Preparation and characterization of ZrO_2/TiO_2 composite photocatalytic film by micro-arc oxidation

ZrO2/TiO2 composite photocatalytic film was produced on the pure titanium substrate using in-situ Zr（OH）4 colloidal particle by the micro-arc oxidation technique and characterized by scanning electron microscope （SEM）, energy dispersive X-ray （EDX）, X-ray diffraction （XRD） and ultraviolet-visible （UV-Vis） spectrophotometer. The composite film shows a lamellar and porous structure which consists of anatase, futile and ZrO2 phases. The optical absorption edge of film is shifted to longer wavelength when ZrO2 is introduced to TiO2. Furthermore, the photocatalytic reaction rate constants of degradation of rhodamine B solution with ZrO2/TiO2 composite film and pure TiO2 film under ultraviolet irradiation are measured as 0.0442 and 0.0186 h 1, respectively.

Wear resistance of Zr/WC composite coatings on Cr12MoV steel surface by electric spark deposition

Zr/WC composite coating was prepared on the surface of Cr12MoV steel by electric spark deposition technology to change its surface properties. The surface and worn surface morphology of the coating were observed using scanning electron microscope. Dry friction and wear tests of the coatings were carried out at room temperature. The results show that the coating is continuous and uniform, and the thickness was about 50-60 μm. The microhardness of the coating surface was highest at 1140 HV_(200g), which was significantly higher than that of the substrate. The ear tests results show that the wear weight loss, wear volume and wear rate follow the following rules: Cr12MoV>WC coating> Zr/WC composite coating.

Brazing of TiB_w/TC4 composite and Ti60 alloy using TiZrNiCu amorphous filler alloy

TiBw/TC4composite was brazed to Ti60alloy successfully using TiZrNiCu amorphous filler alloy,and the interfacialmicrostructures and mechanical properties were characterized by SEM,EDX,XRD and universal tensile testing machine.The typicalinterfacial microstructure was TiBw/TC4composite/β-Ti+TiB whiskers/(Ti,Zr)2(Ni,Cu)intermetallic layer/β-Ti/Ti60alloy whenbeing brazed at940°C for10min.The interfacial microstructure evolution was influenced strongly by the diffusion and reactionbetween molten fillers and the substrates.Increasing brazing temperature decreased the thickness of brittle(Ti,Zr)2(Ni,Cu)intermetallic layer,which disappeared finally when the brazing temperature exceeded1020°C.Fracture analyses indicated thatcracks were initialized in the brittle intermetallic layer when(Ti,Zr)2(Ni,Cu)phase existed in the brazing seam.The maximumaverage shear strength of joints reached368.6MPa when brazing was conducted at1020°C.Further increasing brazing temperatureto1060°C,the shear strength was decreased due to the formation of coarse lamellar(α+β)-Ti structure.

Annealing hardening and deformation behavior of layered gradient Zr–Ti composite

To investigate potential strengthening approaches,multi-layered zirconium–titanium(Zr-Ti)composites were fabricated by hot-rolling bonding and annealing.The microstructures of these composites were characterized using scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy(SEM-EDS)and electron backscatter diffractometry(EBSD).Their mechanical properties were evaluated by uniaxial tension and compression measurements.It was found that the fabricated Zr–Ti composites are composed of alternating Zr/diffusion/Ti layers,and chemical compositions of Zr and Ti showed a gradient distribution in the diffusion layer.Compared with as-rolled samples,annealing can strengthen the layered gradient Zr–Ti composite,and this is mainly caused by solid-solution strengthening and microstructure refinement-induced strengthening.Compared with the raw materials,a synergistic improvement of strength and ductility is achieved in the Zr–Ti composite as a result of the layered gradient microstructure.Tension–compression asymmetry is observed in the Zr–Ti composites,which may be attributed to twinning and microvoids induced by unbalanced diffusion.

Aluminum matrix composites reinforced by in situ Al_2O_3 and Al_3Zr particles fabricated via magnetochemistry reaction

Aluminum matrix composites reinforced by in situ Al2O3 and Al3Zr particles are fabricated from A356-Zr(CO3)2 system via magnetochemistry reaction,and the morphologies,sizes and distributions of the in situ particles as well as the microstructures,mechanical mechanisms of the composites are investigated by XRD,SEM,TEM and in situ tensile tests.The results indicate that with the pulsed magnetic field assistance,the morphologies of the in situ particles are mainly with ball-shape,the sizes are in nanometer scale and the distributions in the matrix are uniform.The interfaces between the in situ particles and the aluminum matrix are net and no interfacial outgrowth is observed.These are due to the strong vibration induced by the applied magnetic field in the aluminum melt,which in turn,accelerates the melt reactions.The effects of the magnetic field on the above contributions are discussed in detail.

