Microstructure and formation mechanism of titanium matrix composites coating on Ti-6Al-4V by laser cladding

Laser cladding experiments were done on a 5-kW continuous wave CO2 laser to synthesize TiC and TiB rein- fowed titanium matrix composite coatings on Ti-6AI-4V alloy with a mixture of Ti and B4C precursor powder. The ther- modynamics of the reactions were calculated and analyzed. The microstructure and phase evolution of TiB and TiC com- posites were investigated. The results showed that the chemical reaction between Ti and B4C would release much heat, and these compounds, TiC, TiB, and small amount of TiB2, can be formed on the surface of Ti-6AI-4V alloy if the supplied en- ergy is sufficient to excite the reaction among the initial products. A good metallurgical bond between the coating and the substrate can be achieved. The microhardness of coating was irregular and the maximum value was approximately HV600.

Laser in-situ synthesis of titanium matrix composite coating with TiB-Ti network-like structure reinforcement

To avoid high crack sensitivity of TiB-Ti composite coating during laser cladding process,network-like structure composite coating was fabricated with laser in-situ technique on titanium alloy using 5 μm TiB2 powder as the cladding material.The microstructure,phase structure and properties of the coatings were analyzed by SEM,XRD,EPMA,TEM,hardness tester and fretting wear meter.It was observed that the outer ring of the network-like structure was mainly TiB strengthening phase,while the inner ring was α-Ti grain,and the interface between TiB and Ti matrix was very clean and had a consistent orientation relationship.The hardness of the cladding layer with network-like structure gradually decreased from the surface toward the interface,but the average hardness was nearly two times that of the substrate.In the fretting wear test,it was found that the wear resistance of the cladding layer with network-like structure was larger than that of the substrate under low load(40 N).The results revealed that the hardness and fretting wear resistance of the titanium-based composite coating could be improved by the introduction of network-like structure.

Microstructure and thermal properties of copper matrix composites reinforced with titanium-coated graphite fibers

Milled form of mesophase pitch-based graphite fibers were coated with a titanium layer using chemical vapor deposition technique and Ti-coated graphite fiber/Cu composites were fabricated by hot-pressing sintering. The composites were characterized with X-ray diffraction, scanning/transmission electron microscopies, and by mea- suring thermal properties, including thermal conductivity and coefficient of thermal expansion （CTE）. The results show that the milled fibers are preferentially oriented in a plane perpendicular to the pressing direction, leading to anisotropic thermal properties of the composites. The Ti coating reacted with graphite fiber and formed a continuous and uniform TiC layer. This carbide layer establishes a good metallurgical interracial bonding in the composites, which can improve the thermal properties effectively. When the fiber content ranges from 35 vol% to 50 vol%, the in-plane thermal conductivities of the composites increase from 383 to 407 W.（m.K）-~, and the in-plane CTEs decrease from 9.5 x 10-6 to 6.3 10-6 K-1.

Characterization of ceramic reinforced titanium matrix composites fabricated by spark plasma sintering for anti-ballistic applications

Titanium has found extensive use in various engineering applications due to its attractive physical,mechanical, and chemical characteristics. However, titanium has relatively low hardness for use as an armour material. ZrB2 was incorporated to the Ti matrix to form a Ti-based binary composites. In this study, powder metallurgy techniques were employed to disperse the ceramic particulates throughout the matrix material then consolidated through spark plasma sintering. The composites were densified at1300 ℃, pressure of 50 MPa, and holding time of 5 min. The microstructure and phase analysis of the sintered composites was carried out using SEM and XRD, while the hardness was determined using Vickers' microhardness tester. The SEM and XRD results confirmed the presence of the TiB whiskers which renowned with the improving the hardness of titanium. The hardness of the composite with 10 wt% ZrB_2 showed the highest hardness compared to that obtained for the 5 and 15 wt% ZrB_2 composites which was 495 and 571 Hv respectively.

Manufacturing Titanium Metal Matrix Composites by Consolidating Matrix Coated Fibres

Titanium metal matrix composites （TiMMCs） reinforced by continuous silicon carbide fibres are being developed for aerospace applications. TiMMCs manufactured by the consolidation of matrix-coated fibre （MCF） method offer optimum properties because of the resulting uniform fibre distribution, minimum fibre damage and fibre volume fraction control. In this paper, the consolidation of Ti-6Al-4V matrix-coated SiC fibres during vacuum hot pressing has been investigated. Experiments were carried out on multi-ply MCFs under vacuum hot pressing （VHP）. In contrast to most of existing studies, the fibre, arrangement has been carefully controlled either in square or hexagonal arrays throughout the consolidated sample. This has enabled the dynamic consolidation behaviour of MCFs to be demonstrated by eliminating the fibre re-arrangement during the VHP process. The microstructural evolution of the matrix coating was reported and the deformation mechanisms involved were discussed.

