Third space endoscopy or intramural endoscopy is based on the principle that the deeper layers of the gastrointestinal tract can be accessed by tunneling in the submucosal space and maintaining the integrity of the ov...Third space endoscopy or intramural endoscopy is based on the principle that the deeper layers of the gastrointestinal tract can be accessed by tunneling in the submucosal space and maintaining the integrity of the overlying mucosa.The era of third space endoscopy started with peroral endoscopic myotomy(POEM)for treatment of achalasia and has expanded to treat various other gastrointestinal disorders.The technique is also currently used for treatment of refractory gastroparesis,Zenker’s diverticulum(ZD),resection of subepithelial tumors and early cancers of the gastrointestinal tract and Hirschsprung’s disease(HD).These procedures are rapidly emerging as minimally invasive alternatives to conventional surgery.They are safe and effective with excellent outcomes.This review focuses on the evolution and current applications of third space endoscopy in various gastrointestinal disorders.Key points:(1)Third space or intramural endoscopy initially started with the POEM procedure for treatment of achalasia;(2)Advancements in procedural techniques have expanded its application to treat other gastrointestinal disorders such as refractory gastroparesis,ZD,HD,resection of subepithelial tumors and early gastrointestinal cancers;(3)These procedures are highly effective with excellent outcomes and low complication rates;and(4)Third space endoscopic procedures are rapidly emerging as minimally invasive alternatives to conventional surgery.展开更多
In the decade after 1969,Heaney reached the climax of his poetry composition,in which he published four volumes of poetry,Door into the Dark,Wintering Out,North and Field Work to explore the nature and origin of the h...In the decade after 1969,Heaney reached the climax of his poetry composition,in which he published four volumes of poetry,Door into the Dark,Wintering Out,North and Field Work to explore the nature and origin of the hatred and violence in Northern Ireland.The thesis focuses on five representative bog poems written in the period to explain according to Homi K.Bhabha’s postcolonial theory how the bog bodies configurate the hybrid space and how it reflects the Third Space of Northern Ireland.Furthermore,the thesis argues that from the construction of the Third Space,Heaney achieves temporary harmony between his artistic and realistic responsibility.展开更多
From the perspective of the Third Space Theory(TST),this study explores eighteen international students’experiences and perceptions of their intercultural interactions on a university campus in Shanghai,the People’s...From the perspective of the Third Space Theory(TST),this study explores eighteen international students’experiences and perceptions of their intercultural interactions on a university campus in Shanghai,the People’s Repulic of China(PRC).The study employs an open-ended questionnaire and two focus group interviews to collect qualitative data.The research findings reveal that participants make creative use of their third space to different degrees and in certain forms.Furthermore,the research findings identify several factors influencing their intercultural growth,including the lack of meaningful learning in intercultural interaction and students’discrepant motives.The conclusion supports the claim that to better improve international students’intercultural competence,it is of great importance for both students and faculty members to co-develop intercultural awareness and skills.展开更多
This study explores the lived experiences of Chinese teachers in American Chinese Schools.Max van Manen’s methodology for hermeneutic phenomenological research provides a framework for the study,and the philosophical...This study explores the lived experiences of Chinese teachers in American Chinese Schools.Max van Manen’s methodology for hermeneutic phenomenological research provides a framework for the study,and the philosophical writings of Heidegger,Gadamer,and Derrida guide the textual interpretations.Pedagogical voices of Aoki,Pinar,and Greene,and cultural journeys of Hongyu Wang and Xin Li reveal possibilities for understanding the experiences of Chinese teachers,as the question is addressed:“What is the meaning of teaching Chinese in American Chinese Schools?”Ten Chinese teachers engaged in a series of open-ended conversations.The conversations illuminate the experience of Confucian teaching meeting American pedagogies around two main themes.First,in following the metaphor of Chinese knotwork,the teachers speak of their struggles and challenges between Chinese Confucian and American pedagogies,reflect on splitting and splicing the knots through changing and adjusting their method of Confucian teaching.Second,they tell of the experiences of building bridges in a third space through dialogically connecting the different cultures and pedagogies in order to seek the appropriate way of teaching and learning Chinese well in American Chinese Schools.展开更多
