Do Geographically Isolated Grasslands Follow the Principle of Island Biogeography in a Landscape Scale? Taking Poyang Lake Grassland as an Example

As one of the basic theories of biodiversity conservation,island biogeography has been widely accepted in the past decades.Originally,island biogeography was put forward and applied in oceanic environments.But later on,it was found out that the application was not only limited to oceanic islands,but also in terrestrial environments with relatively isolated conditions.In terms of biodiversity level,island biogeography generally focuses on a small scale,such as species diversity and genetic diversity.The studies of biodiversity on a large-scale based on island biogeography,such as ecosystem and landscape scales,were seldomly conducted.Taking Poyang Lake,the largest fresh water lake in China as case study area,30 grasslands were randomly selected to study whether island biogeography can be applied to grasslands at a landscape level from three island attributes(area,distance and shape),and the most important ecological variable(flooding)in Poyang Lake.The results showed that in general,grasslands have the property of an island,and follow the basic principle of island biogeography.We found the area and flooding duration were the two most important determinants of landscape diversity.There was a significant positive correlation between the grassland area and the landscape diversity,which could be well expressed by logarithmic function model(R2=0.73).There was a negative correlation between flooding duration and landscape diversity,which could be described by an inverse model(R2=0.206).The distance to mainland and the shape of grassland were correlated with landscape diversity,but the fitting result of the models was not as good as expected.The possible reason could be that Poyang Lake is a seasonal lake,the water level varies with hydrological conditions,so that the grasslands are not strongly isolated and their shape is not stable enough required by island biogeography.Furthermore,it indicates that besides area,distance and shape attributes,flooding strongly affects the biodiversity of grassland vegetation,and should not be ignored when applying island biogeography theory to Poyang Lake.This study is expected to be a supplement for island biogeography in terrestrial environments,and the results are expected to benefit for the biodiversity conservation in Poyang Lake.

Morphology of crater and caldera lakes in the Far Eastern region of Russia and the features of their development

Volcanic lakes in the Kuril-Kamchatka region are difficult to access,and for this reason,they remain poorly studied,with only scattered and brief data available.The authors have conducted a study of 10 lake basins using modern digital echolocation survey techniques and have also compiled and summarized published data for 15 lakes in the region,calculating their main morphometric characteristics.It has been established that many caldera lake basins are modified by young explosive funnels,extrusive or effusive domes,and exhibit traces of hydrothermal activity.While lakes of the same genetic type in the Kuril-Kamchatka region are similar in depth and depression forms,the group of caldera lakes shows less homogeneity across all morphometric indicators.It was found that the absolute heights of the reservoirs on Kamchatka Peninsula are generally greater than those on the Kuril Islands,as is often the case with the size of their basins.The volcanic lakes under study can rapidly change their volume and shape under the influence of endogenous processes.For the first time for this region,on the base of repeated observations,underwater extrusive dome rate growth and the approximate rates of 2 lake level changes were calculated.Repeated observations of lakes in the Ksudach calderas(Kamchatka)and on Simushir Island indicate approximate rates of level changes:a decrease ranging within 0.5-0.6 m per year(over a 27-year observation interval)and an increase reaching up to 0.26 m per year(over a 48-year interval).The growth rate of the underwater extrusive dome in Lake Shtyubel has averaged 1-1.6 m per year over the past 25 years.This analysis has facilitated the first generalization regarding the morphology and developmental features of crater and caldera lakes in the Kuril-Kamchatka region of Russia,representing an important step in their study.The results obtained will provide a solid foundation for subsequent research in this region and may be of interest to researchers studying other volcanic lakes.

Exploration on the Sustainable Management of Scenic and Recreational Forest: A Case Study of the Thousand-Island Lake National Forest Park

Sustainable management of scenic and recreational forest based on the integration of forest landscape beauty and recreational functions is the foundation of forest tourism. Adhering to the principles of structural optimization, healthy and vital, beautiful landscape, sound function, and comprehensive benefi t, the hotspot and core task in the current construction of scenic and recreational forest is to conserve, transform and improve forest landscape. The ThousandIsland Lake National Forest Park is endowed with peculiar island scenery, it is necessary to construct a stable threedimensional comprehensive protection system covering "mountain, land and lake", enhance the ecological environment conservation of the lake as well as the lakefront wetland, promote the ecological restoration and coloring construction of forest, protect integrality and diversity of the biosystem, and construct ecological urban-rural system using regional scenic spot concept, so as to build the lake into a model of the sustainable operation of scenic and recreational forest.

