Simulation of the Ecosystem Productivity Responses to Aerosol Diffuse Radiation Fertilization Effects over the Pan-Arctic during 2001–19

The pan-Arctic is confronted with air pollution transported from lower latitudes.Observations have shown that aerosols help increase plant photosynthesis through the diffuse radiation fertilization effects(DRFEs).While such DRFEs have been explored at low to middle latitudes,the aerosol impacts on pan-Arctic ecosystems and the contributions by anthropogenic and natural emission sources remain less quantified.Here,we perform regional simulations at 0.2o×0.2ousing a well-validated vegetation model(Yale Interactive terrestrial Biosphere,YIBs)in combination with multi-source of observations to quantify the impacts of aerosol DRFEs on the net primary productivity(NPP)in the pan-Arctic during 2001-19.Results show that aerosol DRFEs increase pan-Arctic NPP by 2.19 Pg C(12.8%)yr^(-1)under clear-sky conditions,in which natural and anthropogenic sources contribute to 8.9% and 3.9%,respectively.Under all-sky conditions,such DRFEs are largely dampened by cloud to only 0.26 Pg C(1.24%)yr^(-1),with contributions of 0.65% by natural and 0.59% by anthropogenic species.Natural aerosols cause a positive NPP trend of 0.022% yr^(-1)following the increased fire activities in the pan-Arctic.In contrast,anthropogenic aerosols induce a negative trend of-0.01% yr^(-1)due to reduced emissions from the middle latitudes.Such trends in aerosol DRFEs show a turning point in the year of 2007 with more positive NPP trends by natural aerosols but negative NPP trends by anthropogenic aerosols thereafter.Though affected by modeling uncertainties,this study suggests a likely increasing impact of aerosols on terrestrial ecosystems in the pan-Arctic under global warming.

Electronic effects on radiation damage inα-iron:A molecular dynamics study

Iron(Fe)-based alloys,which have been widely used as structural materials in nuclear reactors,can significantly change their microstructure properties and macroscopic properties under high flux neutron irradiation during operation,thus,the problems associated with the safe operation of nuclear reactors have been put forward naturally.In this work,a molecular dynamics simulation approach combined with electronic effects is developed for investigating the primary radiation damage process inα-Fe.Specifically,the influence of electronic effects on the collision cascade in Fe is systematically evaluated based on two commonly used interatomic potentials for Fe.The simulation results reveal that both electronic stopping(ES)and electron-phonon coupling(EPC)can contribute to the decrease of the number of defects in the thermal spike phase.The application of ES reduces the number of residual defects after the cascade evolution,whereas EPC has a reverse effect.The introduction of electronic effects promotes the formation of the dispersive subcascade:ES significantly changes the geometry of the damaged region in the thermal spike phase,whereas EPC mainly reduces the extent of the damaged region.Furthermore,the incorporation of electronic effects effectively mitigates discrepancies in simulation outcomes when using different interatomic potentials.

Failure mechanism and infrared radiation characteristic of hard siltstone induced by stratification effect

The deformation in sedimentary rock induced by train loads has potential threat to the safe operation of tunnels. This study investigated the influence of stratification structure on the infrared radiation and temporal damage mechanism of hard siltstone. The uniaxial compression tests, coupled with acoustic emission(AE) and infrared radiation temperature(IRT) were conducted on siltstones with different stratification effects. The results revealed that the stratigraphic structure significantly affects the stress-strain response and strength degradation characteristics. The mechanical parameters exhibit anisotropy characteristics, and the stratification effect exhibits a negative correlation with the cracking stress and peak stress. The failure modes caused by the stratification effect show remarkable anisotropic features, including splitting failure(Ⅰ: 0°-22.50°, Ⅱ: 90°), composite failure(45°), and shearing failure(67.50°). The AE temporal sequences demonstrate a stepwise response characteristic to the loading stress level. The AE intensity indicates that the stress sensitivity of shearing failure and composite failure is generally greater than that of splitting failure. The IRT field has spatiotemporal migration and progressive dissimilation with stress loading and its dissimilation degree increases under higher stress levels. The stronger the stratification effect, the greater the dissimilation degree of the IRT field. The abnormal characteristic points of average infrared radiation temperature(AIRT) variance at local stress drop and peak stress can be used as early and late precursors to identify fracture instability. Theoretical analysis shows that the competitive relationship between compaction strengthening and fracturing damage intensifies the dissimilation of the infrared thermal field for an increasing stress level. The present study provides a theoretical reference for disaster warnings in hard sedimentary rock mass.