Microstructure and interface thermal stability of C/Mo double-coated SiC fiber reinforced γ-TiAl matrix composites

C/Mo duplex coating interfacially modified SiC fiber-reinforced γ-TiAl matrix composite （SiCf/C/Mo/γ-TiA1） was prepared by foil-fiber-foil method to investigate its interfacial modification effect. SiCf/C/TiAl composites were also prepared under the same processing condition for comparision. Both kinds of the composites were thermally exposed in vacuum at 800 and 900℃ for different durations in order to study thermal stability of the interfacial zone. With the aids of scanning electron microscope （SEM） and energy dispersive spectrometer （EDS）, the interracial microstructures of the composites were investigated. The results reveal that, although adding the Mo coating, the interfacial reaction product of the SiCf/C/Mo/TiAl composite is the same with that of the SiCf/C/TiA1 composite, which is TiC/Ti2AlC between the coating and the matrix. However, C/Mo duplex coating is more efficient in hindering interfacial reaction than C single coating at 900 ℃ and below. In addition, a new layer of interfacial reaction product was found between Ti2AlC and the matrix after 900 ℃, 200 h thermal exposure, which is rich in V and close to the chemical composition of B2 phase.

Microstructure and wear characterization of AA2124/4wt.%B4C nano-composite coating on Ti-6Al-4V alloy using friction surfacing

This work is focused on developing AA2124/4 wt.%B4 C nano-composite coatings on Ti-6 A1-4 V using friction surfacing to improve the wear resistance. The composite was produced using conventional stir casting method and coatings were laid using an indigenously-developed friction surfacing machine. The rotational speed of the mechtrode was varied. The microstructure of the composite coating was observed using conventional and advanced microscopic techniques. The sliding wear behavior was evaluated using a pin-on-disc apparatus. The coating geometry(thickness and width) increased with increased rotational speed. The interface was straight without thick intermetallic layer. Homogenous distribution of nano B4C particles and extremely fine grains was observed in the composite coating. The interfacial bonding between the aluminum matrix and B4C particles was excellent. The composite coating improved the wear resistance of the titanium alloy substrate due to the reduction in effective contact area,lower coefficient of friction and excellent interfacial bonding.

Exploration of Al-based matrix composites reinforced by hierarchically spherical agents

Al-based composites reinforced with A1-Ti intermetallic compounds/Ti metal hierarchically spherical agents were successfully fabricated by powder metallurgy. This kind of structure produces strongly bonded interfaces as well as soft/hard/soft transition regions between the matrix and reinforced agents, which are beneficial to load transfer during deformation. As expected, the resultant composites exhibit promising mechanical properties at ambient temperature. The underlying mechanism was also discussed in this paper.

Microstructure and high-temperature wear properties of in situ TiC composite coatings by plasma transferred arc surface alloying on gray cast iron

In this work, an in situ synthesized TiC-reinforced metal matrix composite （MMC） coating of approximately 350-400μm thickness was fabricated on a gray cast iron （GCI） substrate by plasma transferred arc （PTA） surface alloying of Ti-Fe alloy powder. Microhard- ness tests showed that the surface hardness increased approximately four-fold after the alloying treatment. The microstructure of the MMC coating was mainly composed of residual austenite, acicular martensite, and eutectic ledeburite. Scanning electron microscopy （SEM） and X-ray diffraction analyzes revealed that the in situ TiC particles, which were formed by direct reaction of Ti with carbon originally contained in the GCI, was uniformly distributed at the boundary of residual anstenite in the alloying zone. Pin-on-disc high-temperature wear tests were performed on samples both with and without the MMC coating at room temperature and at elevated temperatures （473 K and 623 K）, and the wear behavior and mechanism were investigated. The results showed that, after the PTA alloying treatment, the wear resistance of the sam- ples improved significantly. On the basis of our analysis of the composite coatings by optical microscopy, SEM with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and microhardness measurements, we attributed this improvement of wear resistance to the transformation of the microstruc- ture and to the presence of TiC particles.