The elemental geochemical characteristics of Late Quaternary rock core from Yanwo Lake in the Great Wall Station area， King George Island， Southwest Antarctica

This paper is manily to treat the change regularity of the contens,distributions, enrich coefficients and correlative coefficients of some trace and constant elements in the sediments of Late Quaternary rock core from Yanwo Lake in the Great Wall Station area, King George Island and to discuss the sedimentary sources in Yanwo Lake and the periodical changes of Late Quaternary climate and the environment in the area. It is concluded that the elastic sedimentary rocks, including volcanic sedimentary rocks, around Yanwo Lake are the major sources of Yanwo Lake sedimentsi the mantle material is also one of its sources and what is more, the continent-sourced materials are transported by the Antarctic glacier.

Socio-Economic Factors Affecting Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of the Vegetation Resources on the Islands of Lake Ziway, South-Central Ethiopia

The study was conducted on the islands of Lake Ziway, south-central Ethiopia. The aim of the study was to investigate the socio-economic factors affecting the vegetation resources and the indigenous resource management systems and practices on the islands. Data were collected by field observations, interviews and group discussion. The island communities were engaged in diverse economic activities. The fishing industry was the main pillar of the economy as most of the income (75.7%) was derived from this sector. The existence of diverse economic activities had relieved the pressure on the vegetation resources. The natural vegetation was the major source of fuelwood, construction material, farm implements, edible fruits, medicines, fodder and bee forage. The islanders have maintained the soil and vegetation resources for centuries through their environmental friendly resource management systems and practices. At present, however, the vegetation resources are dwindling due to free livestock grazing, farmland expansion, soil erosion and tree cutting for various purposes, all of which are driven by human population growth. Since the islanders have high respect and trust for the church, integrating environment and development issues with this institution would be more effective. The prevailing natural and anthropogenic factors affecting the vegetation resources on the islands necessitate effective conservation and management interventions.

千岛湖流域生态系统服务时空变化及权衡协同关系研究

基于1995—2019年6期多源数据和生态系统服务评估模型,对千岛湖流域产水量、土壤保持、碳储量以及生境质量服务进行评价,并采用热点分析和相关分析来探究4项生态系统服务功能之间的权衡协同关系。结果表明:1995—2019年千岛湖流域产水量和土壤保持量呈现先减少后增加再减少的变化趋势,碳储量和生境质量缓慢增加;除产水服务外,其他3项服务的高值区整体上具有一定的重叠性,产水服务高值区主要集中在流域西部和中部湖泊沿岸区域。综合来看,非热点区面积占比最高,Ⅳ类热点区面积占比最低,多重生态系统服务供给区主要分布在中高地形梯度区,非热点区和单一服务供给分布在低梯度区;在千岛湖流域,协同关系是生态系统服务间的主导关系,其中产水量和碳储量为权衡关系,产水量和生境质量以及产水量和土壤保持之间的权衡协同关系在不同年份表现不同,土地利用类型、植被覆盖度以及高程是生态系统服务权衡关系的主要影响因子。千岛湖流域生态系统服务空间分布具有明显的异质性,其权衡协同关系存在差异。研究结果可为流域生态规划和社会经济发展提供科学依据。

TETSP在隧洞超前地质预报中的应用

笔者介绍了一种隧洞长距离预报地震反射成像系统TETSP,将TETSP与TSP303用于某配水工程隧洞超前地质预报,展示了TETSP观测系统布置方式及数据处理流程,阐述了TETSP在检波器耦合方式及声波干扰压制方面与TSP303的差异,对比了两者原始信号的特性,分析了强溶蚀区岩体对应地震反射异常规律,隧洞实际开挖结果验证了TSP303与TETSP预报的可靠性。结果表明:两种地震反射技术均能较好地探测掌子面前方岩体波阻抗存在显著差异的界面,偏移剖面反射界面集中以及纵横波波速偏低的区域对应岩体质量差。TETSP检波器灵敏度与数据噪比较TSP303更高,但TSP303数据处理软件相对更成熟,故预报准确度更高。

