Modified Function Transformation Method for Linearizing Thermistor Characteristics

A mathematical method called Modifled Function Transformation Method(MFTM) for linearizing thermistors is proposed.Theoretically,the method has unified many schemes of linearizing thermistors into a mathematical rational frame,and explained the reason of different circuits having the same capabilities for linearizing the thermistor characteristics.

Characteristics of a Type of NTC Thermistors for Cryogenic Applications

A new type of miniature negative temperature coefficient (NTC) thermistors has been developed and manufactured with Mn-Ni-Cu-Fe oxides. The prepared NTC thermistors were calibrated in the temperature range from 77 K to 300 K with 1 μA exciting currents. The automatic calibration apparatus as well as thermometric characteristics, stability, calibration equations and interchangeability of the manufactured thermistors were investigated. A mean fit equation was obtained: 1/T = 8.60 × 10−4 + 6.54 × 10−4 ln(R/Rref) + 2.46 × 10−5 ln(R/Rref)2 + 9.48 × 10−7 ln(R/Rref)3 − 2.16 × 10−8 ln(R/Rref)4. All the prepared NTC thermistors agreed with this fit with an error of 1.5 K. If the greater accuracy is required, a calibration is necessary, and the calibration accuracy is estimated to be ±10 mK.

Enhanced thermal constant B of diamond films for ultrahigh sensitivity negative temperature coefficient thermistors

Negative temperature coefficient(NTC)thermistor plays a crucial role in science research and engineering applications for precise temperature monitoring.Although great progress has been achieved in NTC materials,enhancing sensitivity and maintaining this high sensitivity along with linearity across extensive temperature ranges remain a significant challenge.In this study,we introduce a diamondbased thermistor(DT)characterized by its outstanding sensitivity,swift response time,and broad temperature monitoring capabilities.The temperature constant B for this DT,measured from 30 to 300°C(B30/300),achieves an exceptional value of 8012 K,which notably exceeds the temperature sensing capabilities of previously reported NTC thermistors within this extensive range.Moreover,diamond’s unique thermal conductivity and stability significantly boost the response speed and durability of the DT,offering substantial advantages over traditional ceramic thermistors.The enhanced temperature-sensitive properties of the DT are attributed to the presence of impurity elements in polycrystalline diamond.Impedance analysis indicates a hopping conduction mechanism,likely involving C-H or C-N dipoles at the diamond grain boundaries.This study marks a significant leap forward in diamond thermistor technology and sheds light on the mechanisms of thermal active conduction in diamond materials.

A novel(Sm_(0.2)Eu_(0.2)Gd_(0.2)Ho_(0.2)Yb_(0.2))CrO_(3)high-entropy ceramic nanofiber as a negative temperature coefficient thermistor

The electrical properties of high-entropy ceramics(HECs)have been extensively studied in recent years due to their unique structural characteristics and fascinating functional properties induced by entropy engineering.Novel high-entropy(Sm_(0.2)Eu_(0.2)Gd_(0.2)Ho_(0.2)Yb_(0.2))CrO_(3)(HE-RECrO_(3))nanofibers were prepared by electro spinning.This work demonstrates that HE-RECrO_(3)nanofibe rs were successfully synthesized at a low temperature(800℃),which is approximately 400℃lower than the temperatures at which chromate ceramics were synthesized via the sol-gel method and the solid-state reaction method.The resistivity of HE-RECrO_(3)nanofibers decreases exponentially with increasing temperature from 25 to600℃.The logarithm of the resistivity is linearly related to the inverse of the temperature,confirming the negative temperature coefficient property of HE-RECrO_(3)nanofibers.The B_(25/50)value of the HERECrO_(3)nanofibers reaches 4072 K.In conclusion,HE-RECrO_(3)nanofibers are expected to be potential candidates for negative-temperature-coefficient(NTC)thermistors.