旋转超声加工对TiBw网状钛基复合材料表面残余应力的影响

为研究不同切削条件下旋转超声加工对材料表面残余应力的影响,选取硼化钛晶须(TiB whiskers,TiBw)网状钛基复合材料为实验对象,使用镍基电铸金刚石砂轮进行旋转超声加工,并分析了加工后材料的表面残余应力。结果表明:由于钛基复合材料具有网状结构和优异的高温性能,使切削热和微观相变产生的残余应力较小,磨粒机械作用产生的残余应力更大。随着超声振动的引入,磨粒高频冲击工件表面,使旋转超声加工工件表面残余应力均大于普通磨削。在主轴转速n=9000 r/min,进给速度v f=8 mm/min,加工深度a p=25μm的加工参数下,旋转超声加工工件表面存在-540 MPa的残余压应力,随着主轴转速增大,残余应力显著减小,并且残余应力的影响层深度逐渐减小。超声振动的引入增大工件表面残余压应力,提高材料抗疲劳性能。

激光熔覆WC/316L复合涂层结构及磨损性能

为改善激光熔覆过程中WC增强金属基复合涂层分解与分布不均匀的问题,采用激光熔覆技术制备了50%WC含量的WC/316L复合涂层,分别采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、显微维氏硬度计、摩擦磨损试验机表征了熔敷层的组织形貌、硬度与摩擦磨损性能。结果显示,低热输入量可以防止WC颗粒下沉,提升熔覆层厚度方向上的WC颗粒分布均匀性;但WC的平面分布均匀性较差,同时低热输入导致WC颗粒结合较弱,易发生脱落;熔覆过程中,粉末中15%的WC发生分解。研究表明,通过降低激光热输入量,可以制备WC厚度方向较为均匀的复合涂层,提升熔覆层耐磨性,但是需要优化WC平面分布均匀性与WC颗粒结合性能。

钛合金表面反应电火花沉积TiN/Ti复合涂层

利用自制的电火花沉积充气密闭式保护装置和DZ 1400型电火花沉积/堆焊机,以工业纯钛TA2为电极,以工业纯氮为保护气和反应气,在TC4钛合金表面上反应电火花沉积制备了TiN/Ti复合涂层.利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、X射线光电子仪(XPS)分析了涂层的组织、物相和元素组成,利用显微硬度计测定了涂层的显微硬度,利用自制磨损试验装置对比涂层与淬火W18Cr4V高速钢的磨损性能.结果表明,涂层与基体形成良好的冶金结合,涂层主要由钛和反应合成的TiN组成,涂层的平均显微硬度可达1 388 HV0.1,是基体硬度的6倍以上,涂层具有较好的耐磨性.

电火花沉积反应合成TiN增强Fe基金属陶瓷涂层

利用自制的电火花沉积充气密闭式保护装置和DZ-1400型电火花沉积/堆焊机,以工业纯钛TA2为电极,以工业纯氮为保护气和反应气,在45#钢基体试样表面制备出了厚度为60～80μm的TiN增强金属基陶瓷涂层。采用扫描电镜(SEM)观测了涂层微观结构和界面行为,分析了涂层形成机理,利用X射线仪(XRD)测定了涂层的物相组成,利用显微硬度仪测试了涂层的显微硬度,利用自制磨损试验机对比了涂层与淬火W18Cr4V高速钢的耐磨性。结果表明:涂层主要由TiN和FeTi两相组成,涂层组织致密、均匀、较连续,涂层与基体形成良好的冶金结合,涂层显微硬度HV高达15.88GPa,约是基体硬度的5倍,涂层具有较好的耐磨性。

用CVD法在陶瓷颗粒表面获得TiN涂层与应用

研制了适合陶瓷颗粒表面涂层处理的化学气相沉积装置，并探索了在氧化铝颗粒表面获得ＴｉＮ涂层的工艺；所获得的ＴｉＮ涂层能提高耐热钢在氧化铝颗粒间的铸渗深度，并使颗粒得到基体的牢固支撑。氧化铝颗粒体积分数在２３％～５７％可调。