16m级盾构始发筑岛围堰湖相淤泥原位固化试验研究

为满足城市内湖筑岛围堰内超大直径盾构始发作业需求,依托武汉两湖隧道(南湖段)PPP项目3标围堰淤泥固化工程,开展湖相淤泥固化剂适配性试验,探究固化剂成分配比、固化剂质量分数、喷搅工艺及浮淤对固化效果的影响;通过轻型动力触探试验、固化翻浆层厚度测试明晰淤泥固化效果,以获取最佳固化剂质量分数及固化工艺。试验研究表明:1)通过固化剂适配性试验、现场原位固化试验可知,湖相淤泥采用原位固化工艺是可行的,能满足施工承载力等指标要求;2)针对南湖湖相淤泥,考虑固化土强度及均匀性,选取m_(水泥)∶m_(工业废渣)=6∶4、固化外加剂质量分数为1‰及固化剂质量分数为10.5%的固化剂处理效果较好;3)采用“4搅4喷”固化工艺,可以减少翻浆浪费,且可以均匀加固淤泥地层。通过评估不同工况下筑岛围堰内试验田淤泥固化效果,提出了最佳固化剂质量分数及固化工艺,解决了淤泥固化强度不足、均匀性不良等质量问题。

绿蓝空间协同作用下建筑街区的热湿环境分析

为分析绿蓝空间协同作用下环湖建筑街区的热湿环境,采用了CFD(计算流体力学)的方法对4种典型建筑街区形态进行了数值模拟。结果表明:气流作用下,绿蓝空间对中下游建筑街区的温湿度影响较大,尤其是两岸和下游中央区域。其中等高型(H=8 m)、环湖上升型由于建筑高度较低,气流更快地通过街区,形成“扩散状”温湿度分布;等高型(H=12 m)、环湖下降型由于低温气流在水体上空没有足够时间沉降,形成“聚集状”温湿度分布,从而在植被附近形成多个冷旋涡,进而产生局域的“冷岛效应”。蓝色空间取代部分密集建筑街区,在与绿色空间协同作用下,通过合理布局能较大幅度优化建筑街区环境。

湖陆风对滨湖夏季气温和岳阳市城市热岛强度的影响

利用逐日逐时气象资料对岳阳市主城区2019-2021年夏季城市热岛强度进行了评估,探讨了东洞庭湖湖陆风对滨湖夏季气温以及城市热岛强度的影响。结果表明:平均气温郊区较城区、滨湖低1.47、1.11℃,最低气温郊区较城区、滨湖低1.89、2.03℃,最高气温城区较郊区高0.61℃、郊区较滨湖高0.63℃。白天城区气温高于郊区,郊区气温高于滨湖;夜间城区气温与滨湖相当,且明显高于郊区。各区逐时气温变率郊区最大,城区次之,滨湖最小,三者在23时-次日06时相当且变化较小。城区平均、最高、最低气温分别比郊区高1.47、0.61和1.89℃,对应城市热岛强度分别为弱、弱、中等。08-19时城市热岛强度为弱,20时-次日07时为中等。滨湖09-18时湖风强,19时-次日08时陆风弱。湖陆风与各区气温以及城市热岛强度均极显著相关。夜间城市热岛效应强于白天湖泊冷效应,白天城市热岛效应和夜间湖泊热效应受站点与滨湖和郊区的距离远近影响的强度不同,离滨湖越近的城市站白天受城市热岛效应影响越小,夜间受城市热岛效应影响越大。

