Three-point bending behavior of aluminum foam sandwich with steel panel

Static three-point bending tests of aluminum foam sandwiches with glued steel panel were performed. The deformation and failure of sandwich structure with different thicknesses of panel and foam core were investigated. The results indicate that the maximum bending load increases with the thickness of both steel panel and foam core. The failure of sandwich can be ascribed to the crush and shear damage of foam core and the delamination of glued interface at a large bending load, The crack on the foam wall developed in the melting foam procedure is the major factor for the failure of foam core. The sandwich structure with thick foam core and thin steel panel has the optimal specific bending strength. The maximum bending load of that with 8 mm panel and 50 mm foam core is 66.06 kN.

Three-point bending performance of a new aluminum foam composite structure

A new composite structure based on aluminum foam sandwich and fiber metal laminate was proposed. A layer of glass fiber was provided at the interface between the metal panel and the aluminum foam core in this composite structure, using adhesive technology to bond the materials together by organic glue in the sequence of metal panel, glass fiber, aluminum foam core, glass fiber and metal panel. The experimental results show that the new composite structure has an improved comprehensive performance compared with the traditional aluminum foam sandwiches. The optimized parameters for the fabrication of the new aluminum foam composite structure with best bending strength were obtained. The epoxy resin and low porosity aluminum foams are preferred, the thickness of aluminum sheets should be at least 1.5 mm, and the type of glass fiber has little effect on the bending strength. The main failure modes of the new composite structures with two types of glues were discussed.

Three-point bending of honeycomb sandwich beams with facesheet perforations

A novel square honeycomb-cored sandwich beam with perforated bottom facesheet is investigated under threepoint bending,both analytically and numerically.Perforated square holes in the bottom facesheet are characterized by the area ratio of the hole to intact facesheet（perforation ratio）.While for large-scale engineering applications like the decks of cargo vehicles and transportation ships,the perforations are needed to facilitate the fabrication process（e.g.,laser welding）as well as service maintenance,it is demonstrated that these perforations,when properly designed,can also enhance the resistance of the sandwich to bending.For illustration,fair comparisons among competing sandwich designs having different perforation ratios but equal mass is achieved by systematically thickening the core webs.Further,the perforated sandwich beam is designed with a relatively thick facesheet to avoid local indention failure so that it mainly fails in two competing modes：（1）bending failure,i.e.,yielding of beam cross-section and buckling of top facesheet caused by bending moment;（2）shear failure,i.e.,yielding and buckling of core webs due to shear forcing.The sensitivity of the failure loads to the ratio of core height to beam span is also discussed for varying perforation ratios.As the perfo-ration ratio is increased,the load of shear failure increases due to thickening core webs,while that of bending failure decreases due to the weakening bottom facesheet.Design of a sandwich beam with optimal perforation ratio is realized when the two failure loads are equal,leading to significantly enhanced failure load（up to 60%increase）relative to that of a non-perforated sandwich beam with equal mass.

A CATASTROPHE ANALYSIS ON THE STABILITY OF THE CRACK GROWTH IN THREE-POINT BENDING SPECIMENS

This paper presents an attempt at the application of catastrophe theory to the stability analysis of J-controlled crack growth in three-point bending specimens. By introducing the solutions of J-integral in the completely yielding state for the ideal plastic material, the critical condition of losing stability for the crack propagation in the specimen is obtained, based on the cusp catastrophe theory. The process of the crack growth from geometrical sense is described.

Experimental and theoretical analyses of package-on-package structure under three-point bending loading

High density packaging is developing toward miniaturization and integration, which causes many difficulties in designing, manufacturing, and reliability testing. Package-on-Package （POP） is a promising three-dimensional high- density packaging method that integrates a chip scale package （CSP） in the top package and a fine-pitch ball grid array （FBGA） in the bottom package. In this paper, in-situ scanning electron microscopy （SEM） observation is carried out to detect the deformation and damage of the PoP structure under three-point bending loading. The results indicate that the cracks occur in the die of the top package, then cause the crack deflection and bridging in the die attaching layer. Furthermore, the mechanical principles are used to analyse the cracking process of the PoP structure based on the multi-layer laminating hypothesis and the theoretical analysis results are found to be in good agreement with the experimental results.

