Challenges of Vietnamese Agricultural Cooperatives in the 21st Century:The Link Between Efficiency and Legality

The article shows that the situation of agricultural cooperatives in the world in general and agricultural cooperatives in Vietnam in particular are facing certain challenges in the context of globalization in the 21st century.The article points out limitations on:the nature,principles of democratic member control and principles of surplus distribution of the International Cooperative Alliance,as well as Vietnamese law in cooperative management.

Connection between the Principles of Thermodynamics and the Conservation Laws: Physical Meaning of the Principles of Thermodynamics

It has been shown that the first principle of thermodynamics follows from the conservation laws for energy and linear momentum. And the second principle of thermodynamics follows from the first principle of thermodynamics under realization of the integrating factor (namely, temperature) and is a conservation law. The significance of the first principle of thermodynamics consists in the fact that it specifies the thermodynamic system state, which depends on interaction between conservation laws and is non-equilibrium due to a non-commutativity of conservation laws. The realization of the second principle of thermodynamics points to a transition of the thermodynamic system state into a locally-equilibrium state. Phase transitions are examples of such transitions.

F-rough law and the discovery of rough law

By using function one direction S-rough sets （function one direction singular rough sets）, this article presents the concepts of F-law, F-rough law, and the relation metric of rough law; by using these concepts, this article puts forward the theorem of F-law relation metric, two orders theorem of F-rough law relation metric, the attribute theorem of F-rough law band, the extremum theorem of F-rough law relation metric, the discovery principle of F-rough law and the application of F-rough law.

Systematic analysis of corporate environmental responsibility:elements,structure,function,and principles

Corporate Environmental Responsibility(CER) is the subsystem of Corporate Social Responsibility(CSR),which continues to increase prominence in the global economy.Nowadays,CER becomes more important in corporate sustainable development.Based on Carroll's pyramid mode of CSR,this article explores the systematic feature of CER.From a systematic perspective,it sorts out its elements,structure,function,and principles of CER.And the four levels of economic,legal,ethical,and charitable structure are emphasized.With these considerations interpreted into practice,success will be achieved in potential cost savings,technological innovation,increased public acceptance,and better relations with governments.

The Validity of the Thermohydrogravidynamic Theory Concerning the Predicted Dates of the Maximal Temporal Intensifications of the Global Seismotectonic Processes of the Earth during the Range 2020 - 2023 AD

We present (on the 13th International Conference on Geology and Geophysics) the convincing evidence that the strongest earthquakes (according to the U.S. Geological Survey) of the Earth (during the range 2020 - 2023 AD) occurred near the predicted (calculated in advance based on the global prediction thermohydrogravidynamic principles determining the maximal temporal intensifications of the global seismotectonic, volcanic, climatic and magnetic processes of the Earth) dates 2020.016666667 AD (Simonenko, 2020), 2021.1 AD (Simonenko, 2019, 2020), 2022.18333333 AD (Simonenko, 2021), 2023.26666666 AD (Simonenko, 2022) and 2020.55 AD, 2021.65 AD (Simonenko, 2019, 2021), 2022.716666666 AD (Simonenko, 2022), respectively, corresponding to the local maximal and to the local minimal, respectively, combined planetary and solar integral energy gravitational influences on the internal rigid core of the Earth. We present the short-term thermohydrogravidynamic technology (based on the generalized differential formulation of the first law of thermodynamics and the first global prediction thermohydrogravidynamic principle) for evaluation of the maximal magnitude of the strongest (during the March, 2023 AD) earthquake of the Earth occurred on March 16, 2023 AD (according to the U.S. Geological Survey). .

Quantum Aspects of the Joule-Lenz Law

Quantum aspects of the Joule-Lenz law for the dissipation energy have been studied. In the first step, in an analysis of the energy-time principle of uncertainty, this gives a lower limit of the time interval and an upper limit of the energy interval which can be admitted in a quantum transition process. Moreover, for the low energy excitations, the transition time between the levels is found to be close to the oscillation time periods characteristic for these levels. A reference obtained among the transition time Δt, transition energy ΔE and the Planck constant h indicates that Δt should approach approximately the time period of the electromagnetic wave produced in course of the transition.