Analysis of Heat Transport in a Powell-Eyring Fluid with Radiation and Joule Heating Effects via a Similarity Transformation

Heat transfer in an Eyring-Powell fluid that conducts electricity and flows past an exponentially growing sheet is considered.As the sheet is stretched in the x direction,the flow develops in the region with y>0.The problem is tackled through a set of partial differential equations accounting for Magnetohydrodynamics(MHD),radiation and Joule heating effects,which are converted into a set of equivalent ordinary differential equations through a similarity transformation.The converted problem is solved in MATLAB in the framework a fourth order accurate integration scheme.It is found that the thermal relaxation period is inversely proportional to the thickness of the thermal boundary layer,whereas the Eckert-number displays the opposite trend.As this characteristic number grows,the temperature within the channel increases.

Total Ionizing Dose Radiation Effects on MOS Transistors with Different Layouts

Both nMOS and pMOS transistors with two-edged and multi-finger layouts are fabricated in a standard commercial 0.6μm CMOS/bulk process to study their total ionizing dose （TID） radiation effects. The leakage current, threshold voltage shift, and transconductance of the devices are monitored before and after T-ray irradiation. Different device bias conditions are used during irradiation. The experiment results show that TID radiation effects on nMOS devices are very sensitive to their layout structures. The impact of the layout on TID effects on pMOS devices is slight and can be neglected.

A Quasi-Linear Relationship between Planetary Outgoing Longwave Radiation and Surface Temperature in a Radiative-Convective-Transportive Climate Model of a Gray Atmosphere

In this study,we put forward a radiative-convective-transportive energy balance model of a gray atmosphere to examine individual roles of the greenhouse effect of water vapor,vertical convection,and atmospheric poleward energy transport as well as their combined effects for a quasi-linear relationship between the outgoing longwave radiation(OLR)and surface temperature(T_(S)).The greenhouse effect of water vapor enhances the meridional gradient of surface temperature,thereby directly contributing to a quasi-linear OLR-T_(S) relationship.The atmospheric poleward energy transport decreases the meridional gradient of surface temperature.As a result of the poleward energy transport,tropical(high-latitude)atmosphere-surface columns emit less(more)OLR than the solar energy input at their respective locations,causing a substantial reduction of the meridional gradient of the OLR.The combined effect of reducing the meridional gradients of both OLR and surface temperature by the poleward energy transport also contributes to the quasi-linear OLR-T_(S) relationship.Vertical convective energy transport reduces the meridional gradient of surface temperature without affecting the meridional gradient of OLR,thereby suppressing part of the reduction to the increasing rate of OLR with surface temperature by the greenhouse effect of water vapor and poleward energy transport.Because of the nature of the energy balance in the climate system,such a quasi-linear relationship is also a good approximation for the relationship between the annual-mean net downward solar energy flux at the top of the atmosphere and surface temperature.

Effects of lanthanum(Ⅲ) on nitrogen metabolism of soybean seedlings under elevated UV-B radiation

The hydroponic culture experiments of soybean bean seedlings were conducted to investigate the effect of lanthanum （La） on nitrogen metabolism under two different levels of elevated UV-B radiation （UV-B, 280-320 nm）. The whole process of nitrogen metabolism involves uptake and transport of nitrate, nitrate assimilation, ammonium assimilation, amino acid biosynthesis, and protein synthesis. Compared with the control, UV-B radiation with the intensity of low level 0.15 W/m^2 and high level 0.45 W/m^2 significantly affected the whole nitrogen metabolism in soybean seedlings （p 〈 0.05）. It restricted uptake and transport of NO3^-, inhibited activity of some key nitrogen-metabolism-related enzymes, such as： nitrate reductase （NR） to the nitrate reduction, glutamine systhetase （GS） and glutamine synthase （GOGAT） to the ammonia assimilation, while it increased the content of free amino acids and decreased that of soluble protein as well. The damage effect of high level of UV-B radiation on nitrogen metabolism was greater than that of low level. And UV-B radiation promoted the activity of the anti-adversity enzyme glutamate dehydrogenase （GDH）, which reduced the toxicity of excess ammonia in plant. After pretreatment with the optimum concentration of La （20 mg/L）, La could increase the activity of NR, GS, GOGAT, and GDH, and ammonia assimilation, but decrease nitrate and ammonia accumulation. In conclusion, La could relieve the damage effect of UV-B radiation on plant by regulating nitrogen metabolism process, and its alleviating effect under low level was better than that under the high one.