Modelling and Simulation on the Effect of Hot Forming Damage on Three-Point Bending Performance of Beam Components

The effects of forming damage are analyzed,which occur during hot stamping process,on the load-carrying capacity and failure mode of hot stamped beams.A damage-coupled pre-forming constitutive model was proposed,in which the damage during hot stamping process was introduced into the service response.The constitutive model was applied into the three-point bending simulation of a hot stamped beam,and then the influences of forming damage on the load-carrying capacity and cracks propagation were investigated.The results show that the forming damage reduces the maximum load capacity of the hot stamped beam by 7.5%.It also causes the crack to occur earlier and promotes crack to propagate along the radial direction of the punch.

Dynamic Fracture Behaviors of Selected Aluminum Alloys Under Three-point Bending

The dynamic fracture behaviors of the extruded 2024-T4 and 7075-T6 aluminum alloys are investigated by using an instrumented drop tower machine.The specimens are made from a 25 mm diameter extruded circular rod.The dynamic three-point bending tests of each alloy are carried out at different impact velocities.The initiation fracture toughness and average propagation fracture toughness of 2024-T4 and 7075-T6 are determined at different loading rates.The results show that both the initiation toughness and the propagation toughness increase with the loading rate.Further,the difference between the fracture toughness behaviors of 2024-T4 and 7075-T6 is found to be dependent on the variation of fracture mechanism.The comprehensive fractographic investigations of the fracture surfaces clearly demonstrate that the fracture mode of 2024-T4 is predominantly transgranular fracture with high density small-sized dimples,and the fracture mode of 7075-T6 is mainly intergranular fracture with many intermetallic particles in the bottom of voids located in the fracture surface.

The Applied Research of Fracture in Three-point Bending to Blanking of Bearing Steel

The application of fracture in three-point bending to blanking of bearing steel is studied in this paper. Several mechanical models of stress blanking are discussed at first. And then the experiments have been made in special equipment of three-point bending designed by us. Several problems, such as the suitable span, the relations between bending and tension bending complex, the ratio of blanking length to the diameter, the relations of blank length to force, the feature of fracture, are studied through the experiments. The suitable parameters of three-point bending to blanking, depth and tip radius of notch and the ratio between blanking length and stick diameter have been proposed.

BEHAVIOUR OF PLASTERED STRAW-BALE ASSEMBLIES SUBJECTED TO THREE-POINT BENDING

The search for more sustainable construction methods has renewed interest in straw-bale construction.Rectangular straw bales stacked in a running bond and plastered on the interior and exterior faces have been shown to have adequate strength to resist typical loads found in one-and two-storey structures.The straw bales provide excellent insulation,while possessing low embodied energy compared to conventional insulation materials.The structural behaviour of a load-bearing plastered straw-bale wall subject to uniform compressive loading has been the focus of a number of studies reported in the literature.However,in a typical building wall,there will be numerous locations(such as around window and door openings)where the load paths produce areas of concentrated stress.The behaviour in these regions cannot necessarily be predicted using tests from uniformly loaded wall assemblies.This paper describes experiments on plastered single bale assemblies subjected to three-point bending.These assemblies develop shear and flexural stresses,and so simulate the stresses that exist around door and window openings in a wall.The specimens were rendered with lime-cement plaster,and were either unreinforced,or contained steel“diamond lath”mesh embedded within the plaster.The specimens were pin-supported at various centre-to-centre distances(L)ranging from 200 mm to 500 mm.The height(H)of all specimens was constant at 330 mm.This gave a range of H/L values of 0.66 to 1.65.Two distinct types of failure were observed.For tests with H/L<1,failure was due to flexural tension cracks in the plaster which propagated through the depth of the plaster skin.For tests with H/L>1,failure was due to crushing of the plaster in compression under one of the loading points.It was shown that models based on simple mechanics were able to adequately predict the assembly strength.In particular,analysing the assemblies with H/L<1 as simple beams,and using the transformed section concept to deal with the straw and steel mesh,was adequate for predicting their strength.The results suggest that current practice for straw bale construction is generally appropriate.To avoid tensile cracking of plaster due to flexure,regions around doors,windows,and other openings should be designed such that H/L>1.In regions where H/L<1,the use of steel reinforcing mesh can increase the plastered bale strength by 30%on average.

