MicroRNAs （miRNAs） are derived from distinct loci in the genome and play crucial roles in RNA-mediated gene silencing mechanisms that regulate cellular processes during development and stress responses of plants. Th...MicroRNAs （miRNAs） are derived from distinct loci in the genome and play crucial roles in RNA-mediated gene silencing mechanisms that regulate cellular processes during development and stress responses of plants. The miRNAs are approximately 21 nucleotides long and code for the complementary strand to a larger genic mRNA. They are often found within the complementary primary transcript （pri-miRNAs）. In the past few years, a growing number of soybean miRNAs have been discovered, however, little is known about the transcriptional regulation of these miRNAs. In this study, promoters and cis-acting elements of soybean miRNAs were analyzed using the genomic data for the first time. A total of 82 miRNAs were located among 122 loci in genome, some were present as double or multiple copies. Five clusters that included ten miRNAs were found in genome, and only one cluster share the same promoter. A total of 191 promoters from 122 loci of the soybean miRNA sequences were found and further analyzed. The results indicated that the conserved soybean miRNA genes had a greater proportion of promoters than that of non-conserved ones, and the distribution of the transcript start sites （TSSs） and TATA-boxes found had different motif styles between conserved and non-conserved miRNA genes. Furthermore, the cis-acting elements 5＇ of the TSSs were analyzed to obtain potential function and spatiotemporal expression pattern of miRNAs. The data obtained here may lead to the identification of specific sequences upstream of pre-miRNAs and the functional annotation of miRNAs in soybean.展开更多
China’s foreign trade continued to maintain its development momentum last year througn vigorous promotion of two fundamental changes,spurred by the smooth return of Hong Kong and propelled by the spirit of the 15th C...China’s foreign trade continued to maintain its development momentum last year througn vigorous promotion of two fundamental changes,spurred by the smooth return of Hong Kong and propelled by the spirit of the 15th Congress of the Communist Party of China. Imports and exports developed steadily。展开更多
A 5＇ flanking region of the well-conserved Toll/interleukin-1 receptor domain （TIR）-encoding sequence was isolated from the genomic DNA ofMelampsora magnusiana Wagner resistant clones of hybrid triploid poplars [（...A 5＇ flanking region of the well-conserved Toll/interleukin-1 receptor domain （TIR）-encoding sequence was isolated from the genomic DNA ofMelampsora magnusiana Wagner resistant clones of hybrid triploid poplars [（Populus tomentosa × P. bolleana） × P. tomentosa]. Sequencing results and alignment analysis show that the obtained TIR-specific promoter （named as PtTIRp01） was 1,732 bp in length; moreover 3＇ region of the PtTIRp01 contains a responds to the 5＇ composition of TIR-NBS type gene PtDRG02, of 747 bp long 5＇ region of TIR-NBS type gene PtDRG02 and its 398 bp complete TIR-encoding sequence, which significantly corindicating that the obtained TIR-specific promoter region consists upstream region of promoter （985 bp）. It was found that the 5＇ region of TIR-NBS type gene PtDRG02 was characterized in the downstream region of the transcriptional start, named as 5＇-untranslated region （5＇ UTR）, consisting of one 93 bp 5＇-untranslation exon, one 213 bp intron and one 441 bp TIR-encoding open reading frame （ORF）. In addition, several putative cis-acting motifs were present in the obtained TIR-specific promoter of PtDRG02, including one TATA box, one GC-rich, one AT-rich, one P-box, one 3-AF1 binding site, two CAAT boxes, two GT-1 motifs, three typical W-boxes, four I-boxes, and one multi-cis-acting fragment （MCF）. The latter contains five types of regulatory elements （E4, G-box, ABRE motif, box 1 and HVA 1 s）, most of which were homologous to the cis-acting regulatory elements involved in the activation of defense genes in plants. Thus, it can be suggested that TIR-specific promoter might be a pathogen-inducible promoter and be necessary for the inducible expression of defense-related genes. Key words Toll/interleukin- 1 receptor domain, promoter, Cis-acting element, poplar展开更多
