Effects of a Food Supplement with a Wild Thyme (Thymus serpyllum L.) Extract on Gut Health and the Microbiome in Humans: A Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial

Background: Based on the scientific and traditional knowledge, benefits for gut and digestive health were expected from Wild Thyme (Thymus serpyllum L.) extract (WThE) consumption, but no controlled human studies were performed yet to prove the proposed health benefits. Method: The aim of this human randomized, double-blind parallel arm pilot study was to explore the impact of aqueous Wild Thyme extract, a food supplement, in a healthy but overweight study collective (N = 40). In detail, the impact on digestion, gastrointestinal symptoms, gut microbiome, and quality of life by employing an essential oil-free WThE preparation or a matching placebo was investigated. Results: The study results indicate that WThE has the potential to improve gastrointestinal symptoms and increase stool frequency, thus an improved quality of life was observed. The stool microbiome of study collective was characterized by a high Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio. A decrease in the mean Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio was seen in WThE group. Conclusion: The data support the potential applications of WThE as a food supplement with benefits on gut health.

Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of different organic crude extracts from the local medicinal plant of Thymus vulgaris L

Objective:To isolate and analyze the chemical composition in different crude extracts of from the leaves of locally grown of Thymus vulgaris L(T.vulgaris)by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS).Methods:The shade dried leaves powder was extracted with methanol by using Soxhlet extractor.Methanol crude extracts of T.vulgaris and the derived fractions of hexane,chloroform,ethyl acetate and butanol were obtained.Results:Qualitative analyses of various organic crude extracts of T.vulgaris by using GC-MS showed that there were different types of high and low molecular weight compounds.Most of the isolated and identified compounds by GC-MS in the crude extracts are basically biologically important.Further,the T.vulgaris leaf possessed certain characteristics that can be ascribed to cultivation on a domestic plantation.The crude extracts were prepared from the powder leaves of T.vulgaris for respective compounds can be chosen on the basis of above GC-MS analysis.Conclusions:All the major compounds were identified and characterized by spectroscopic method in different organic crude extracts of T.vulgaris are biologically active molecules.Thus the identification of a good number of compounds in various crude extracts of T.vulgaris might have some ecological role.

Study of total phenol,flavonoids contents and phytochemical screening of various leaves crude extracts of locally grown Thymus vulgaris

Objective:To prepare various crude extracts using different polarities of solvent and to quantitatively evaluate their total phenol,flavonoids contents and phytochemical screening of Thymus vulgaris collected from Al Jabal Al Akhdar,Nizwa.Sultanate of Oman.Methods:The leave sample was extracted with methanol and evaporated.Then it was defatted with water and extracted with different polarities organic solvents with increasing polarities.The prepare hexane,chloroform,ethyl acetate,hutanol and methanol crude extracts were used for their evaluation of total phenol,flavonoids contents and phytochemical screening study.The established conventional metliods were used for quantitative determination of total phenol,flavonoids contents and phytochemical screening.Results:Phytochemical screening for various crude extracts were tested and shown positive result for flavonoids,saponins and steroids compounds.The result for total phenol content was the highest in hutanol and the lowest in methanol crude extract whereas the total flavonoids contents was the highest in methanol and the lowest hexane crude extract.Conclusions:The crude extracts from locally grown Thymus vulgaris showed high concentration of flavonoids and it could be used as antibiotics for different curable and uncurable diseases.