Heterogeneous Fracture Simulation of Three-point Bending Plain-concrete Beam with Double Notches

Plain concrete is regarded as a two-phase material comprising randomly distributed aggregates and mortar matrix. A series of three-point bending concrete beams with symmetric or asymmetric double notches are modeled using the modified random aggregate generation and packing algorithm. The cohesive zone model is used as the fracture criterion and the cohesive el- ements are inserted into both the mortar matrix and the aggregate-mortar interfaces as potential micro-cracking zones. The dead and alive crack phenomena are studied experimentally and nu- merically; and the influences of notch location, aggregate distribution and gradation on fracture are numerically evaluated. Some important conclusions are given.

Experimental and numerical investigation of mechanical behavior of plain woven CFRP composites subjected to three-point bending

The mechanical behavior of plain woven Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polymer(CFRP)composites under Three-Point Bending(TPB)is investigated via experimental and numerical approaches.Multiscale models,including microscale,mesoscale and macroscale models,have been developed to characterize the TPB strength and damages.Thereinto,Representative Volume Elements(RVEs)of the microscale and mesoscale structures are established to determine the effective properties of carbon-fiber yarn and CFRP composites,respectively.Aimed at accurately and efficiently predicting the TPB behavior,an Equivalent Cross-Ply Laminate(ECPL)cell is proposed to simplify the inherent woven architecture,and the effective properties of the subcell are computed using a local homogenization approach.The macroscale model of the TPB specimen is constructed by a topology structure of ECPL cells to predict the mechanical behavior.The TPB experiments have been performed to validate the multiscale models.Both the experimental and numerical results reveal that delamination mainly appears in the top and bottom interfaces of the CFRP laminates.And matrix cracking and delamination are identified as the significant damage modes during the TPB process.Finally,the quasi-static and dynamic behaviors of plain woven composites are discussed by comparing the results of Low-Velocity Impact(LVI)and TPB simulations.

SEM in situ laboratory investigations on damage growth in GFRP composite under three-point bending tests

Glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) composites are widely used in low-weight constructions.SEM (scanning electron microscopy) in situ experiments of damage growth in GFRP composite under three-point bending loads are carried out.By summarizing the experimental results of three groups of samples with different orientation angles of fibers,the dependence of mechanical parameters on the orientation angles of fibers are analyzed.The regression analysis show that the peak strengths,the elastic strengths and the elastic modulus of the composites decease with the orientation angles of fibers almost linearly.Moreover,the damage growth and meso-scale structure changes in GFRP composites during three-point bending loading are analyzed.

基于IP联合蛋白质组学探讨ENG互作蛋白在bEnd.3细胞中的作用

目的本研究拟筛选并验证在脑微血管内皮细胞(bEnd.3)中Endoglin(ENG)的互作蛋白及其作用。方法采用蛋白质组学和生物信息学技术鉴定并富集ENG互作蛋白,对这些互作蛋白进行亚细胞定位、GO功能注释、IPR注释和蛋白互作网络等分析。将以上分析筛选出的ENG互作蛋白,采用免疫共沉淀(IP)实验、细胞免疫荧光(IF)和蛋白免疫印迹(WB)技术进行验证和对比,探究ENG互作蛋白在棕榈酸(PA)、基因沉默和过表达ENG处理bEnd.3细胞中的表达变化及作用。结果通过蛋白质组学分析,bEnd.3细胞中ENG互作蛋白在亚细胞定位分析中细胞骨架相关成分呈现出较高的占比;通过GO注释和IPR注释进一步发现,是细胞骨架中的中间纤维和微丝蛋白呈现较高的富集状态。ENG与细胞骨架蛋白互作热力图结果显示,与对照组相比,PA处理的bEnd.3细胞中微丝蛋白Filamin B(Flnb)数值显著降低。IP和IF结果显示,bEnd.3细胞中ENG与Flnb存在蛋白互作和共定位情况。WB结果显示,bEnd.3细胞在PA处理条件下,ENG和Flnb蛋白表达均下降;在ENG沉默条件下,Flnb蛋白随ENG表达的减少而降低;在ENG过表达条件下,Flnb蛋白随ENG表达的增加而升高。结论ENG互作蛋白广泛参与到多种相关的生物途径以及信号通路之中,ENG在bEnd.3细胞中与Flnb蛋白存在相互作用且二者具有共定位现象,ENG还能够调控PA处理的bEnd.3细胞Flnb蛋白表达水平。