The promoter region of a drought and abscisic acid （ABA） inducible gene, osr40c1, was isolated from a salt-tolerant indica rice variety Pokkali, which is 670 bp upstream of the putative translation start codon. In ...The promoter region of a drought and abscisic acid （ABA） inducible gene, osr40c1, was isolated from a salt-tolerant indica rice variety Pokkali, which is 670 bp upstream of the putative translation start codon. In silico promoter analysis of resulted sequence showed that at least 15 types of putative motifs were distributed within the sequence, including two types of common promoter elements, TATA and CAAT boxes. Additionally, several putative cis-acing regulatory elements which may be involved in regulation of osr40c1 expression under different conditions were found in the 5′-upstream region of osr40c1. These are ABA-responsive element, light-responsive elements （ATCT-motif, Box I, G-box, GT1-motif, Gap-box and Sp1）, myeloblastosis oncogene response element （CCAAT-box）, auxin responsive element （TGA-element）, gibberellin-responsive element （GARE-motif） and fungal-elicitor responsive elements （Box E and Box-W1）. A putative regulatory element, required for endosperm-specific pattern of gene expression designated as Skn-1 motif, was also detected in the Pokkali osr40c1 promoter region. In conclusion, the bioinformatic analysis of osr40c1 promoter region isolated from indica rice variety Pokkali led to the identification of several important stress-responsive cis-acting regulatory elements, and therefore, the isolated promoter sequence could be employed in rice genetic transformation to mediate expression of abiotic stress induced genes.展开更多
The importance of microRNA （miRNA） at the post-transcriptional regulation level has recently been recognized in both animals and plants. In recent years, many studies focused on miRNA target identification and funct...The importance of microRNA （miRNA） at the post-transcriptional regulation level has recently been recognized in both animals and plants. In recent years, many studies focused on miRNA target identification and functional analysis. However, little is known about the transcription and regulation of miRNAs themselves. In this study, the transcription start sites （TSSs） for 11 miRNA primary transcripts of soybean from 11 miRNA loci （of 50 loci tested） were cloned by a 5＂ rapid amplification of cDNA ends （5＂ RACE） procedure using total RNA from 30-d-old seedlings. The features consistent with a RNA polymerase II mechanism of transcription were found among these miRNA loci. A position weight matrix algorithm was used to identify conserved motifs in miRNA core promoter regions. A canonical TATA box motif was identified upstream of the major start site at 8 （76%） of the mapped miRNA loci. Several cis-acting elements were predicted in the 2 kb 5＂ to the TSSs. Potential spatial and temporal expression patterns of the miRNAs were found. The target genes for these miRNAs were also predicted and further elucidated for the potential function of the miRNAs. This research provides a molecular basis to explore regulatory mechanisms of miRNA expression, and a way to understand miRNA-mediated regulatory pathways and networks in soybean.展开更多
Abstract Leaves of melon were collected and extracted by the CTAB method for total DNA which was used for PCR amplification, obtaining the gene sequence of cucumisin promoter. The sequence results were processed and a...Abstract Leaves of melon were collected and extracted by the CTAB method for total DNA which was used for PCR amplification, obtaining the gene sequence of cucumisin promoter. The sequence results were processed and analyzed with DNAman, DNAstar and other softwares, and bioinformatic element analysis was performed with PlantCARE and PLACE. The analysis results showed that the cucumisin promoter shared 100%, 99% and 99% homology with AY055805, LN713264 and LN681897, respectively. The promoter sequence contains a variety of c/s-acting elements common in fruit promoters of higher plants such as TATA-Box and CAAT-Box, and light-responsive elements, some of which involved in ABA and VP1 responsiveness and salicylic acid responsiveness. This study provides a scien- tific basis for further research on genetic engineering of fruits.展开更多
This paper concentrates on the most important findings and the lessons learned from German experience in the field of wind energy integration. It reflects the work of the governmental experts who were auditing the 200...This paper concentrates on the most important findings and the lessons learned from German experience in the field of wind energy integration. It reflects the work of the governmental experts who were auditing the 2008-revision of the Renewable Energy Sources Act （EEG 2008） in the EEG-Report 2011 and the actual political debate in Germany in 2013. The EEG report 2011 makes it clear that a feed-in-tariff-mechanism lowers entry barriers and open the market for new competitors but, also, that incentives without a favorable legal framework fail to fulfill the purpose.展开更多
基金supported by the National High-Tech R&D Program of China (863 Program,2006AA100104-4)the Project of 948 from Ministryof Agriculture of China (2006-G5)+5 种基金the National Nature Science Foundation of China (30971810,60932008)the National Basic Research Program ofChina (973 Program, 2009CB118400)the Postdoctoral Fund in Heilongjiang Province, China (LBH-Z07228)the Foundation Projects of Northeast Agricultural University, Chinathe Technology Project of Education Ministry of Heilongjiang Province, China(11541025)the Technology Project of Harbin,China (2009RFQXN085)
