Ti3C2Tx MXene-functionalized Hydroxyapatite/Halloysite nanotube filled poly-(lactic acid)coatings on magnesium:In vitro and antibacterial applications

Magnesium(Mg)stands out in temporary biomaterial applications due to its biocompatibility,biodegradability,and low Young’s modulus.However,controlling its corrosion through next-generation polymer-based functional coatings is crucial due to the rapid degradation behavior of Mg.In this study,the function of 2D lamellar Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)(MXene)in Hydroxyapatite(HA)and Halloysite nanotube(HNT)hybrid coatings in biodegradable poly-(lactic acid)(PLA)was investigated.The morphological and structural characterizations of the coatings on Mg were revealed through HRTEM,XPS,SEM-EDX,XRD,FTIR,and contact angle analyses/tests.Electrochemical in vitro corrosion tests(OCP,PDS,and EIS-Nyquist)were conducted for evaluate corrosion resistance under simulated body fluid(SBF)conditions.The bioactivity of the coatings in SBF have been revealed in accordance with the ISO 23,317 standard.Finally,antibacterial disk diffusion tests were conducted to investigate the functional effect of MXene in coatings.It has been determined that the presence of MXene in the coating increased not only surface wettability(131°,85°,77°,and 74°for uncoated,pH,PHH,and PHH/MXene coatings,respectively)but also increased corrosion resistance(1857.850,42.357,1.593,and 0.085×10^(-6),A/cm^(2) for uncoated,pH,PHH,and PHH/MXene coatings,respectively).It has been proven that the in vitro bioactivity of PLA-HA coatings is further enhanced by adding HNT and MXene,along with SEM morphologies after SBF.Finally,2D lamellar MXene-filled coating exhibits antibacterial behavior against both E.coli and S.aureus bacteria.

Pitting corrosion behavior and corrosion protection performance of cold sprayed double layered noble barrier coating on magnesium-based alloy in chloride containing solutions

Nitrogen processed, cold sprayed commercially pure(CP)-Al coatings on Mg-based alloys mostly lack acceptable hardness, wear resistance and most importantly are highly susceptible to localized corrosion in chloride containing solutions. In this research, commercially pure α-Ti top coating having good pitting potential(~1293 mV_(SCE)), high microhardness(HV_(0.025): 263.03) and low wear rate was applied on a CP-Al coated Mg-based alloy using high pressure cold spray technology. Potentiodynamic polarization(PDP) curves indicated that the probability of transition from metastable pits to the stable pits for cold spayed(CS) Al coating is considerably higher compared to that with the CS Ti top coating(for Ti/Al/Mg system). In addition, CS Ti top coating was in the passivation region in most pH ranges even after 48 h immersion in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution. The stored energy in the CS Ti top coating(as a passive metal) was presumed to be responsible for the easy passivation. Immersion tests indicated no obvious pits formation on the intact CS Ti top coating surface and revealed effective corrosion protection performance of the CS double layered noble barrier coatings on Mg alloys in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution even after 264 h.

Effect of N_(2) partial pressure on comprehensive properties of antibacterial TiN/Cu nanocomposite coating

Foreign body reactions to the wear debris and corrosion products from the implants,and bacterial infections are the main factors leading to the implant failures.In order to resolve these problems,the antibacterial TiN/Cu nanocomposite coatings with various N_(2) partial pressures were deposited on 304 stainless steels(SS)using an arc ion plating(AIP)system,named TiN/Cu-x(x=0.5,1.0,1.5 Pa).The results of X-ray diffraction analysis,energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy,and scanning electron microscopy showed that the N_(2) partial pressures determined the Cu contents,surface defects,and crystallite sizes of TiN/Cu nanocomposite coatings,which further influenced the comprehensive abilities.And the hardness and wear resistances of TiN/Cu coatings were enhanced with increase of the crystallite sizes.Under the co-actions of surface defects,crystallite sizes,and Cu content,TiN/Cu-1.0 and TiN/Cu-1.5 coatings possessed excellent corrosion resistance.Besides,the biological tests proved that all the TiN/Cu coatings showed no cytotoxicity with strong antibacterial ability.Among them,TiN/Cu-1.5 coating significantly promoted the cell proliferation,which is expected to be a novel antibacterial,corrosion-resistant,and wear-resistant coating on the surfaces of medical implants.