Essential oil of <i>Thymus vulgaris</i>L. and <i>Rosmarinus officinalis</i>L.: Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis, cytotoxicity and antioxidant properties and antibacterial activities against foodborne pathogens

The essential oil composition of Thymus vulgaris L. and Rosmarinus officinalis L. endemic to France were determined by GC and GC-MS. Oils were assessed for their cytotoxic, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity. 31 and 37 different compounds were identified representing 99.64% and 99.38% of the thyme and rosemary oils respectively, where oxygenated monoterpenes constituted the main chemical class. Thymol (41.33%) and 1.8-cineole (24.10%) were identified as the main constituents of T. vulgaris L. and R. officinalis L., respectively. Essential oils (EOs) of selected plant species were evaluated for their in vitro cytotoxicity against the human lung adenocarcinoma epithelial cell line (A549). Cytotoxicity was measured using MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphynyltetra-zolium bromide] colorimetric assay. Dose-dependent studies revealed IC50 of 8.50 ± 0.01 μg/mL and 10.50 ± 0.01 μg/mL after 72 h on the A549 cells for R. officinalis L. and T. vulgaris L., respectively. Antioxidant activity was determined using a quantitative DPPH (1,1-diphenyl- 2-picryl hydrazyl) assay. Thymus and rosemary EOs exhibited effective radical scavenging capacity with 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 437 ± 5.46 μg/mL and 189 ± 2.38 μg/mL respectively and therefore acts as a natural antioxidant agent. The antimicrobial activity of these species has also been studied against several foodborne pathogens and food isolated Salmonella spp. including S. enteritidis of significant importance. According to the results, T. vulgaris L. showed higher bactericidal effect than those from R. officinalis L. These results suggest that the essential oil from T. vulgaris L. and R. officinalis L. have potential to be used as a natural cytotoxic, antioxidant and antimicrobial agent in food processing.

Effect of Macronutrients, Cytokinins and Auxins, on <i>in Vitro</i>Organogenesis of <i>Thymus vulgaris</i>L.

The present study reports an efficient protocol for in vitro propagation of Thymus vulgaris L., an aromatic and medicinal plant in Morocco. Initially, we performed in vitro multiplication of Thymus vulgaris explants existing in the laboratory and obtained from micropropagation by shoot tip culture. Afterwards, we have evaluated the effect of six macronutrients. After that, seven cytokinins (Kin, BAP, 2iP, DPU, Adenine, Zeatine and TDZ) in three different concentrations (0.46, 0.93, 2.32 μM) have been evaluated to optimize cultures multiplication and elongation. Moreover, the effect of three auxins (IAA, IBA and NAA) at 0.57 μM, combined to 4 cytokinins (Kin, BAP, DPU and Ad.) at 0.46 μM, on shoot rooting has been studied. Thereby, MS medium has been proved the most favorable for plantlets growing. Also, we found that the addition of certain cytokinins, specifically 0.46 Kin, 0.46 and 0.93 BAP, 0.46 2iP, 0.46 DPU, 0.46 Ad. and 0.46 Zeat., ensures better multiplication and growth of vitroplants. In addition, multiplication and rooting of cultures were well optimized after addition 0.46 Kin + 0.57 IAA or NAA, 0.46 DPU + 0.57 IBA and 0.46 Ad. + 0.57 IBA combinations to the culture medium. Lastly, plantlets with roots were successfully acclimatized to ex-vitro conditions and these latter served as a source to establish in vitro culture again.

L-精氨酸对热应激大鼠胸腺和脾脏的影响

目的 探讨热应激对大鼠体重、胸腺指数、脾脏指数、呼吸、肛温的影响和补充L -精氨酸 (L -Arg)对热应激大鼠的保护作用。方法 采用三因素析因设计模型 ,将青春期SD雄性大鼠随机分为A、B、C3组 ,通过灌胃补充不同浓度的L -Arg ,观察在常温和不同高温条件下热应激时大鼠胸腺指数等相关指标的变化。 结果 在常温状态下 ,补充L -Arg组大鼠体重、胸腺指数、脾脏指数增加高于未补充组 (P <0 0 5 ) ,呼吸和肛温变化无显著性差异 (P >0 0 5 ) ;而在不同温度热应激状态下 ,各组大鼠体重、胸腺重量、脾脏重量均减轻 ,未补充L -Arg组低于补充L -Arg组 ,并且胸腺和脾脏重量减轻具有温度和热应激后时间依赖性 ;呼吸和肛温在一定范围内随温度的升高而增快和升高 ,但补充与未补充L -Arg组之间无显著性差异 (P >0 0 5 )。结论 补充适量的L -Arg可使大鼠在常温下体重、胸腺指数和脾脏指数有所增加 ,在热应激条件下 。