Action Origin of the Cosmos

In physical information theory elementary objects are represented as correlation structures with oscillator properties and characterized by action. The procedure makes it possible to describe the photons of positive and negative charges by positive and negative real action;gravitons are represented in equal amounts by positive and negative real, i.e., virtual action, and the components of the vacuum are characterized by deactivated virtual action. An analysis of the currents in the correlation structures of photons of static Maxwell fields with wave and particle properties, of the Maxwell vacuum and of the gravitons leads to a uniform three-dimensional representation of the structure of the action. Based on these results, a basic structure consisting of a system of oscillators is proposed, which describe the properties of charges and masses and interact with the photons of static Maxwell fields and with gravitons. All properties of the elemental components of nature can thus be traced back to a basic structure of action. It follows that nature can be derived from a uniform structure and this structure of action must therefore also be the basis of the origin of the cosmos.

THE CONSERVATION LAW OF NONHOLONOMIC SYSTEM OF SECOND-ORDER NON-CHETAVE'S TYPE IN EVENT SPACE

The conservation law of nonholonomic system of second-order non-Chataev's type in event space is studied The Jourdain's principle in event space is presented. The invariant condition of the Jourdain's principle under infinitesimal transformation is given by introducing Jourdain's generators in event space. Then the conservation law of the system in event space is obtained under certain conditions. Finally a calculating example is given.

THE CONSERVATION LAW OF SECOND-ORDER NON-HOLONOMIC SYSTEM OF NON-CHETAEV'S TYPE

The conservation law of second_order nonholonomic system of non_Chetaev's type was studied by means of the Jourdain's principle. The invariant condition of Jourdain's principle under infinitesimal transformation is given by introducing Jourdain's generators. Then the conservation law of the system is obtained under certain conditions. Finally a calculating example is given.

Hodographs of the Gravitational Two-Body System and Discrepancies between Newtonian Laws of Equivalent Kepler Orbits and General Relativity

We show first that an orbit, which is naturally characterized by its eccentricity and semi-latus rectum, can equally be characterized by other sets of parameters, and proceed to determine mass-independent characterizations. The latter is employed to obtain the laws of equivalent orbits, which by definition have the same eccentricity and orbit’s parameter [1]. These laws relate the values of the same physical observables on two equivalent orbits to the corresponding total mass;they include the laws of velocity, angular velocity, radial velocity, areal velocity, acceleration, period, energy and angular momentum. Regardless of the share of the two bodies of a fixed total mass, the same relative orbit occurs for the same initial conditions. Moreover, the same orbit can be traced by different total masses but with different relative velocities. The concept of a gravitational field generated by a set of masses is shown to be meaningful only when the center of mass is not changed by the test mass. The associated concept of the “nothing”, which is an infinitesimal mass that allows for the property just mentioned to be fulfilled, is introduced and its orbits are determined. The perturbation of the nothing orbits due to its replacement by a finite mass is determined. It is proved that such a replacement can have a qualitative effect resulting in a “phase transition” of an orbit from unbound to bound, and that the nothing’s circular orbits cannot be occupied by any material body. The Galileo law of free fall, on which the equivalence principle hinges and which is exact only for “nothing-like” falling objects, is revised to determine the duration of free fall of a body of an arbitrary mass. The wholeness of Newton’s laws and the associated concept of force as an interaction are highlighted, and some contradictions between the Newtonian laws of equivalent Kepler’s orbits and the general relativistic predictions are discussed. It is demonstrated that Newton’s law of gravitation is not an approximation of Einstein field Equations even in the case of a static weak field. However, both theories have a common limit corresponding to the case in which the alien concept of a field can be incorporated in the Newtonian theory. We also show that the relative velocity’s hodograph [2-4], the alternative Laplace-Runge-Lenz (LRL) vector derived by Hamilton [4-6], as well as an infinite set of LRL vectors, result all from one vector. The hodograph is a proper circular arc for hyperbolic motion, a circle less a point for parabolic motion, and a full circle for bound motion.