Enhanced time response and temperature sensing behavior of thermistor using Zn-doped CaTiO_3 nanoparticles

In the present study, Zn-doped CaTiO_3 nanocrystalline was synthesized to study the thermistor behavior with temperature. The X-ray powder diffraction analysis showed the formation of a single-phase orthorhombic structure at room temperature. The electrical resistance of the Zn-doped CaTiO_3 increased with increasing doping concentration and decreased at higher measuring temperature, showing a negative temperature coefficient of resistance(NTCR) behavior. Different thermistor parameters were calculated using Steinhart–Hart equations, whilst time domain analysis confirmed faster response towards applied voltage.

CaTiO_(3) nano ceramic for NTCR thermistor based sensor application

It is possible to fabricate highly sensitive NTCR(negative temperature coefficient of resistance)thermistor using nano crystalline CaTiO_(3) synthesized by high energy ball milling.Disc shaped green pellets were prepared and effects of sintering on the disc pellets were studied as thermistor by sintering the samples at 1000℃,1100℃and 1200℃.The as-prepared samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction(XRD),impedance analysis and electrical measurement.The resistivity of the prepared samples varies predictably with temperature:this makes them promising material for temperature sensor.The experimental results prove that nano crystalline CaTiO_(3) ceramic is one kind of thermistor with exponential negative temperature coefficient of resistance in the temperature range of 300-500℃.The samples have the advantages of rapid response,high sensitivity and capability to withstand thermal surges over the temperature range of 300-500℃.Resistance-temperature characteristics are described by thermistor equation with thermistor constant around 4003 K to 10795 K and thermal coefficient of resistanceαaround-1%/℃to-13%/℃.The activation energy is in the range of 0.34-0.93 eV.The observed thermistor parameters are found to be comparable with many of the known thermistor materials.This suggests that the electrical properties can be adjusted to desirable values by controlling the temperature parameter.The influence of fabrication process of disc thermistor and electrical properties are discussed.The study shows the potential of nano crystalline CaTiO_(3) to act as an NTCR material for thermistor applications.

Fabrication of nano-grained negative temperature coefficient thermistors with high electrical stability

Dense nano-grained Ni_(0.7)Mn_(2.3O4) negative temperature coefficient(NTC) thermistors were fabricated by a novel two-step sintering approach that combines rapid sintering and principle of conventional two-step sintering technique.Samples were sintered at 1042℃ for 30 s in the first rapid step and then at 850-950℃ for 20 h in the second soaking step.Crystal phase,microstructure and electrical properties of sintered samples were studied by X-ray diffraction(XRD),scanning electron microscopy(SEM),resistance temperature relationship and aging performance.Sintered samples show a single-phase cubic spinel structure and indicate a high relative density ranging from 84% to 91% of the theoretical density.Moreover,average grain sizes of sintered samples under SEM are distributed between 254 and 570 nm.Meanwhile,the resistivity and the aging coefficient significantly decrease when soaking sintering temperature rises.In addition,the obtained material constant(B) ranges from 3931 to 3981 K.Ni_(0.7)Mn_(2.3)O_(4)-3(soaking at 900℃) and Ni_(0.7)Mn_(2.3O4)-4(soaking at 950℃) present little aging behavior,implying great electrical stability.

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF NONSTATIONARY THERMISTOR PROBLEM

The thermistor problem is a coupled system of nonlinear PDEs which consists of the heat equation with the Joule heating as a source, and the current conservation equation with temperature dependent electrical conductivity. In this paper we make a numerical analysis of the nonsteady thermistor problem. L(infinity)(OMEGA), W1,infinity(OMEGA) stability and error bounds for a piecewise linear finite element approximation are given.