Microstructure characterization of reinforcements in in-situ synthesized composites of Al-Zr-O system

A novel in-situ reaction system Al-Zr-O was developed. In-situ Al3Zr and Al2O3 particulates reinforced aluminum matrix composites were fabricated by the direct melt reaction technique in the Al-Zr-O system. Microstructures of the composites and crystal morphology of in-situ formed Al3Zr and Al2O3 particulates were analyzed by scanning electron microscope（SEM） and transmission electron microscope（TEM）. Results indicate that in-situ formed Al3Zr and Al2O3 particles are finer and well distributed in aluminum matrix. Al3Zr particulates with a tetragonal structure are mainly in the shape of polyhedron. A few of them are in the form of rectangle. The length/width ratio of the rectangular Al3Zr is less than 2.0 and the maximum size is 2 μm. In addition, a certain number of Al2O3 submicro particles with a hexagonal structure are also generated in this system. Furthermore, it is found that Al3Zr crystal grows by the mechanism of twinning. The twin plane is （11-4-）. The twinning direction is [221].The tensile tests show that the composites synthesized in the Al-Zr-O system exhibits high strength and ductility. There are a lot of ripples with fine particles on the fracture. The principal strengthening mechanisms for （Al3Zr+Al2O3）p/Al composites may include Orowan strengthening, grain-refining strengthening, solid-solution strengthening and dislocation strengthening.

Influence of Negative Bias Voltage on the Mechanical and Tribological Properties of MoS_2/Zr Composite Films

MoS2/Zr composite films were deposited on the cemented carbide YT14 （WC＋14%TiC＋6%Co） by medium-frequency magnetron sputtered and coupled with multi-arc ion plated techniques.The influence of negative bias voltage on the composite film properties,including adhesion strength,micro-hardness,thickness and tribological properties were investigated.The results showed that proper negative bias voltage could significantly improve the mechanical and tribological properties of composite films.The effects of negative bias voltage on film properties were also put forward.The optimal negative bias voltage was -200 V under this experiment conditions.The obtained composite films were dense,the adhesion strength was about 60 N,the thickness was about 2.4 μm,and the micro-hardness was about 9.0 GPa.The friction coefficient and wear rate was 0.12 and 2.1×10-7 cm3/N·m respectively after 60 m sliding operation against hardened steel under a load of 20 N and a sliding speed of 200 rev·min-1.

Fabrication and Magnetic Properties of Composite Ni_(0.5)Zn_(0.5)Fe_2O_4/Pb(Zr_(0.52)Ti_(0.48))O_3 Nanofibers by Electrospinning

One-dimensional and quasi-one-dimensional nanostructure materials are promising building blocks for electromagnetic devices and nanosystems.In this work,the composite Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4（NZFO）/ Pb（Zr0.52Ti0.48）O3（PZT） nanofibers with average diameters about 65 nm are prepared by electrospinning from poly（vinyl pyrrolidone） （PVP） and metal salts.The precursor composite NZFO/PZT/PVP nanofibers and the subsequent calcined NZFO/PZT nanofibers are investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy （FT- IR） ,X-ray diffraction （XRD）,scanning electron microscopy （SEM）.The magnetic properties for nanofibers are measured by vibrating sample magnetometer（VSM）.The NZFO/PZT nanofibers obtained at calcination temperature of 900 °C for 2 h consist of the ferromagnetic spinel NZFO and ferroelectric perovskite PZT phases,which are constructed from about 37 nm NZFO and 17 nm PZT grains.The saturation magnetization of these NZFO/PZT nanofibers increases with increasing calcination temperature and contents of NZFO in the composite.

Synthesis,structure and mechanical properties of Zr-Cu-based bulk metallic glass composites

The unusual glass-forming ability（GFA） of the Zr48Cu36Ag8Al8 alloy and the high ductility of the Zr48Cu36Ag8Al8 metallic glass-matrix composites containing Ta powder were reported.The bulk metallic glass rod with a diameter of 25 mm was successfully synthesized using copper mold casting for the Zr48Cu36Ag8Al8 alloy.High GFA of this alloy was found to be related to a large supercooled liquid region and a quaternary eutectic point with low melting temperature.The bulk metallic glass matrix composites were prepared by introducing extra Ta particles into the Zr48Cu36Ag8Al8 melt.The composites consist of Ta particles homogenously distributed in the Zr48Cu36Ag8Al8 metallic glass matrix.The optimum content of Ta powder is 10at%for the composite with the highest plasticity,which shows a plastic strain of 31%.