Building Blocks of Nature

By means of a representation of the elementary objects by the Lagrange density and by the commutators of the communication relations, correlations can be formed using the Fourier transform, which under the conditions of the Hamilton principle, describes correlation structures of the elementary objects with oscillator properties. The correlation structures obtained in this way are characterized by physical information, the essential component of which is the action. The correlation structures describe the physical properties and their interactions under the sole condition of the Hamilton’s principle. The structure, the properties and the interactions of elementary objects can be led back in this way to a fundamental four dimensional structure, which is therefore in their different modifications the building block of nature. With the presented method, an alternative interpretation of elementary physical effects to quantum mechanics is obtained. This report provides an overview of the fundamentals and statements of physical information theory and its consequences for understanding the nature of elementary objects.

Representation of the Basic Laws of Thermodynamics in Quantum Mechanics

We propose a representation of the basic laws, namely the zeroth, first, second and third law, in quantum thermodynamics. The zeroth law is represented by some parameters () that specify respective quantum states. The parameters are the elements of thermodynamic state space. The introduction of such parameters is based on a probabilistic nature of quantum theory. A quantum analog of the first law can be established by utilizing these parameters. The notion of heat in quantum systems is clarified from the probabilistic point of view in quantum theory. The representation of the second law can be naturally described in terms of these parameters introduced for the respective quantum systems. In obtaining the representation of quantum thermodynamics, consistency between quantum theory and classical thermodynamics should have been preserved throughout our formulation of quantum thermodynamics. After establishing the representation of the second law, the third law is discussed briefly. The relationship between thermodynamic temperatures and the parameters in is also discussed.

The Notion of Efficiency in China’s Civil Law Scholarship

The pursuit of economic efficiency is the major driver for the birth of contemporary Chinese civil law.Contemporary civil law scholarship has demonstrated a serious concern for efficiency from the very beginning.However,many examples suggest that the notion of economic efficiency is often diluted or replaced by factors like civil law doctrinal scholasticism,moral notions,inertial thinking of the planned economy or the will of the leader.It has not been systematically attended to or expressed in a detailed and precise way in the contemporary civil law scholarship in China,rendering some economic judgments uneconomical.In the 21 st century,it is necessary for the civil law studies to establish a clearer and more precise notion of efficiency,to conduct more direct and accurate evaluations on civil laws’incentives on people’s behaviors and their socio-economic effects,so as to reduce the cost of social interactions and promote deeper cooperation and winwin outcome among individuals.

Motoyosi Sugita—A “Widely Unknown” Japanese Thermodynamicist Who Explored the 4th Law of Thermodynamics for Creation of the Theory of Life

The purpose of this paper is to introduce to you, the Western people, nowadays a “widely unknown” Japanese thermodynamicist by the name of Motoyosi Sugita and his study on the thermodynamics of transient phenomena and his theory of life. This is because although he was one of the top theoretical physicists in Japan before, during and after WWII and after WWII he promoted the establishment of the biophysical society of Japan as one of the founding members, he himself and his studies themselves have seemed to be totally forgotten nowadays in spite that his study was absolutely important for the study of life. Therefore, in this paper I would like to present what kind of person he was and what he studied in physics as a review on the physics work of Motoyosi Sugita for the first time. I will follow his past studies to introduce his ideas in theoretical physics as well as in biophysics as follows: He proposed the bright ideas such as the quasi-static change in the broad sense, the virtual heat, and the field of chemical potential etc. in order to establish his own theory of thermodynamics of transient phenomena, as the generalization of the Onsager-Prigogine’s theory of the irreversible processes. By the concept of the field of chemical potential that acquired the nonlinear transport, he was seemingly successful to exceed and go beyond the scope of Onsager and Prigogine. Once he established his thermodynamics, he explored the existence of the 4th law of thermodynamics for the foundation of theory of life. He applied it to broad categories of transient phenomena including life and life being such as the theory of metabolism. He regarded the 4th law of thermodynamics as the maximum principle in transient phenomena. He tried to prove it all life long. Since I have recently found that his maximum principle can be included in more general maximum principle, which was known as the Pontryagin’s maximum principle in the theory of optimal control, I would like to explain such theories produced by Motoyosi Sugita as detailed as possible. And also I have put short history of Motoyosi Sugita’s personal life in order for you to know him well. I hope that this article helps you to know this wonderful man and understand what he did in the past, which was totally forgotten in the world and even in Japan.