未来国有林场的憧憬与构建策略——以浙江省淳安县林业总场为例

基于未来乡村建设的场景打造,浙江省率先启动未来国有林场建设试点工作。随着中国式现代化的提出,未来国有林场成为中国式林业现代化的重要目标之一。衡量标准要根据国有林场自身实际,富有特色。未来国有林场的中国式现代化建设围绕生态优先、绿色发展、共同富裕原则,林业产业更加生态化,硬件设施更加先进化、软件条件更加宜人化。相应指标可以分层面进行量化分析。淳安县林业总场系浙江省十大“未来国有林场”建设的示范单位,将致力于全面构建“一优两高三产联动”发展新格局,将淳安县林业总场打造成生态屏障建设高地、优质林业产业展示范地、林业科技创新标杆地、生产生活条件优越地、乡村振兴共同富裕地。

多功能黄精产业现状及其高质量发展探究——以千岛湖为例

黄精具有多种功效,黄精产业堪称朝阳产业。以千岛湖为例,分析了黄精基源植物的栽培基地发展和产品加工销售现状,充分发挥黄精作为“淳六味”道地药材优势,对于建设共同富裕区意义重大。黄精产业发展中依然存在生产成本与销售冲突、产业结构失衡、品牌培育不够等难点与痛点问题。提出了加强黄精资源培育关键技术研究与应用、加强黄精加工与营销企业建设、加强黄精品牌与产业融合战略建设等措施推进黄精产业高质量发展。

Bird guild loss and its determinants on subtropical land-bridge islands, China

Background: The guild concept is useful for understanding the community structure in a land-bridge island system,but most fragmentation studies have focused only on the importance of island area and isolation, other island attributes such as perimeter-area ratio(PAR) were overlooked or understudied.Methods: We have adopted a guild approach to investigate the impacts of island attributes on bird guild richness on a set of 41 recently isolated land-bridge islands in the Thousand Island Lake(TIL), China.Results: We found insectivores had the largest number of species(34 species), fol owed by understory foraging guilds(28 species), omnivores(27 species) and canopy guilds(25 species). Furthermore, our data showed that migrants and residents responded equal y to island area, insectivores and understory guilds were sensitive to island area but omnivores and canopy guilds were not very sensitive. Most guild richness was determined by island area, except for omnivores and canopy guilds.Conclusions: Although PAR or habitat diversity found to be important for bird species richness, our results highlight the importance of island area in maintaining bird diversity in fragmented island systems.

Sources of organic matter and paleo-environmental implications inferred from carbon isotope compositions of lacustrine sediments at Inexpressible Island, Ross Sea, Antarctica

The carbon isotopic composition of organic matter （δ^13Corg） was determined in two sediment cores （IIL1 and IIL9） recovered from Inexpressible Island, Ross Sea, Antarctica, and analyzed to identify the sources of that organic matter. The δ^13Corg values of sediments of IIL9 were found to vary between -14.6‰ and -11.6‰, with a mean of-13.4‰ （n=48）. These values were significantly higher than those of IIL1 sediments which varied between -23.2‰ and -20.4‰, with a mean of-21.8%o （n=55）. The variation in δ^13Corg values in these two sediment cores indicate different sources of organic matter, The relatively high 6~3Corg values in IIL9 are in accordance with a source from algae, while the low δ^13Corg values in IIL1 evince significant influence from penguin guano with algae as the secondary source. Compared with the reference data from other high-latitude lake sediments and plants, the δ^13Corg values in IIL9 were extremely high, a result likely related to intense competition for CO2 assimilation among algal species during the growing season in this relatively shallow pond. These results indicate that sedimentary δ^13Corg is a reliable proxy for paleo-primary productivity in ponds at Inexpressible Island.

A New Understanding of the Sedimentary Environment of the Laiyang Group in the Lower Cretaceous of Lingshan Island,Shandong Province,East China

The sedimentary background and sedimentary environment of the Lower Cretaceous of Lingshan Island,Shandong,remain unclear.There is considerable controversy as to whether the sedimentary environment was marine or continental.In this study,analyses were conducted with respect to indicators of paleosalinity,the chemical composition of clay,paleobiota,the characteristics of strata exhibiting salinization in eastern China during the Early Cretaceous,and the relationship between paleosalinity and paleoclimate.The results indicate that the sedimentary environment of the Lower Cretaceous Laiyang Group of Lingshan Island was that of a salified lake rather than a marine environment.This study not only provides a reference for determining the sedimentary environment of the Lower Cretaceous Laiyang Group of Lingshan Island but also offers a new perspective for the study of Cretaceous strata with salinization characteristics in eastern China.