Effect of Zr on Microstructure and Magnetic Properties of Nanocrystalline (Nd, Pr)FeB/α-Fe Composite Alloys

For nanophase (Nd, Pr)FeB/α-Fe composite alloys were prepared by melt spinning, the appreciable addition of Zr reduces their average grain size. Observed by atom force microscopy (AFM), the average grain diameter of crystallized ribbons on their free surface, reduces from 175 nm of Zr-free alloy to 79 nm of Zr-1at%, by about 55%. If the concentration exceeds 1%, the effects of Zr on fining grain size are evidently weakened. The average grain size on free surface of Zr-1.5at% is 72 nm. With the addition of 1at% Zn, the bonded magnets has the best combination of properties: B_r=0.675 T, H_(ci)=616 kA·m^(-1), (BH)_(max)=77 kJ·m^(-3). Below 1at%, the coarser grains lead to a lower magnetic property. Beyond 1at%, the layer of Zr-rich intergranular phase will thicken, which results in weakening of the exchange coupling among adjacent grains, and then causes degrading of magnetic properties of magnets.

Improved hydrogenation properties of Mg-x(Ti_(0.9) Zr_(0.2) Mn_(1.5) Cr_(0.3))composites

Mg-x(Ti0.9 Zr0.2 Mn1.5 Cr0.3)(x=20%,30%,40%) (mass fraction) composite powders were prepared by reactive ball milling with hydrogen and their hydrogen storage properties and microstructure were investigated by XRD,SEM and pressure-composition-temperature measurement.The results show that the composites have 3.83%-5.07%hydrogen capacity at 553 K and good hydrogenation kinetics,even at room temperature.Among them,the milled Mg-30%(Ti0.9Zr0.2Mn1.5Cr0.3)composite has the highest hydrogenation kinetics as it can quickly absorb 2.1%hydrogen at 373 K,3.5%in 2 000 s at 473 K,even 3.26%in 60 s at 553 K under 3 MPa hydrogen pressure.The improved hydrogenation properties come from the catalytic effect of Ti0.9 Zr0.2 Mn1.5 Cr0.3 particles dispersed uniformly on the surface of Mg particles.

Mechanical and corrosion properties of graphene nanoplatelet–reinforced Mg–Zr and Mg–Zr–Zn matrix nanocomposites for biomedical applications

Magnesium(Mg)-based biomaterials have gained acceptability in fracture fixation due to their ability to naturally degrade in the body after fulfilling the desired functions.However,pure Mg not only degrades rapidly in the physiological environment,but also evolves hydrogen gas during degradation.In this study,Mg0.5Zr and Mg0.5ZrxZn(x=1–5 wt.%)matrix nanocomposites(MNCs)reinforced with different contents(0.1–0.5 wt.%)of graphene nanoplatelets(GNP)were manufactured via a powder metallurgy technique and their mechanical and corrosion properties were evaluated.The increase in GNP concentration from 0.2 wt.%to 0.5 wt.%added to Mg0.5Zr matrices resulted in decreases in the compressive yield strength and corrosion resistance in Hanks’Balanced Salt Solution(HBSS).On the other hand,a higher concentration(4–5 wt.%)of Zn added to Mg0.5Zr0.1GNP resulted in an increase in ductility but a decrease in compressive yield strength.Overall,an addition of 0.1 wt.%GNPs to Mg0.5Zr3Zn matrices gave excellent ultimate compressive strength(387 MPa)and compressive yield strength(219 MPa).Mg0.5Zr1Zn0.1GNP and Mg0.5Zr3Zn0.1GNP nanocomposites exhibited 29%and 34%higher experimental yield strength,respectively,as compared to the theoretical yield strength of Mg0.5Zr0.1GNP calculated by synergistic strengthening mechanisms including the difference in thermal expansion,elastic modulus,and geometry of the particles,grain refinement,load transfer,and precipitation of GNPs in the Mg matrices.The corrosion rates of Mg0.5Zr1Zn0.1GNP,Mg0.5Zr3Zn0.1GNP,Mg0.5Zr4Zn0.1GNP,and Mg0.5Zr5Zn0.1GNP measured using potentiodynamic polarization were 7.5 mm/y,4.1 mm/y,6.1 mm/y,and 8.0 mm/y,respectively.Similarly,hydrogen gas evolution tests also demonstrated that Mg0.5Zr3Zn0.1GNP exhibited a lower corrosion rate(1.5 mm/y)than those of Mg0.5Zr1Zn0.1GNP(3.8 mm/y),Mg0.5Zr4Zn0.1GNP(1.9 mm/y),and Mg0.5Zr5Zn0.1GNP(2.2 mm/y).This study demonstrates the potential of GNPs as effective nano-reinforcement particulates for improving the mechanical and corrosion properties of Mg–Zr–Zn matrices.