钛合金表面MoS_2/TiN复合涂层的摩擦性能研究

采用复合处理的工艺方法,在Ti-6Al-4V合金表面制备复合涂层。用X射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜和X射线能谱仪分析复合涂层表面相结构、表面及截面微观形貌和沿截面各元素分布状态。对不同处理后的截面硬度梯度进行了分析比较,在MM-200磨损实验机上测定了复合涂层的摩擦性能。结果显示,复合涂层是由单质的Ti,Mo和MoS2,TiN以及过渡层组成,在干摩擦、纯滑动的条件下摩擦性能优良。

界面层厚度对HEA_(p)/Ti基复合材料力学性能的影响

为了研究界面层厚度对HEA_(p)/Ti复合材料力学性能的影响以及拉伸过程中复合材料的破环行为,使用ABAQUS有限元分析软件对单颗粒和多颗粒模型进行不同界面层厚度建模。模拟结果表明:随着界面层厚度的增加,界面层上的应力也变大。复合材料拉伸破坏主要是基体开裂和界面脱粘。在拉伸过程中,复合材料的裂纹首先在界面层处萌生,随着载荷的增加,裂纹沿颗粒在基体中扩展。

TC4合金表面激光熔覆NiCrBSiC+TiN粉末涂层的微观组织研究

采用CO2激光在TC4合金表面进行了NiCrBSiC+TiN粉末的熔覆试验,获得了连续均匀、无气孔和裂纹的熔覆层,利用EPMA、SEM和TEM分析了激光熔覆层的微观组织。结果表明,熔覆层的组织为在Ni基合金基体上均匀分布着TiN颗粒和针状的M23(CB)6相,TiN颗粒与Ni60合金结合紧密,界面干净光滑。熔覆层与TC4合金呈冶金结合,结合区的组织由柱状晶和树枝晶组成,基底热影响区为马氏体组织。

反应电火花沉积合成TiN金属基复合涂层

利用自制的反应电火花沉积合成系统,以TA_2为电极,以工业纯氮为保护气,在45#钢基体试件表面上原位反应合成了TiN金属基陶瓷复合涂层。利用X射线仪测定了涂层的物相组成,利用显微镜观察分析了涂层断面形貌及组织,利用硬度仪测试了涂层的显微硬度,利用磨损试验机对比了涂层与淬火W18Cr4V高速钢的耐磨性能。结果表明:涂层的平均维氏硬度为13230 MPa,涂层中TiN物相的平均晶粒大小为50 nm,涂层具有较好的耐磨性。

非连续增强钛基复合材料的研究现状及应用进展

非连续增强钛基复合材料(DRTMCs)较钛合金基体具有更高的强度、硬度,优异的耐磨和耐热性能,满足高新技术领域对高性能结构材料的苛刻使用要求,在航空航天、国防军工、汽车制造等领域应用前景广阔。本文针对非连续增强钛基复合材料中基体与增强相的设计及增强相制备技术进行综述,尤其是新兴的碳纳米材料增强相以及激光增材制造技术对DRTMCs组织、性能的影响,重点总结了DRTMCs的后续热变形、热处理及多元多尺度和仿生结构复合材料设计的研究进展,介绍其工程应用的发展现状,提出了研究中的现存问题及具有潜力的发展方向,对进一步提高钛基复合材料综合性能、加快其产业化应用进程具有重要意义。

粉末冶金TC4-PCS复合材料的热变形行为

以聚碳硅烷(PCS)为前驱体,采用粉末冶金无压烧结制备原位自生颗粒增强的TC4复合材料。通过Gleeble-3500热模拟试验机对TC4-1PCS(PCS的质量分数为1%)复合材料进行850~1100℃,0.001~1 s^(-1)的模拟热压缩实验,分析不同参数下复合材料的应力-应变曲线。采用OM,SEM和EBSD等手段分析变形参数对增强相颗粒、基体组织和致密化的影响。结果表明:热变形前TC4-1PCS复合材料存在较多残余孔隙,TiC增强相颗粒尺寸约为5~10μm。TC4-1PCS基体的β转变温度(T_β)介于1000~1050℃之间,在T_β以上进行变形时,TC4-1PCS基体全部为片层状淬火马氏体,而在T_(β)以下变形后基体为双态组织。变形温度决定复合材料的致密度和组织类型,应变速率影响基体相尺寸和残余孔隙率。变形温度的提升和应变速率的降低可以促进TC4^(-1)PCS复合材料的致密化,应变速率的提高对细化组织效果明显。在1050℃,0.1 s^(-1)下变形可以较大程度实现TC4-1PCS复合材料组织细化和致密化。