Numerical Studies on Urban Heat Island Associated with Urbanization in Yangtze Delta Region

おhe impact of modifications of the surface characteristics on local climate is simulated with a numerical mesoscale model in the Yangtze delta region, east of China. The simulated reference case with the current surface properties shows that there is urban heat island in Shanghai city which is located in the center of this region. The modifications of surface characteristics due to the urbanization around Shanghai will lead to the change of local air circulation and redistribution of surface temperature. Simulation for this case shows that the urbanization around Shanghai has little effect on Shanghai, but will extend the area of heat island. Another case is assumed that the area of grassland is kept as 50% while the urban areas are extended. Compared with the case of pure urbanization, the maximum reduction of surface air temperature is 2.0oC in the daytime and 2.3oC at night.

A Floating Island Treatment System for the Removal of Phosphorus from Surface Waters

本研究旨在设计、建造和测试一个中试规模的浮动模块化处理系统,并用以对美国佛罗里达州中部富营养化湖泊中的总磷(TP)进行去除。该处理系统由生物和物理-化学处理模块组成。用多种底物和水生大型植物组合构建了13种不同的中宇宙实验(mesocosm),分别测试了总磷(TP)和正磷(PO_4^(3-))的去除率及潜在的区域去除率。此外本研究对7种吸附介质进行了小型杯罐实验和柱实验,并对3种商业树脂进行了吸附能力的测试。完成这些独立的测试过程后,在佛罗里达中部的一个湖泊中,设计了一个浮岛处理系统(FITS)并运行了8个月。中宇宙实验对磷的平均去除率为40%～50%,平均去除量为5.0 g·m^(–2)·a^(–1)。其中沉水植物(SAV)系统和藻类洗涤器(AGS)效果最好,分别去除了20 mg·m^(–2)·d^(–1)和50 mg·m^(–2)·d^(–1)的磷,它们对磷的平均去除量分别为5.5 g·m^(–2)·a^(–1)和12.0 g·m^(–2)·a^(–1)。在吸附介质中,明矾渣(AR)的性能最佳,接触5 min后,PO_4^(3-)浓度降低了75%左右。在所测试的商品树脂中,PhosX树脂的去除效果最好,在30 min后去除了约40%的磷,60 min后去除了约60%的磷。在基线运行条件下展开实验,FITS对PO_4^(3-)的平均去除率为53%;使用PO_4^(3-)去除率的第50百分位和第90百分位以及FITS的环境足迹进行评价,结果表明系统的去除率分别为56%和86%;区域磷去除率在8.9～16.5 g·m^(–2)·a^(–1)之间。

洪泽湖生态岛屿近岸防护工程优化设计研究

在深入分析洪泽湖“聚泥成岛”工程新筑生态岛屿岸坡土体冲蚀成因和周边水域的水位变化、风场、流场的基础上,以鹭居岛为例,对新筑岛屿迎流侧、过渡带以及近岸侧防护工程方案进行优化设计,以期为大型浅水湖泊近岸带防护工程设计提供技术参考。

景观建设与传说耦合背后的文化记忆——以文水世泰湖湿地公园为例

景观是社会与自然共生的重要场所,城市景观更是一方民众生活水平之体现和地域文化之表达。其中,地方传说因传播之深远、记忆之深刻成为景观建设重要的文化依托。文水世泰湖是汾河流域遗留的湿地之一,也是先秦史籍记载中“十薮”的唯一遗存——“昭馀祁薮”。其原本是一片滩涂,在生态改造中融入了当地遗存的大禹传说和天后岛传奇故事,在此基础上建设成集多功能于一体的湿地亲子乐园,成功转化为兼具文化吸引力、生态亲和力和娱乐生产力的湿地文化景观。在世泰湖景观建设与传说资源的耦合背后,蕴含着文水人民共同的地方文化记忆和美好生活愿景。