Determination of Concrete Fracture Parameters from a Three-Point Bending Test

The mechanical behavior within the processing zone of concrete material can be well described by the crack bridging performance. The material properties related to the crack bridging are cracking strength, tensile strength, and the stress-crack width relationship. In general, the cracking strength is lower than the tensile strength of concrete. Crack propagation is governed by the cracking strength. This paper presents a method to determine the above material parameters from a three-point bending test. In the experiment, a pre-notched beam is used. Corresponding values of load, crack mouth opening displacement, and load point displacement are simultaneously recorded. From experimentally determined load-crack mouth opening displacement curves, the above-mentioned crack bridging parameters are deduced by a numerical procedure. The method can be used to evaluate the influence of coarse aggregate and cementitious matrix strength on the stress-crack width relationship, tensile strength, and fracture energy of concrete.

Three-point bending fracture characteristics of bulk metallic glasses

This paper presents the SEM micrographs for the three-point bending fracture surfaces of Zr-based, Ce-based and Mg-based bulk metallic glasses (BMGs), which show the dimple structures in the three kinds of BMGs. The shapes of the giant plastic deformation domain on the fracture surface are similar but the sizes are different. The fracture toughness KC and the dimple structure size of the Zr-based BMG are both the largest, and those of the Mg-based BMG are the smallest. The fracture toughness KC and the dimple structure size of the Ce-based BMG are between those of the Zr-based and the Mg-based BMG. Through analyzing the data of different fracture toughnesses of the BMGs, we find that the plastic zone width follows w = (KC/σY)2/(6π).

Experimental,Numerical,and Analytical Studies on the Bending of Mechanically Lined Pipe

Mechanically lined pipe(MLP)is often used for offshore oil and gas transport because of its low cost and corrosion resistance.During installation and operation,the pipe may undergo severe bending deformation,which causes the liner to separate from the outer pipe and buckles,affecting the stability of the whole line.In this paper,the buckling response of MLP subjected to bending is investigated to clarify its bending characteristics by employing both experiments,numerical simulation,as theoretical methods.Two types of MLPs were manufactured with GB 45 carbon steel(SLP)and Al 6061(ALP)used as the outer pipe material,respectively.The hydraulic expansion and bending experiments of small-scale MLPs are conducted.In addition to the ovalized shape of the cross-section for the SLP specimens,the copper liner was found to wrinkle on the compressive side.In contrast,the liner of ALP remains intact without developing any wrinkling and collapse mode.In addition,a dedicated numerical framework and theoretical models were also established.It was found both the manufacturing and bending responses of the MLP can be well reproduced,and the predicted maximum moment and critical curvatures are in good agreement with the experimental results.

Effect of characteristics and distribution of Mg_(17)Al_(12)precipitates on tensile and bending properties of high-Al-containing Mg alloys