Progressing under the Exploration:Piercing the Corporate Veil in China

In 2005,the Chinese Company Law was revised for the first time in statutory form introduced Piercing the Corporate Veil.The establishment of this article will benefit Chinese legal system to prevent misuse of company law risk,ensure the safety of transactions,safeguard the interests of the creditors,maintenance social and economic order,and to promote the healthy development of the socialist market economy.Nevertheless,as the abstraction of the provisions,lack of maneuverability,waiting in further refined standstill.

Conservation laws for Birkhoffian systems of Herglotz type

Conservation laws for the Birkhoffian system and the constrained Birkhoffian system of Herglotz type are studied. We propose a new differential variational principle, called the Pfaff-Birkhoff-d＇Alembert principle of Herglotz type. Birkhoff＇s equations for both the Birkhoffian system and the constrained Birkhoffian system of Herglotz type are obtained. According to the relationship between the isochronal variation and the nonisochronal variation, the conditions of the invariance for the Pfaff-Birkhoff-d＇Alembert principle of Herglotz type are given. Then, the conserved quantities for the Birkhoffian system and the constrained Birkhoffian system of Herglotz type are deduced. Furthermore, the inverse theorems of the conservation theorems are also established.

Reflection and operationalization of the common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities principle in the transparency framework under the international climate change regime

“Common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities”(CBDRRC) is the most significant guiding principle in the international climate change regime, created by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in 1992 and inherited by the Paris Agreement 24 years later. This paper examines the operationalization of the CBDRRC principle in one of the cornerstone rules of the regimedits transparency provisions, both in existing practice under the convention and possible evolvement in negotiations under the Paris Agreement, from the perspectives of both international rule-making and domestic implementation. The authors have found a continuous enhancement of the transparency framework since the 1990s, and gradual consolidation of a bifurcated system between developed and developing countries into a common one. The authors argue that the transparency framework, as part of the procedural rules, should be designed to facilitate transparent information sharing in accordance with substantive commitments under international climate change laws. Thus, it indirectly reflects historical responsibilities for climate change, while the framework should also be designed as feasible and reflective of the respective capabilities of nations. Finally, the evolution of the transparency framework will aim to enact common and enhanced provisions while differentiating between developed and developing countries in the near term, and greater transparency-related capacity-building for developing countries.

The principle of the Internet evolving and a conjecture on the optimal structure of the Internet

In this paper we will give the statistical characteristics and general principles of an optimal structure of the Internet, which is a scale-free network. Since the purpose of the Internet is to allow fast and easy communication, the average path length is used to measure the performance of the network, and the number of edges of the network is used as a metric of its; cost. Based on this, the goal of this Internet optimization problem is to obtain the highest performance with the lowest cost. A multi goal optimization problem is proposed to model this problem. By using two empirical formulas of （k） and （l）, we are able to find the statistical characteristics of the optimal structure. There is a critical power law exponent ac for the Internet with power law degree distribution, at which the Internet can obtain a relatively good performance with a low cost. We find that this ac is approximately 2.1.