L-精氨酸对热应激小鼠胸腺T细胞亚群的影响

目的 探导补充L 精氨酸对高温应激小鼠胸腺T淋巴细胞亚群及免疫器官重量的影响。方法 将NIH小鼠随机分组 ,灌胃给予精氨酸 1 4d后 ,将热应激组动物放入 (4 1± 0 5 )℃高温仓中热暴露 1 2 0min后间隔 2h处死 ,测量各组小鼠胸腺、脾脏指数 ,应用流式细胞术分析CD3、CD4、CD8亚群的变化。结果 补充L -精氨酸的各组小鼠胸腺指数、脾脏指数和CD3、CD4细胞百分比、CD4 /CD8细胞比值均高于常温对照组及热应激对照组。结论 热应激后小鼠免疫功能受抑制 ,补充适量L 精氨酸可减轻热应激小鼠胸腺和脾脏的急性萎缩 。

L-精氨酸对热应激大鼠胸腺细胞超微结构的影响

目的 探讨热应激对大鼠胸腺细胞超微结构的影响和L -精氨酸 (L -Arg)对大鼠胸腺的保护作用。方法 观察通过灌胃补充不同浓度L -Arg的SD大鼠在常温和不同高温条件下热应激时胸腺细胞的超微结构变化。结果 各组在常温状态下 ,其胸腺结构基本一致 ;而在不同温度热应激状态下 ,各组大鼠胸腺均有不同程度的损伤 ,补充L-Arg组轻于未补充L -Arg组 ,低温组轻于高温组 ,而且胸腺细胞的超微结构变化随热应激后不同时间点而有所不同。结论 不同高温热应激均可造成胸腺结构及其细胞的损伤 ,温度越高损伤越重 ,足量的L -Arg对热应激大鼠胸腺有较好的保护作用。

配合物[Cu(L-Ile)(TATP)(H_2O)]ClO_4的结构、表征及与DNA之间的相互作用

Ternary complex [Cu(L-Ile)(TATP)(H2O)](ClO4)] was synthesized and characterized by molar conductivity, rotational analysis, spectroscopic (IR and UV-Vis) and X-ray diffraction methods, where L-Ile=L-Isoleucine, and TATP=1,4,8,9-tetraazatriphenylene. The complex crystallizes in triclinic space group P1 with two molecules in a unit cell of dimensions a=8.240 3(9) nm, b=11.914 9(13) nm, c=13.436 0(15) nm, α=109.136(2)°, β=101.101(2)°, γ=106.302(2)°. V=1.209 2(5) nm3, Z=2, Dc=1.589 Mg·m-3, μ=1.132 mm-1,R1=0.036 9, wR2=0.098 0. The crystal contains two independent was synthesized and characterized by molar conductivity, rotational analysis, spectroscopic (IR and UV-Vis) and X-ray diffraction methods, where L-Ile=L-Isoleucine, and TATP=1,4,8,9-tetraazatriphenylene. The complex crystallizes in triclinic space group P1 with two molecules in a unit cell of dimensions a=8.240 3(9) nm, b=11.914 9(13) nm, c=13.436 0(15) nm, α=109.136(2)°, β=101.101(2)°, γ=106.302(2)°. V=1.209 2(5) nm3, Z=2, Dc=1.589 Mg·m-3, μ=1.132 mm-1,R1=0.036 9, wR2=0.098 0. The crystal contains two independent [Cu(L-Ile)(TATP)(H2O)]+ complexes for Cu1 and Cu2, respectively, having essentially the same distorted square-pyramidal structure, where each Cu ion is coordinated with two nitrogen atoms of TATP and the amino nitrogen atom and one carboxylate oxygen atom of L-Ile in the equatorial positions and one water oxygen atom at an axial position. Furthermore, the primary studies on the interaction between the complex and calf thymus DNA were also performed by electronic absorption spectroscopy and viscosity methods. CCDC: 244231.