Advances in the biological effects of terahertz wave radiation

The terahertz(THz) band lies between microwave and infrared rays in wavelength and consists of non-ionizing radiation. Both domestic and foreign research institutions, including the army, have attached considerable importance to the research and development of THz technology because this radiation exhibits both photon-like and electron-like properties, which grant it considerable application value and potential. With the rapid development of THz technology and related applications, studies of the biological effects of THz radiation have become a major focus in the field of life sciences. Research in this field has only just begun, both at home and abroad. In this paper, research progress with respect to THz radiation, including its biological effects, mechanisms and methods of protection, will be reviewed.

Biological effects and mechanisms of shortwave radiation： a review

With the increasing knowledge of shortwave radiation,it is widely used in wireless communications,radar observations,industrial manufacturing,and medical treatments.Despite of the benefits from shortwave,these wide applications expose humans to the risk of shortwave electromagnetic radiation,which is alleged to cause potential damage to biological systems.This review focused on the exposure to shortwave electromagnetic radiation,considering in vitro,in vivo and epidemiological results that have provided insight into the biological effects and mechanisms of shortwave.Additionally,some protective measures and suggestions are discussed here in the hope of obtaining more benefits from shortwave with fewer health risks.

Effects of Electromagnetic Radiation on Autophagy and its Regulation

With the ever increasing application of electronic technology, our exposure to artificial electromagnetic energy is also rapidly increasing. Electromagnetic radiation （EMR） is the fourth largest source of pollution, after air, water, and noise.

Experimental Study of Vacuum Ultraviolet Radiation Effects and Its Synergistic Effects with Atomic Oxygen on a Spacecraft Material-Polytetrafluoroethylene

Polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon), a widely used spacecraft material, isstudied to investigate the vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) effects and its synergistic effects with atomicoxygen (AO) in a ground-based simulation facility. The samples before and after the experiments arecompared in appearance, mass, optical properties and surface composition. The reactioncharacteristics of Teflon are summarized and the reaction mechanisms are analyzed. The followingconclusion can be drawn: at the action of VUV the Teflon sample surface is darkened for theaccumulation of carbon; and when the sample is exposed to AO, the carbon is oxidized and thedarkening surface is bleached; the synergistic effects of VUV and AO may cause the erosion of Teflonmore severe.

Effects of Si Ion Implantation on the Total-Dose Radiation Properties of SIMOX SOI Materials

To improve the total-dose radiation hardness,silicon-on-insulator （SOI） wafers fabricated by the separation-by-implanted-oxygen （SIMOX） method are modified by Si ion implantation into the buried oxide with a post anneal. The ID- VG characteristics can be tested with the pseudo-MOSFET method before and after radiation. The results show that a proper Si-ion-implantation method can enhance the total-dose radiation tolerance of the materials.

Establishment of injury models in studies of biological effects induced by microwave radiation

Microwave radiation has been widely used in various fields,such as communication,industry,medical treatment,and military applications.Microwave radiation may cause injuries to both the structures and functions of various organs,such as the brain,heart,reproductive organs,and endocrine organs,which endanger human health.Therefore,it is both theoretically and clinically important to conduct studies on the biological effects induced by microwave radiation.The successful establishment of injury models is of great importance to the reliability and reproducibility of these studies.In this article,we review the microwave exposure conditions,subjects used to establish injury models,the methods used for the assessment of the injuries,and the indicators implemented to evaluate the success of injury model establishment in studies on biological effects induced by microwave radiation.