文摘Third space endoscopy or intramural endoscopy is based on the principle that the deeper layers of the gastrointestinal tract can be accessed by tunneling in the submucosal space and maintaining the integrity of the overlying mucosa.The era of third space endoscopy started with peroral endoscopic myotomy(POEM)for treatment of achalasia and has expanded to treat various other gastrointestinal disorders.The technique is also currently used for treatment of refractory gastroparesis,Zenker’s diverticulum(ZD),resection of subepithelial tumors and early cancers of the gastrointestinal tract and Hirschsprung’s disease(HD).These procedures are rapidly emerging as minimally invasive alternatives to conventional surgery.They are safe and effective with excellent outcomes.This review focuses on the evolution and current applications of third space endoscopy in various gastrointestinal disorders.Key points:(1)Third space or intramural endoscopy initially started with the POEM procedure for treatment of achalasia;(2)Advancements in procedural techniques have expanded its application to treat other gastrointestinal disorders such as refractory gastroparesis,ZD,HD,resection of subepithelial tumors and early gastrointestinal cancers;(3)These procedures are highly effective with excellent outcomes and low complication rates;and(4)Third space endoscopic procedures are rapidly emerging as minimally invasive alternatives to conventional surgery.
文摘In the decade after 1969,Heaney reached the climax of his poetry composition,in which he published four volumes of poetry,Door into the Dark,Wintering Out,North and Field Work to explore the nature and origin of the hatred and violence in Northern Ireland.The thesis focuses on five representative bog poems written in the period to explain according to Homi K.Bhabha’s postcolonial theory how the bog bodies configurate the hybrid space and how it reflects the Third Space of Northern Ireland.Furthermore,the thesis argues that from the construction of the Third Space,Heaney achieves temporary harmony between his artistic and realistic responsibility.
基金supported by Shanghai Peak Discipline Program(Class I):Foreign Language and Literaturesupported by Teacher Education Curriculum Reform Research Project,Education Department of Henan,Under Grant No.(2017-JSJYZ D-011),namely“An Experimental Study on the Cultivation Mode of Provincial Teachers Cultivation under the Guidance of Zhongyuan Teachers’Studio”
文摘From the perspective of the Third Space Theory(TST),this study explores eighteen international students’experiences and perceptions of their intercultural interactions on a university campus in Shanghai,the People’s Repulic of China(PRC).The study employs an open-ended questionnaire and two focus group interviews to collect qualitative data.The research findings reveal that participants make creative use of their third space to different degrees and in certain forms.Furthermore,the research findings identify several factors influencing their intercultural growth,including the lack of meaningful learning in intercultural interaction and students’discrepant motives.The conclusion supports the claim that to better improve international students’intercultural competence,it is of great importance for both students and faculty members to co-develop intercultural awareness and skills.
文摘This study explores the lived experiences of Chinese teachers in American Chinese Schools.Max van Manen’s methodology for hermeneutic phenomenological research provides a framework for the study,and the philosophical writings of Heidegger,Gadamer,and Derrida guide the textual interpretations.Pedagogical voices of Aoki,Pinar,and Greene,and cultural journeys of Hongyu Wang and Xin Li reveal possibilities for understanding the experiences of Chinese teachers,as the question is addressed:“What is the meaning of teaching Chinese in American Chinese Schools?”Ten Chinese teachers engaged in a series of open-ended conversations.The conversations illuminate the experience of Confucian teaching meeting American pedagogies around two main themes.First,in following the metaphor of Chinese knotwork,the teachers speak of their struggles and challenges between Chinese Confucian and American pedagogies,reflect on splitting and splicing the knots through changing and adjusting their method of Confucian teaching.Second,they tell of the experiences of building bridges in a third space through dialogically connecting the different cultures and pedagogies in order to seek the appropriate way of teaching and learning Chinese well in American Chinese Schools.