NaCl和壳聚糖对百里香不定芽增殖及其生理指标的影响

以离体培养的百里香不定芽为材料,研究了添加不同浓度NaCl和壳聚糖对不定芽增殖及生理指标的影响.结果显示:添加0.25～1.0g?L-1NaCl和0.1～0.2g?L-1壳聚糖都能不同程度促进不定芽的增殖,其中以添加0.5g?L-1LNaCl和0.2g?L-1壳聚糖的增殖效果最佳,增值系数比对照分别显著增加39.78%和45.01%.0.5g?L-1NaCl和0.2g?L-1壳聚糖处理的不定芽增殖过程中,其可溶性蛋白含量先上升后下降,其峰值分别比对照增加38.31、22.78μg?g-1,而可溶性糖含量则先下降后上升,其峰值分别比对照高0.16、1.29mg?g-1;不定芽增殖过程中SOD活性呈先上升后下降的变化趋势,而POD活性的变化为先下降后上升,CAT活性则一直呈缓慢下降的趋势,但它们的活性较对照均有所提高.研究表明,添加0.5g?L-1NaCl和0.2g?L-1壳聚糖都能显著提高不定芽的增殖能力,并能很好地调节自身营养物质含量和保护酶系统活性,维持不定芽正常的生理代谢功能,使之表现出更强的增殖能力.

NaCl和壳聚糖对离体培养百里香精油的影响

采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取普通百里香(Thymus vulgaris L.)组培苗以及添加NaCl、壳聚糖的普通百里香组培苗的精油,利用气质联用法(GC-MS)结合色谱峰面积归一化法对其化学成分和相对百分含量进行比较研究。结果表明,3种组培苗百里香精油都含有一般百里香精油的主要成分百里香酚、香芹酚、石竹烯等,化学成分的种类有一定的差异,这为进一步通过离体培养途径生产百里香精油提供了重要的理论依据和数据参考。

金葡菌及其L型对小鼠胸腺细胞凋亡的影响

目的:研究金黄色葡萄球菌(金葡菌)及其L型(金葡菌L型)对小鼠胸腺细胞凋亡的影响。方法:用金葡菌、金葡菌L型、肠毒素B(staphylococcal enterotoxin B,SEB)分别作用于小鼠胸腺细胞,同时设立正常对照,于作用后2 h、4 h、6 h、8 h、10 h终止培养。Ann in ix V和PI双染法流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡。结果:SEB作用2 h、金葡菌作用4 h、金葡菌L型作用6 h后各时间段小鼠胸腺细胞的凋亡率与对照组比较均明显增高(P<0.01),随着诱导时间的延长,胸腺细胞的凋亡率逐渐增加(P<0.01);SEB诱导胸腺细胞凋亡率在6 h、8 h和10 h时均明显弱于原菌(P<0.01)。结论:金葡菌L型和原菌以及SEB均能促进胸腺细胞凋亡,除SEB外,产SEB金葡菌株及其L型诱导胸腺细胞凋亡还可能有其他因素参与。

龙葵正丁醇提取物对Lewis肺癌移植瘤生长的影响

目的:观察龙葵正丁醇提取物对Lewis肺癌移植瘤生长的抑制作用。方法:建立Lewis肺癌模型,将40只C57BL/6J荷瘤小鼠随机分成荷瘤空白对照组、环磷酰胺组、龙葵正丁醇提取物高、中、低剂量组5组,每组8只。给药15 d后处死小鼠,剥离肿瘤组织,称重,计算肿瘤生长抑制率;解剖其胸腺、脾脏组织,称重,计算胸腺和脾脏指数。结果:龙葵正丁醇提取物高、中、低剂量对Lewis肺癌移植瘤的抑瘤率分别为32.14%、13.93%和15.36%。龙葵正丁醇提取物高剂量组胸腺指数增长率为134.31%,龙葵正丁醇提取物中剂量组脾指数增长率为128.73%。结论:龙葵正丁醇提取物对Lewis肺癌移植瘤生长具有一定程度的抑制作用,并能提高荷瘤小鼠胸腺和脾脏指数。