PTC Effect and Its Mechanism in a Novel Thermistor Material —— Hot-pressed SiC/SiO_2 Multiphase Ceramic

As functional materials, PTC thermistor ceramics characterized by a drastic increase in resistivity at its transition temperature have been widely used in high-technology areas such as temperature measurement and indication, temperature control, protective switches and so on. At present, the PTC thermistors are fabricated by means of doping BaTiO3 and their PTC effects result from the existence of acceptor state or electronic trap on grain boundary. But the fabrication process

Correlation of Spherical Thermistor for the Measurement of Low Velocity Air Flow

A spherical thermistor, an accurate temperature sensor, is employed as an air velocity sensor in this work. The measuring principle is derived and the effects of the insulation layer, air temperature, natural convection and thermal radiation are discussed. Two different correlation relations for velocity measurements are proposed based on theoretical analyses and experimental calibrations. Experiments have shown that spherical thermistor is a good velocity sensor for speed between 0.1-2.5 m/s at room temperature and the insulation layer hardly influences the accuracy of the thermistor used in the present work. Modification on correlation can even further improve measurement accuracy. Since the thermistor is small and cheap, it is possible to apply this method to multi-point velocity measurement with a low disturbance to the flow field.

Characterization of new negative temperature coefficient thermistors based on Zn-Ni-O system

Y2O3-doped Zn1-xNixO (x=0,0.3,0.4,0.5,0.6,0.7,and 0.9) powders were prepared by a wet chemical synthesis method,and the related ceramics were obtained by the traditional ceramic sintering technology.The phases and related electrical properties of the ceramics were investigated.The analysis of X-ray diffraction (XRD) indicates that the prepared ceramics with Ni substitution have a cubic crystalline structure.The resistance-temperature feature indicates that all the ceramics show a typical effect of negative temperature coefficient (NTC) of resistivity with the thermal constants between 3998 and 5464 K,and have high cyclical stability in a temperature range from 25 to 300 ℃.The impedance analysis reveals that both grain effect and grain boundary effect contribute collectively to the NTC effect.The electron hopping and band conduction models are proposed for the grain (bulk) conduction,and the thermally activated charge carrier transport overcoming the energy barrier is suggested for the grain boundary conduction.

Effects of La_2O_3 Doping on Aging Properties of Mn_(2.38)Ni_(0.5)Cu_(0.12)O_4 Type NTC Thermistor Materials

The effects of La_2O_3 doping on the phase structure.electric properties and aging properties of the samples were researched using XRD,SEM and electric property measurements.The results suggest that the aging value of Mn_(2.38)Ni_(0.5)Cu_(0.12)O_4 thermistor ceramic samples decreases from 10%to about 6%by only doping La_2O_3.The electrical stability of the sample has improved as well.Such doped material will broaden the production and application scope of Cu contained negative temperature coefficient thermal ceramics.

Bleeding from thermistor connector indicates entrapment of pulmonary artery catheter

Several complications of insertion and use of pulmonary artery catheter （PAC）, including catheter entrapment, are recognized during or after cardiac surgery. Early detection is very important. We report a case of PAC entrapment because the the catheter was accidentally su- tured to the superior vena cava. Bleeding from the thermistor connector was initially detected after surgery because the needle punctured the lumen of thermistor connector. The PAC was removed through re-exploration. Therefore, bleeding from the thermistor connector could early indicate the PAC entrapment. We suggest that abnormal bleeding from the non-injectate lumen ports of PAC should be checked before sternal closure.

基于开通延迟时间的MOSFET结温的在线测量方法研究

随着工业需求的发展,对功率晶体管的可靠性提出了更高的要求。器件结温的实时测量因能够起到保证器件正常工作的作用而至关重要。通过对开通延迟时间在线测量方法的研究,设计测量电路测量不同结温下的开通延迟时间,建立二者关系;测量实际工况下的开通延迟时间,反推出器件结温,实现器件结温的在线测量。与红外测温枪测量结果进行对比,结果相近。所提基于开通延迟时间的MOSFET结温的在线测量方法,为今后结温的在线测量提供了新思路。

