油田井下输送原油管道的保温结构,能够满足井筒和输送管道的保温需求,有效缓解井筒结蜡和偏磨问题,有助于提高高含蜡原油的生产效率。

直线往复密封性能影响因素分析

以手动泵密封结构为研究对象,旨在获得直线往复运动过程中的密封性能。基于ANSYS Workbench仿真平台,以接触压力和剪应力为密封失效判定依据,研究预密封过程中剪应力分布规律,分析工作过程中压缩率、流体压力、配合间隙、摩擦系数、材料硬度对密封性能影响,讨论磨损和热变形对失效形式的激励作用。结果表明:预密封过程中,密封圈在高压缩率时从内部出现断裂失效的概率较大;工作状态下,密封圈接触压力呈非对称分布,在高流体压力、大配合间隙、高摩擦系数及低材料硬度时导致间隙挤出,密封圈从挤出部分表面断裂失效;磨损增大泄漏失效风险,热变形增大剪切失效风险,高温增大油膜泄漏量。

纳米碳纤维的高效分散及其对纸基摩擦材料性能的影响

本研究通过添加表面活性剂并结合超声分散的方式实现了纳米碳纤维(CNFs)在水体系中的稳定分散,探究了分散剂种类及含量、CNFs质量分数、超声条件对分散稳定性的影响。CNFs最佳分散条件为:羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC)质量分数7.5%(相对于CNFs质量),CNFs质量分数0.7%,超声输出振幅强度40%,超声时间20 min。随后将CNFs分散液与增强纤维等原料共混制备湿式纸基摩擦材料,探究了CNFs质量分数对材料表面形貌、孔隙结构、洛氏硬度值、抗张指数、导热性能及摩擦磨损性能的影响。结果表明,添加CNFs可有效消除纸基摩擦材料两面匀度差,增加表面粗糙度。当CNFs质量分数为4%时,相对于未添加CNFs的试样,纸基摩擦材料的法向导热系数提高了8.5%,平面导热系数提高了9.1%;在2.96 MPa压力下平均动摩擦因数提高了20%,有效提高了摩擦因数稳定性;动/静摩擦因数比达0.82,磨损率为0.92×10^(-7) m^(3)/(N·m),较未添加CNFs的样品减少了58%,增强效果最佳。

后疫情下公交、地铁和高铁中佩戴口罩对乘员热舒适影响的评估

在后疫情时代,佩戴口罩成为人们进出公共场所的重要防疫措施,特别是在乘坐大流量、高密度的城内与城际公共交通时。面部与口罩之间高湿且相对密闭的微环境对乘员热舒适会产生重要影响。本文根据佩戴口罩时热舒适指标的变化对PMV-PPD模型进行了校正,并将校正后的模型应用于公共交通的热舒适评估。结果表明:在公交车和地铁内佩戴医用口罩时,对热舒适的影响分别表现为降低和提升,预测不满意百分数平均差值分别为6%、-7%;高铁内热舒适表现为微小提升,平均差值为-0.5%;公交车、地铁和高铁内乘员的热舒适区占比分别为62.5%、27.1%、92.5%,表明高铁对热舒适环境的控制效果最佳。

污泥热干化的研究进展

首先阐述了在热干化过程中污泥的理化性质变化,污泥中大分子有机物分解为小分子有机物,酸溶态、可氧化态、可还原态等重金属形态转变为稳定的残渣态,降低了污泥处置的环境风险。随后,分析了污泥热干化过程出现的问题及其成因,针对污泥黏滞问题,总结了干污泥返混、添加降黏性物质及改造干化设备等方法;针对污染气体问题,综述了加入添加剂和降低温度抑制污染气体的释放,采用吸收法、吸附法和生物法处理产生的污染气体;针对设备腐蚀问题,归纳了采用防腐管材、防腐涂层、投加缓蚀剂和降低污泥含砂量的主要措施。最后对污泥热干化技术的研究趋势和发展提出了建议。

以TC4钛合金粗粉为原料不同工艺制备涂层的耐腐蚀与耐磨性能

以粒径为53~106μm的TC4钛合金粗粉为原料,分别采用超音速火焰喷涂、大气等离子喷涂、激光熔覆及对超音速火焰喷涂涂层进行激光重熔等4种工艺在AA1060铝基体和Q235钢基体表面制备TC4钛合金涂层,对比研究了不同工艺下涂层的物相组成、微观结构、耐腐蚀性能与耐磨性能。结果表明:超音速火焰喷涂涂层和大气等离子喷涂涂层主要以α相为主,等离子喷涂涂层还含有一定量的TiO相,这2种涂层与基体的结合方式为机械结合,孔隙率较高;铝基体表面激光熔覆涂层和激光重熔超音速火焰喷涂涂层的主要物相为α相,而Q235钢基体表面则为β相,这2种涂层与基体的结合方式均为冶金结合,结构更加致密,晶粒更加细小,孔隙率极低。大气等离子喷涂涂层的平均硬度可达476 HV,约为超音速火焰喷涂涂层的2倍,激光熔覆涂层和激光重熔超音速火焰喷涂涂层的平均硬度分别超过550,600 HV;Q235钢基体表面涂层的硬度高于铝基体表面的涂层。大气等离子喷涂涂层的平均结合强度均约为30 MPa,比超音速火焰喷涂涂层高30%以上。在质量分数3.5%NaCl溶液中4种涂层按照自腐蚀电流密度从小到大的顺序依次为激光熔覆涂层、大气等离子喷涂涂层、激光重熔超音速火焰喷涂涂层、超音速火焰喷涂涂层。在铝基体表面,激光熔覆涂层的摩擦因数最小,大气等离子喷涂涂层的磨损率最小;在钢基体表面,激光重熔超音速火焰喷涂涂层的摩擦因数最小,激光重熔超音速火焰喷涂涂层和大气等离子喷涂涂层的磨损率相近,且小于其他2种涂层。大气等离子喷涂技术在采用粗粉制备TC4钛合金涂层方面具有最佳的性能与成本优势。