[Cu(DPPZ)(L-Ser)]^+与DNA的相互作用及其分析应用研究

研究了DNA与铜(Ⅱ)-L丝氨酸-二吡啶并[3,2-a:2′,3-′c]吩嗪配合物[Cu(DPPZ)(L-Ser)]+相互作用的共振光散射光谱和紫外可见吸收光谱,通过研究体系与溴化乙啶相互作用的荧光光谱特征,证明其作用方式为插入作用。在pH 7.2的缓冲溶液中,[Cu(DPPZ)(L-Ser)]+由于插入作用而在DNA表面聚集,使体系的共振光散射强度增强,最大散射峰在400 nm处。在最佳实验条件下,共振光散射增强的强度与浓度在0.42~4.20 ng.mL-1范围的DNA具有良好的线性关系。方法的检出限为0.29 ng.mL-1。该法用于DNA样品的测定,回收率在97.8%~106.0%之间。

气相色谱-离子迁移谱法分析5种外观易混淆香辛料挥发性成分差异

目的比较5种外观易混淆香辛料挥发性成分差异。方法采用气相色谱-离子迁移谱法(gas chromatography-ion mobility spectroscopy,GC-IMS)分析孜然、小茴香、莳萝籽、百里香和千里香5种外观易混淆香辛料的挥发性成分,并通过指纹图谱和主成分分析法(principal component analysis,PCA)进行差异比较。结果5种香辛料样品中共鉴定出80种挥发性成分,且不同样品间挥发性成分种类及相对含量差异明显。枯茗醛、β-蒎烯等为孜然中特征挥发性成分,赋予其辛辣草药香、孜然香特征香气;香芹酮、柠檬烯等为莳萝籽中特征挥发性成分,赋予其辛香甘甜、温和而不刺激的特征香气;β-石竹烯、香茅醇等为千里香中特征挥发性成分,能够增强其特征香气的通透性;草蒿脑、罗勒烯、1,8-桉叶素、γ-松油烯、α-蒎烯、水芹烯、月桂烯等烯类,二丁基硫醚及乙酸芳香酯等酯类为小茴香中特征挥发性成分,共同赋予其强烈而偏甜润的特征香气;百里香酚、2-茨醇、正丁醇、芳樟醇、糠醛和2-乙酰基呋喃等为百里香中特征香气,共同赋予其清甜的药草香气。结论根据挥发性成分差异,可将5种外观易混淆香辛料进行有效区分。该研究为GC-IMS技术应用于香辛料的快速鉴别提供了理论参考。

百里香挥发性成分的研究

采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取 ,同时采用毛细管气相色谱 质谱联用法对百里香的挥发性化学成分进行了分析研究 ,经毛细管色谱分离出 81多个峰 ,并且确认了所含的 68种化合物 .用气相色谱面积归一法测定了各成分的相对百分含量 ,其主要化学成分为 :百里酚 ( 36.0 8%)、1 甲基 3 ( 1 甲基乙基 )苯 ( 1 2 .1 1 %)、7,1 1 二甲基 1 ,6,1 0 十二三烯 ( 6.88%)、2 甲基 5 ( 1 甲基乙基 ) 苯酚 ( 4 .86%)、桉油醇 ( 4 .2 1 %)、1 甲氧基 4 甲基 2 ( 1 甲基 )苯 ( 3.78%)等 ,为进一步开发利用提供了科学依据 .