Synthesis of Y_2O_3 particle enhanced Ni/TiC composite on TC4 Ti alloy by laser cladding

A Y2O3 particle enhanced Ni/TiC composite coating was fabricated in-situ on a TC4 Ti alloy by laser surface cladding. The phase component, microstructure, composition distribution and properties of the composite layer were investigated. The composite layer has graded microstructures and compositions, due to the fast melting followed by rapid solidification and cooling during laser cladding. The TiC powders are completely dissolved into the melted layer during melting and segregated as fine dendrites when solidified. The size of TiC dendrites decreases with increasing depth. Y2O3 fine particles distribute in the whole clad layer. The Y2O3 particle enhanced Ni/TiC composite layer has a quite uniform hardness along depth with a maximum value of HV1380, which is 4 times higher than the initial hardness. The wear resistance of the Ti alloy is significantly improved after laser cladding due to the high hardness of the composite coating.

Microstructure evolution and nitrides precipitation in in-situ Ti_2 AlN/TiAl composites during isothermal aging at 900°C

Microstructures of Ti2AlN/TiAl composites prepared by in-situ method were characterized in in-situ and aging treatment conditions and the nitride precipitation was investigated in Ti2AlN/TiAl composites aged at 900 ℃ for 24 h after being heat treated at 1400 ℃ for 0.5 h. The in-situ composites consist of γ＋α2 lamellar colonies, equiaxed y grains and Ti2AlN reinforcements. Matrix with nearly fully lamellar structure formed after solution and subsequently aging treatment. With the increase of Ti2AlN content, the nearly fully lamellar structure becomes instable for the aged composites. According to TEM study, fine Ti2AlN precipitates are found to distribute at the grain boundaries of lamellar colony. Needle-like Ti3AlN precipitates arrange in line with growing axis parallel to [001] direction of the γ-TiAl matrix and another needle-like Ti3AlN precipitates with lager size distribute at the dislocations. Key words：

Microstructure stability of Ti_2Al N/Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb composite at 900 °C

Microstructure stability of in situ synthesized Ti2AlN/Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb composite during aging at 900 ℃ was investigated by XRD, OM and TEM, and the unreinforced Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb alloy was also examined for comparison. The result showed that in the TiAl alloy,α2 lamellae thinned and were broken down, and became discontinuous with increasing aging time. The decomposition ofα2 lamella toγ which was characterized by parallel decomposition and breakdown ofα2 lamellae led to the degradation of the lamellar structure. While in the composite, lamellar structure remained relatively stable even after aging at 900 ℃ for 100 h. No breakdown ofα2 lamellae except parallel decomposition and precipitation of fine nitride particles was observed. The better microstructural stability of the composite was mainly attributed to the precipitation of Ti2AlN particles at theα2/γ interface which played an important role in retarding the coarsening of lamellar microstructure in the matrix of composite.

轧制态TiZrNbSn合金的再结晶行为

首先对冷轧态Ti-49Zr-21Nb-1.0Sn(TZNS1.0)合金分别在600、650、700、750、800和850℃进行再结晶退火处理10、20、30、60、90和120 min,随后采用光学显微镜(OM)和电子背散射衍射(EBSD)技术分析了热处理后合金的组织演变,计算了合金的再结晶激活能,建立了其再结晶动力学模型。结果表明:随着退火温度的升高,TZNS1.0合金的再结晶形核孕育时间缩短,β晶粒经历了回复、再结晶形核和长大阶段。随着退火时间的增加,合金的晶粒尺寸增大,但长大速度逐渐减小。TZNS1.0合金在750℃再结晶退火后,仅少数区域发生再结晶,大部分区域仍为变形组织,并存在许多小角度晶界、高密度位错和轧制织构。在800℃退火后,再结晶区域呈现大角度晶界,轧制织构和高密度位错被消除。退火温度进一步升高到850℃时,再结晶过程全部完成,合金晶粒明显长大。TZNS1.0合金的再结晶激活能为67.45 kJ/mol,850℃退火处理时,合金的再结晶动力学方程为x=1-e^(-0.05t 0.9)。