Non-thermal effects of 0.1 THz radiation on intestinal alkaline phosphatase activity and conformation

Alkaline phosphatase(ALP) plays an integral role in the metabolism of liver and development of the skeleton in humans. To date, the interactions between different-duration terahertz(THz) radiation and ALP activities, as well as the influence mechanism are still unclear. In this study, using the para-nitro-phenyl-phosphate(p NPP) method, we detect changes in ALP activities during 40-minute THz radiation(0.1 THz, 13 m W/cm^2). It is found that the activity of ALP decreases in the first 25 min, and subsequently increases in the later 15 min. Compared with the activity of ALP being heated, the results suggest that short-term terahertz radiation induces a decrease in enzyme activity through the non-thermal mechanism. In order to explore the non-thermal effects of THz radiation on ALP, we focus on the impacts of 0.1 THz radiation for 20 min on the activity of ALP in different concentrations. The results reveal that the activity of ALP decreases significantly after exposure to THz radiation. In addition, it could be deduced from fluorescence, ultraviolet-visible(UV-vis), and THz spectra results that THz radiation has induced changes in ALP structures. Our study unlocks non-thermal interactions between THz radiation and ALP, as well as suggests that THz spectroscopy is a promising technique to distinguish ALP structures.

Study of total ionizing dose radiation effects on enclosed gate transistors in a commercial CMOS technology

This paper studies the total ionizing dose radiation effects on MOS （metal-oxide-semiconductor） transistors with normal and enclosed gate layout in a standard commercial CMOS （compensate MOS） bulk process. The leakage current, threshold voltage shift, and transconductance of the devices were monitored before and after γ-ray irradiation. The parameters of the devices with different layout under different bias condition during irradiation at different total dose are investigated. The results show that the enclosed layout not only effectively eliminates the leakage but also improves the performance of threshold voltage and transconductance for NMOS （n-type channel MOS） transistors. The experimental results also indicate that analogue bias during irradiation is the worst case for enclosed gate NMOS. There is no evident different behaviour observed between normal PMOS （p-type channel MOS） transistors and enclosed gate PMOS transistors.

Effects of Ultraviolet(UV)Radiation on Outdoor-and Indoor-Cultured Prorocentrum lima,a Toxic Benthic Dinoflagellate

The effects of different types of ultraviolet(UV)radiation(UVR,wavelength=280-400 nm)and light intensities on cell growth,pigment composition,UV-absorbing compounds(UVACs),and chlorophyll a(Chl a)fluorescence were studied in dinoflag-ellate Prorocentrum lima cultured outdoors for 16 days and indoors for 18 days.In the outdoor experiment,UVA radiation(320-400 nm)increased the growth rate of this dinoflagellate when solar light intensities were<12%;decreased growth rates were observed when intensities were>12%.Exposure to UVB radiation(280-320 nm)alleviated the negative effects of UVA.In the indoor ex-periment,UVA and low doses of UVB enhanced growth rates.Addition of low doses of UVB to UVA exposure resulted in higher contents of Chl a and photoprotective pigments compared with UVA exposure only.The results of both experiments showed that UVB is the primary signal of UVAC synthesis.High-dose UVB exposure accelerated growth rates when UVAC contents were maintained at high levels,suggesting that the latter plays a key role in UVR damage protection.Furthermore,the repair rate was en-hanced by UVB exposure after 16 days of culture.This study confirms the positive effects of UVA and UVB on the growth of P.lima,with the latter enhancing the photoprotective and recovery pathways of the species.

Study of ATP borate ester effects on cell sensitization to radiation emitted by a nuclear reactor