百里香无性系的克隆生长特征

植物克隆生长及其与生态适应性的关系是当今植物种群生态学研究的热点和前沿课题,但目前小半灌木克隆生长的研究开展不多。百里香(Thymus serpyllum var.asiaticus)是一种具有地面匍匐茎的草本状小半灌木,可在土壤侵蚀剧烈、基岩大面积裸露的砒砂岩区形成百里香单优群落,在维持生态系统稳定方面具有重要的生态学作用。皇甫川流域是砒砂岩大面积分布的典型区域,在这一地区对百里香无性系的克隆生长进行研究,不仅具有重要的学术价值,而且在生态环境建设方面也具有一定的现实意义。在皇甫川流域选择含三级分株的百里香无性系,对其各级分株的总生物量、各构件生物量及数量、各构件生物量占总生物量的百分比及其月变化进行了研究。结果表明:1)母株与子代相比,在总生物量、构件生物量及数量上占有绝对优势,而且具有体型大、结构复杂的特点;2)对生物量分配格局的研究显示,母株根的生物量在总生物量中所占的比例最大,其叶所占的比例较低。子代叶的生物量在总生物量中所占的比例最大,其根所占的比例较低;3)不同级别分株在生物量分配上的差异,揭示了相互连接的分株在功能上的差别,母株可能更侧重于养分和水分的吸收,子株则更侧重于光合生产;4)构件枝、茎、花生物量分配比月变化显示,子1代各构件的生长规律与母株的基本一致,子2代与母株和子1代的相比差异较大,分析认为这可能是分株间不同程度的生理整合作用造成的结果。

四种植物粘液繁殖体粘液的比较研究

对百里香 (Thymusserpyllum )、平车前 (Plantagodepressa)、盐生车前 (P maritima)、野亚麻(Linumstelleroides)进行了粘液繁殖体粘液情况比较 .以在水浸和浇水条件下植物种子粘沙量的多少衡量粘液量 .结果表明 ,对于不同浸水时间处理 ,野亚麻和平车前未表现明显差异 ,盐生车前和百里香有随浸泡时间加长而粘液溶出量增多的趋势 .对于不同浇水量处理 ,4种植物均有随浇水量增多而粘液增多的倾向 .浸泡 80min后 ,盐生车前种子的粘液粘沙使重量达原重的 6 0多倍 ,平车前种子达原重的 10倍左右 ,百里香和野亚麻种子达原重的 4～ 6倍左右 .浇水 8mm后 ,盐生车前种子的粘液粘沙使重量达原重的 2 0多倍 ,平车前种子达原重的 6～ 10倍左右 ,百里香和野亚麻种子达原重的 2～ 7倍左右 .将各种处理平均 ,得到各种植物粘沙种子百分率为 :野亚麻 6 7 7% ,百里香 94 5 % ,平车前 97 7% ,盐生车前 99 5 % .

石墨炉原子吸收法测定中药百里香中微量镉

A method was proposed for the determination of trace cadmium in Chinese medicine herb Thymus serpyllum L.by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry(GFAAS).A chemical modifier and its proper concentration,the influence factors including ashing and atomization temperatures,atomization time and coexisting ions were investigated.Under the optimum experimental conditions,the detection limit and the relative standard deviation of the method were 06 pg and 22%(n=11),respectively.The recovery was between 965% and 106%.The method is simple,rapid and accurate.A real sample Thymus serpyllum L.and a biological standard sample(GBW 08501)of Peach Leaves were analyzed for cadmium by this method to afford Satisfactory results.

2种百里香的植物学性状和精油成分的比较

研究对上海地区引种成功的2种百里香,普通百里香(Thymus vulgaris)和匍匐百里香(Thymus serpyllum)的植物学性状和精油成分进行了分析比较。结果表明:2种百里香的植物学性状,如外形、花色等差异显著。精油含有率普通百里香高于匍匐百里香(鲜重),分别为3.5 mL·kg^(-1)和0.6 mL·kg^(-1),其主要精油成分普通百里香为百里香酚44.51%、对伞花烃23.66%,匍匐百里香为百里香酚30.32%、龙脑16.55%等。研究将为上海地区2种百里香的开发利用提供依据。