This study investigates the effect of characteristics and distribution of Mg_(17)Al_(12)precipitates on the uniaxial tensile and three-point bending properties of extruded Mg alloys containing high Al contents.The extruded Mg–9Al–1Zn–0.3Mn(AZ91)alloy contains lamellar-structured Mg_(17)Al_(12)discontinuous precipitates along the grain boundaries,which are formed via static precipitation during natural air cooling.The extruded Mg–11Al–1Zn–0.3Mn(AZ111)alloy contains spherical Mg_(17)Al_(12)precipitates at the grain boundaries and inside the grains,which are formed via dynamic precipitation during extrusion.Due to inhomogeneous distribution of precipitates,the AZ111 alloy consists of two different precipitate regions:precipitate-rich region with numerous precipitates and finer grains and precipitate-scarce region with a few precipitates and coarser grains.The AZ111 alloy exhibits a higher tensile strength than the AZ91 alloy because its smaller grain size and more abundant precipitates result in stronger grain-boundary hardening and precipitation hardening effects,respectively.However,the tensile elongation of the AZ111 alloy is lower than that of the AZ91 alloy because the weak cohesion between the dynamic precipitates and the matrix facilitates the crack initiation and propagation.During bending,a macrocrack initiates on the outer surface of bending specimen in both alloys.The AZ111 alloy exhibits higher bending yield strength and lower failure bending strain than the AZ91 alloy.The bending specimens of the AZ91 alloy have similar bending formability,whereas those of the AZ111 alloy exhibit considerable differences in bending formability and crack propagation behavior,depending on the distribution and number density of precipitates in the specimen.In bending specimens of the AZ111 alloy,it is found that the failure bending strain(ε_(f,bending))is inversely proportional to the area fraction of precipitates in the outer zone of bending specimen(A_(ppt)),with a relationship ofε_(f,bending)=–0.1A_(ppt)+5.86.

Influence Mechanism of the Trabecular and Chamfer Radii on the Three-point Bending Properties of Trabecular Beetle Elytron Plates

To improve the mechanical properties of Trabecular Beetle Elytron Plates(TBEPs,a type of biomimetic sandwich structure inspired by the beetle elytron)under transverse loads,three-point bending tests are performed to investigate the influence of the trabecular and chamfer radii of the core structure on the mechanical performance of TBEPs manufactured by 3D printing technology.The results show that the three-point bending performance of TBEPs can be improved by setting reasonable trabecular and chamfer radii;however,excessive increases in these radii can cause a decline in the mechanical performance.For the reason,these two structural parameters can enhance the deformation stiffness of the whole structure and the connection property between the core and skin,which is also the mechanical reason why Prosopocoilus inclinatus beetle elytra have thick,short trabeculae with a large chamfer radius.However,when these radii increase to a certain extent,the cracks are ultimately controlled between two adjacent trabeculae,and the failure of the plate is determined by the skin rather than the core structure.Therefore,this study suggests a reasonable range for trabecular and chamfer radii,and indicates that TBEPs are better suited for engineering applications that have high compression requirements and general bending requirements.

Deformation Characterization,Twinning Behavior and Mechanical Properties of Dissimilar Friction-Stir-Welded AM60/AZ31 Alloys Joint During the Three-Point Bending

The AZ31 and AM60 alloys were used for dissimilar friction stir welding(FSW)in this study.The microstructure characteristics of the joint and its three-point bending performance were investigated.The electron backscattered diffraction results showed that the grains in the nugget zone(NZ)were more uniform and refined to a certain extent after FSW,but the grain size of AM60 in the NZ was larger than that of AZ31.The texture was strong locally in the NZ and presented a symmetric distribution characteristic from the advancing side to the retreating side.There were special texture features in the joint,resulting in the occurrence of severe strain localization during the bending process compared with the base materials,which can be well explained by the calculated Schmid factor in terms of the assumed stress state for bending.The bending tests revealed that the joint presented good bending properties compared with AZ31 BM.The bending fracture morphologies suggested that the fracture tended to the NZ interface on the AZ31 side,which was mainly due to the higher SF for basal slip and dislocation concentration degree in the region,and the relatively lower bending strength of AZ31 metal.

Discharge evolution law of debris flow based on a sharp bend physical modeling test

For the basins with debris flow development,its channel terrain exhibits a tortuous shape,which significantly restricts the movement of debris flows and leads to severe erosion effects on the concave bank.Therefore,this study aims to analyze the shear force of debris flows within the bend channel.We established the relationship between the shear force and bend curvature through laboratory experiments.Under the long-term erosion by debris flows,the curvature radius of bends gradually increases,however,when this increasing trend reaches an equilibrium state with the intensity of debris flow discharge,there will be no significant change in curvature radius.In general,the activity pattern and discharges of debris flows would remain relatively stable.Hence,we can infer the magnitude of debris flow discharges from the terrain parameters of the bend channel.