Adenosine triphosphate(ATP)borate ester as a new boron agent for boron neutron capture therapy was tested.It was synthesized via a dehydration reaction induced by heating adenosine triphosphate disodium with boric acid.Next,ATP borate ester pretreatments were assessed to study their effects on cell sensitization from exposure to thermal neutron irradiation emitted by a nuclear reactor.Using cell viability assays(CCK8),survival rates of A549 cells pretreated with or without boroncontaining agents,including ATP borate ester and 4-dihydroxyborylphenylalanine(BPA),were measured.One week after feeding an ATP borate ester solution to tumorbearing nude mice,elemental B content values of tumor muscle and blood were measured using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(ICP-MS).Meanwhile,other tumor tissue samples were placed in a culture medium,subjected to a 3-min neutron irradiation exposure,and then fixed in formalin 24 h later for the terminaldeoxynucleotidyl transferase(TDT)-mediated d UTP nick end labeling(TUNEL)immunohistochemical staining analysis.Results showed that A549 cell irradiation sensitization(irradiation dose of 0.33 Gy)varied with pretreatment.Sensitization values of the ATP borate ester pretreatment group were 1.3–14.1 with boron agent concentrations of 0.3–4.5 mM.Within 1.1–3.4 mM,ATP borate ester showed significantly higher sensitization values than BPA.Meanwhile,TUNEL results demonstrated that apoptosis rates of tumor tissue cells exposed to irradiation after ATP borate ester pretreatment significantly exceeded the corresponding rates for BPA-pretreated cells.In animal experiments,although the distribution ratio of ATP borate ester(tumor tissue/normal muscle,T/N)of 1.2 was not significantly different compared with that of BPA(1.3),the total ATP borate ester concentration in the tumor tissue(0.79±0.05μg/g)significantly exceeded that of BPA(0.58±0.05μg/g).Thus,compared with BPA,the greater enrichment of ATP borate ester in tumor tissues permits preferential targeting toward tumor cells for radiation sensitization.Therefore,ATP borate ester is superior to BPA for use in boron neutron capture therapy.

Radiation dose effects on the morphological development of M_(1) generation pea(Pisum sativum)

We irradiated pea seeds with neutrons from a ^(252)Cf source and studied the radiation dose effects on various morphological development parameters during the growth of M_(1) generation peas.We found that in the dose range of 0.51-9.27 Gy,with the increase in neutron-absorbed dose,the morphological development parameters of M_(1) generation peas at the initial seedling stage showed an obvious trend with three fluctuations.With the development of pea,this trend gradually weakened.Further analysis and verification showed that the main trend in the M_(1) generation of pea seeds was an inhibitory effect induced by neutron irradiation and there was a good linear correlation between the inhibitory effect and neutron absorption dose We successfully demonstrated the background removal of mutant plants and defined morphological developmen parameters for peas that match the overall development of plants.Our results will positively impact neutron mutation breeding and automatic agriculture.

Electron-beam radiation effects on the structure and properties of polypropylene at low dose rates

While the high-energy radiation effects on polypropylene, which are crucial for the cable industry for nuclear power plants, have been thoroughly studied, the property changes of PP at low-dose-rate electron-beam irradiation are far from elucidated. Herein, the influence of electron-beam irradiation on the structure and properties of PP was examined. The static EB irradiation conditions were 1.2 MeV at a low dose rate of 20 kGy/h to achieve absorbed doses ranging from 45, to 60, 100, and 200 kGy.The molecular structure was first evaluated by measuring the carboxyl index and the relative radical concentrations via Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and electron spin resonance, respectively. Mechanical, differential scanning colorimetric, and rheological tests were carried out to further investigate the changes in the properties(tensile, crystalizing, and viscoelastic properties) of irradiated PP, which showed good agreement with the structural analysis results. We found that radio-oxidative degradation(chain scission) was predominant, which can be due to the low dose rate facilitating oxygen diffusion into the PP matrix during electron-beam irradiation.

Synergistic effects of 4-nitrophenol degradation using gamma irradiation combined with a advanced oxidation process

The radiation-induced degradation of 4-nitrophenol(4-NP) was performed in combination with a Fenton reagent, H_2O_2, and Ti O_2 nanoparticles to investigate the synergetic effects of radiolytical degradation combined with other advanced oxidation processes. The experimental results indicated that the degradation efficiency of 4-NP was 87.5, 57.4, and 41.0 % at a dose of 20 k Gy when its initial concentration was 100, 200, and 350 mg/L, respectively. Radiation combined with H_2O_2, the Fenton method,and Ti O_2 remarkably increased the degradation efficiency of 4-NP, showing the synergetic effects. Radiation may enhance the biodegradability of 4-NP, suggesting that it has the potential to be used as a pretreatment method in combination with the biological method for the treatment of industrial wastewater containing toxic organic pollutants. Major intermediates during the 4-NP degradation process were identified and a possible degradation pathway was tentatively proposed.