退火处理对富Zr型Ti-Zr-Nb-Sn合金显微组织及性能的影响

为了研究退火工艺对冷轧后Ti-49Zr-21Nb-1Sn合金显微组织及性能的影响,对其在850℃分别进行了10、20和40 min的退火处理。借助光学显微镜、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、纳米压痕仪、电化学工作站及X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等研究了不同时间退火后合金的显微组织、力学性能及腐蚀性能。结果表明:随着退火时间的增加,合金的晶粒明显长大,相组成没有发生变化,为单一的β相,合金的弹性恢复轻微升高,塑性指数轻微降低。退火处理后合金的弹性模量、H/E_(r)和H~(3)/E_(r)~(2)值分别在88.4~94 GPa、0.0463~0.0479和0.0088~0.0103 GPa之间变化。极化曲线和阻抗图谱的分析结果表明,随着退火时间的增加,合金的自腐蚀电流密度逐渐增大,容抗弧半径减小,退火10 min时,合金的自腐蚀电流密度最小,容抗弧半径最大,表现出良好的耐蚀性。

Effect of Hot Processing Technology on Mechanical Properties and Structure of Interface of Ti/Steel Composite Sheet

研究了热加工工艺对钛-钢复合板界面力学性能和显微组织的影响。测试了在A，B，C，D4种温度下热轧复合板界面的力学性能，用金相显微镜及扫描电镜观察了界面显微组织并分析了界面的成分。结果表明，在A，B2种温度下轧制的钛-钢复合板界面机械性能良好，延伸率高，其剪切强度不但可保持坯料原有的水平，甚至还略有增加。在C，D2种温度下轧制的钛-钢复合板界面机械性能相对较低，延伸率较高，但剪切强度要比爆炸复合坯料低，尤其是D加热温度，轧制后界面剪切强度急剧下降。热轧的终轧温度也是影响钛-钢复合板界面结合性能的重要因素。在低于相转变温度的合适温区热轧，且终轧温度合适，获得的钛-钢复合板结合界面无爆炸波纹，没有污染，生产的脆性化合物极细小，组织类同于钛材完全退火的等轴组织。

形变热处理对Ti-Nb-Zr合金组织及超弹性行为的影响

Ti-Nb-Zr合金具有低弹性模量、高强度以及优异的生物相容性,在生物医用材料领域备受关注。Ti-Nb-Zr合金的超弹性归因于β↔α″相变。综述了Ti-Nb-Zr合金的弹性模量和超弹性的影响因素及变化规律。通过添加合金元素来调整相变温度和滑移临界应力,应力诱发马氏体相变更易发生,β相塑性变形延迟出现,获得更大的相变应变和恢复应变。总结了Ti-Nb-Zr合金的形变热处理与超弹性效应之间的关系和作用机制。冷轧后短时间热处理可以增加位错滑移的临界应力、避免其他相(ω或α相)的生长,保持β相的稳定性、提高合金的恢复应变和超弹性。

锡含量对富Zr型Ti-Zr-Nb合金显微组织及性能的影响

采用非自耗真空电弧炉制备了Ti-49Zr-21Nb-xSn(x=0、0.5、1.0、2.0和4.0 mass%)合金。借助X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、万能试验机、电化学工作站及X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等研究了不同含量Sn元素对合金显微组织、力学性能及腐蚀性能的影响。结果表明:随着Sn元素含量的增加,合金的晶粒明显细化,相组成主要为β相,当Sn元素含量超过2%时,在晶界析出(Ti+Zr)_(5)(Nb+Sn)_(3)相。合金的强度随Sn元素含量的增加先升高后降低,当Sn元素含量为1%时,合金的抗拉强度和屈服强度达到最大,分别为1121和1085 MPa,且伸长率为23.9%。未添加Sn元素时,合金的耐蚀性最佳,添加Sn元素后,合金的耐蚀性逐渐降低,当Sn含量为1%时,合金的自腐蚀电流密度较低,耐蚀性较好。因此,Ti-49Zr-21Nb-1Sn合金具有高的力学性能和较好的腐蚀性能,作为生物医用材料表现出了良好的综合性能。