自动化温度阻值关系校准系统设计及优化

本文针对Pt100和热敏电阻在温度和温升测量中自动化程度低、耗时长、精度不足的问题,研究了Pt100阻值-温度关系和热敏电阻阻值变化量-温升关系,制定了一套温度校准方法,并设计搭建了温度校准系统。同时,结合校准方法与校准需求,开发了自动校准与数据处理程序。结果表明:该系统可实现全自动运行,提高了校准效率与精度,满足温度计高精度校准需求,提供了一种多类型、多温度点交叉校准的全自动控制校准方案。

典型气候试验对热敏电阻电性能参数影响研究

热敏电阻作为一种基础电气元器件,在电气集成系统中被广泛使用。经验表明,其电性能参数易受气候试验的影响。本文研究了五种典型气候试验对热敏电阻电性能参数的影响。试验项目包括高温试验、低温试验、快速温变试验、温度循环试验、盐雾试验。同时,研究了两种典型试验序列对其电参数的影响。研究发现,温度循环对热敏电阻标称零功率的影响较小,偏差在5%以内;高温和低温试验对其有一定影响,偏差在10%以内;盐雾和快速温变测试对其有较大影响,偏差大于20%。另外,试验序列2的严酷度远高于序列1的严酷度,对样品产生更大的破坏性。盐雾试验可能会影响样品内部污染等级情况,快速温变试验具有较大的严酷度,其通常应在其他环境试验完成后进行。本文的研究将为标准的制修订,测试工程师的方案合理制定提供一定的参考。

并联热敏电阻对半导体桥换能元直流响应的影响研究

并联热敏电阻是提升半导体桥(SCB)火工品临界熔断电流的有效措施。本研究利用恒流电源和红外测试系统,对不同直流激励条件下并联热敏电阻对半导体桥响应的影响进行了试验研究。试验测试了换能元桥区温度及临界熔断电流,结果表明,并联负温度系数(NTC)热敏电阻能显著提高SCB的临界熔断电流至原来的1倍以上,同时使桥区温度最大降低68%。经计算,NTC热敏电阻的分流效果范围为34.4%~74.4%。本研究不仅验证了并联NTC热敏电阻对提高3Ω敏感型SCB火工品安全性的显著效果,而且为SCB火工品在复杂电磁环境下的应用提供了技术支撑。

船载微型Ga-In共晶固定点的现场复现方法研究

将温标固定点技术应用于船载现场是实现温度量值扁平化,提升海洋温度测量水平的重要手段。为了弥补ITS90温标在海洋温区(-5~35℃)范围内固定点数目不足,不能对NTC热敏电阻进行有效校准的缺陷,研制了微型Ga-In共晶固定点,开展了船载控温箱微型Ga-In固定点温坪复现研究,同时探索了环境温度条件下微型Ga-In共晶固定点的复现。采用切线交点法和三次多项式拟合法对微型Ga-In固定点进行了评估和分析。结果表明:微型Ga-In共晶固定点重复性优于1 mK;微型Ga-In共晶固定点应该在固态并低于熔点的环境下保存。采用切线交点法赋值得到微型Ga-In共晶固定点相变温度为15.6549℃,扩展不确定度为1.54 mK(k=2)。

半导体桥火工品的防静电与防射频设计

为提高半导体桥(SCB)火工品的防静电与防射频的双防能力,将静电加固器件瞬态电压抑制(TVS)二极管和射频加固器件负温度系数(NTC)热敏电阻同时集成入SCB火工品的结构中,并研究了上述组合器件对SCB火工品发火性能和抗电磁性能的影响规律。结果表明:集成防护器件后,SCB火工品的安全电流从1.2 A升至1.5 A;抗静电性能满足500 pF/500Ω/25 kV条件下不发火;在22μF/16 V的电容发火条件下,集成SCB火工品的平均爆发时间较SCB火工品增加了1.77μs。因此,该组合型防护器件可以在不改变SCB发火性能的基础上有效提高SCB的抗静电和抗射频的能力。