文摘MicroRNAs （miRNAs） are derived from distinct loci in the genome and play crucial roles in RNA-mediated gene silencing mechanisms that regulate cellular processes during development and stress responses of plants. The miRNAs are approximately 21 nucleotides long and code for the complementary strand to a larger genic mRNA. They are often found within the complementary primary transcript （pri-miRNAs）. In the past few years, a growing number of soybean miRNAs have been discovered, however, little is known about the transcriptional regulation of these miRNAs. In this study, promoters and cis-acting elements of soybean miRNAs were analyzed using the genomic data for the first time. A total of 82 miRNAs were located among 122 loci in genome, some were present as double or multiple copies. Five clusters that included ten miRNAs were found in genome, and only one cluster share the same promoter. A total of 191 promoters from 122 loci of the soybean miRNA sequences were found and further analyzed. The results indicated that the conserved soybean miRNA genes had a greater proportion of promoters than that of non-conserved ones, and the distribution of the transcript start sites （TSSs） and TATA-boxes found had different motif styles between conserved and non-conserved miRNA genes. Furthermore, the cis-acting elements 5＇ of the TSSs were analyzed to obtain potential function and spatiotemporal expression pattern of miRNAs. The data obtained here may lead to the identification of specific sequences upstream of pre-miRNAs and the functional annotation of miRNAs in soybean.
文摘China’s foreign trade continued to maintain its development momentum last year througn vigorous promotion of two fundamental changes,spurred by the smooth return of Hong Kong and propelled by the spirit of the 15th Congress of the Communist Party of China. Imports and exports developed steadily。
文摘A 5＇ flanking region of the well-conserved Toll/interleukin-1 receptor domain （TIR）-encoding sequence was isolated from the genomic DNA ofMelampsora magnusiana Wagner resistant clones of hybrid triploid poplars [（Populus tomentosa × P. bolleana） × P. tomentosa]. Sequencing results and alignment analysis show that the obtained TIR-specific promoter （named as PtTIRp01） was 1,732 bp in length; moreover 3＇ region of the PtTIRp01 contains a responds to the 5＇ composition of TIR-NBS type gene PtDRG02, of 747 bp long 5＇ region of TIR-NBS type gene PtDRG02 and its 398 bp complete TIR-encoding sequence, which significantly corindicating that the obtained TIR-specific promoter region consists upstream region of promoter （985 bp）. It was found that the 5＇ region of TIR-NBS type gene PtDRG02 was characterized in the downstream region of the transcriptional start, named as 5＇-untranslated region （5＇ UTR）, consisting of one 93 bp 5＇-untranslation exon, one 213 bp intron and one 441 bp TIR-encoding open reading frame （ORF）. In addition, several putative cis-acting motifs were present in the obtained TIR-specific promoter of PtDRG02, including one TATA box, one GC-rich, one AT-rich, one P-box, one 3-AF1 binding site, two CAAT boxes, two GT-1 motifs, three typical W-boxes, four I-boxes, and one multi-cis-acting fragment （MCF）. The latter contains five types of regulatory elements （E4, G-box, ABRE motif, box 1 and HVA 1 s）, most of which were homologous to the cis-acting regulatory elements involved in the activation of defense genes in plants. Thus, it can be suggested that TIR-specific promoter might be a pathogen-inducible promoter and be necessary for the inducible expression of defense-related genes. Key words Toll/interleukin- 1 receptor domain, promoter, Cis-acting element, poplar
文摘The promoter region of a drought and abscisic acid （ABA） inducible gene, osr40c1, was isolated from a salt-tolerant indica rice variety Pokkali, which is 670 bp upstream of the putative translation start codon. In silico promoter analysis of resulted sequence showed that at least 15 types of putative motifs were distributed within the sequence, including two types of common promoter elements, TATA and CAAT boxes. Additionally, several putative cis-acing regulatory elements which may be involved in regulation of osr40c1 expression under different conditions were found in the 5′-upstream region of osr40c1. These are ABA-responsive element, light-responsive elements （ATCT-motif, Box I, G-box, GT1-motif, Gap-box and Sp1）, myeloblastosis oncogene response element （CCAAT-box）, auxin responsive element （TGA-element）, gibberellin-responsive element （GARE-motif） and fungal-elicitor responsive elements （Box E and Box-W1）. A putative regulatory element, required for endosperm-specific pattern of gene expression designated as Skn-1 motif, was also detected in the Pokkali osr40c1 promoter region. In conclusion, the bioinformatic analysis of osr40c1 promoter region isolated from indica rice variety Pokkali led to the identification of several important stress-responsive cis-acting regulatory elements, and therefore, the isolated promoter sequence could be employed in rice genetic transformation to mediate expression of abiotic stress induced genes.
基金supported by the National High-Tech R&D Program of China (2006AA10Z1F1)the National Core Soybean Genetic Engineering Project, China(2011ZX08004-002)+3 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (60932008, 30971810)the National Basic Research Program of China (2009CB118400)the Ministry of Education Innovation Team of Soybean Molecular Design,Chinathe Innovation Team of the Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province, China
文摘The importance of microRNA （miRNA） at the post-transcriptional regulation level has recently been recognized in both animals and plants. In recent years, many studies focused on miRNA target identification and functional analysis. However, little is known about the transcription and regulation of miRNAs themselves. In this study, the transcription start sites （TSSs） for 11 miRNA primary transcripts of soybean from 11 miRNA loci （of 50 loci tested） were cloned by a 5＂ rapid amplification of cDNA ends （5＂ RACE） procedure using total RNA from 30-d-old seedlings. The features consistent with a RNA polymerase II mechanism of transcription were found among these miRNA loci. A position weight matrix algorithm was used to identify conserved motifs in miRNA core promoter regions. A canonical TATA box motif was identified upstream of the major start site at 8 （76%） of the mapped miRNA loci. Several cis-acting elements were predicted in the 2 kb 5＂ to the TSSs. Potential spatial and temporal expression patterns of the miRNAs were found. The target genes for these miRNAs were also predicted and further elucidated for the potential function of the miRNAs. This research provides a molecular basis to explore regulatory mechanisms of miRNA expression, and a way to understand miRNA-mediated regulatory pathways and networks in soybean.
基金Supported by Fund of Education Department of Yunnan Province(2013Y251)Characteristic Biological Resource Development and Utilization Key Laboratory Open Fund of Kunming University(GXKJ201612)Fund for Introduction of Doctors(YJL11015)
文摘Abstract Leaves of melon were collected and extracted by the CTAB method for total DNA which was used for PCR amplification, obtaining the gene sequence of cucumisin promoter. The sequence results were processed and analyzed with DNAman, DNAstar and other softwares, and bioinformatic element analysis was performed with PlantCARE and PLACE. The analysis results showed that the cucumisin promoter shared 100%, 99% and 99% homology with AY055805, LN713264 and LN681897, respectively. The promoter sequence contains a variety of c/s-acting elements common in fruit promoters of higher plants such as TATA-Box and CAAT-Box, and light-responsive elements, some of which involved in ABA and VP1 responsiveness and salicylic acid responsiveness. This study provides a scien- tific basis for further research on genetic engineering of fruits.
文摘This paper concentrates on the most important findings and the lessons learned from German experience in the field of wind energy integration. It reflects the work of the governmental experts who were auditing the 2008-revision of the Renewable Energy Sources Act （EEG 2008） in the EEG-Report 2011 and the actual political debate in Germany in 2013. The EEG report 2011 makes it clear that a feed-in-tariff-mechanism lowers entry barriers and open the market for new competitors but, also, that incentives without a favorable legal framework fail to fulfill the purpose.