TC4表面TiN/Ti涂层的热腐蚀行为研究及第一性原理计算

目的综合评估涂层性能、延长压气机叶片的使用寿命,进行TiN/Ti涂层及冲蚀后TiN/Ti涂层的热腐蚀行为机制研究。方法进行了完整TiN/Ti涂层及冲蚀后TiN/Ti涂层300℃/120h的热腐蚀实验,腐蚀介质为95%(质量分数)Na_(2)SO_(4)+5%(质量分数)NaCl。冲蚀实验采用形状不规则的SiO_(2)颗粒,冲蚀角为45°,冲蚀速度为130 m/s,供砂速率为6.4 g/min。建立了完整TiN涂层、表面具有孔洞的TiN涂层及表面具有Ti液滴的TiN涂层3种第一性原理腐蚀计算模型。结果TiN/Ti涂层热腐蚀后,液滴处发生氧化并且变得疏松;样品切割边缘产生腐蚀锈迹,最终出现鼓包和裂纹;冲蚀后,涂层表面的完整性受到破坏,相较于未冲蚀区域,冲蚀坑周围更容易出现腐蚀。在热腐蚀过程中,SO_(4)^(2-)中的O和完整TiN涂层中的Ti以及液滴中的Ti电子云团接触,存在电荷转移及成键倾向,具体为Ti失电子、O得电子,腐蚀主要发生在SO_(4)^(2-)中的O与Ti之间。结论第一性原理计算结果与热腐蚀的实验结果相一致,第一性原理计算结果可以从微观上反映液滴和孔洞等缺陷对涂层热腐蚀行为的影响,能够为分析涂层的热腐蚀机制提供理论依据。

Effects of surface roughness of substrate on properties of Ti/TiN/Zr/ZrN multilayer coatings

Ti/TiN/Zr/ZrN multilayer coatings were deposited on Cr_17Ni_2 steel substrates with different surface roughnesses by vacuum cathodic arc deposition method. Microstructure, micro-hardness, adhesion strength and cross-sectional morphology of the obtained multilayer coatings were investigated. The results show that the Vickers hardness of Ti/TiN/Zr/ZrN multilayer coating, with a film thickness of 11.37 μm, is 29.36 GPa. The erosion and salt spray resistance performance of Cr_17Ni_2 steel substrates can be evidently improved by Ti/TiN/Zr/ZrN multilayer coating. The surface roughness of Cr_17Ni_2 steel substrates plays an important role in determining the mechanical and erosion performances of Ti/TiN/Zr/ZrN multilayer coatings. Overall, a low value of the surface roughness of substrates corresponds to an improved performance of erosion and salt spray resistance of multilayer coatings. The optimized performance of Ti/TiN/Zr/ZrN multilayer coatings can be achieved provided that the surface roughness of Cr_17Ni_2 steel substrates is lower than 0.4μm.

Effects of nitrogen flux on microstructure and tribological properties of in-situ TiN coatings deposited on TC11 titanium alloy by electrospark deposition

In order to improve the tribological properties of titanium alloys,the in-situ TiN coatings were prepared by electrospark deposition（ESD） on the surface of TC11 titanium alloy.The effects of nitrogen flux on the microstructure and tribological properties of TiN coatings were investigated.The results show that the coating is relative thin when the nitrogen flux is small and mainly consists of Ti2N,α-Ti,Ti O and TiN phases,and the metastable phase of Ti2N is developed due to the rapid solidification of ESD.While in excessive nitrogen flux condition,many micro-cracks and holes might be generated in the coating.In moderate nitrogen flux,the coating is mainly composed of TiN phase,and is dense and uniform（50-55 μm）.The average hardness is HV0.2 1165.2,which is 3.4 times that of the TC11 substrate.The TiN coatings prepared in moderate nitrogen flux perform the best wear resistance.The wear loss of the coating is 0.4 mg,which is 2/9 that of the TC11 substrate.The main wear mechanisms of the coatings are micro-cutting wear accompanied by multi-plastic deformation wear.

Corrosion mechanism investigation of TiN/Ti coating and TC4 alloy for aircraft compressor application

It is imperative to develop multifunctional erosion and corrosion resistant coatings for compressor blades of aircraft engines in harsh environment.PVD(Physical Vapor Deposition)technology has the advances in processing erosion-resistant coatings;however,the performance of PVD coatings to combat corrosion depends on various coating defects.Determining and comparing the corrosion performances of PVD TiN/Ti coating and uncoated TC4 alloy was the main objective of present work.The 960 h salt spray corrosion and 116 h hot corrosion tests were conducted to simulate the grounding and working environments of the aircraft compressors.The corrosion mechanisms due to the coating defects such as pinhole,columnar boundary and large grain were analyzed based on the OM,Confocal microscope,electrochemical measurements,SEM,XRD and EDS results.Owing to the disordered state associated with the columnar boundary and the coating defect,nitrogen could be easily replaced by oxygen in the hot corrosion process,these structures were channels for fast diffusion of oxygen.Moreover,the Gibbs energy changes of Ti oxidation and TiN oxidation were thermodynamically calculated according to the working condition of aircraft compressors,and considerable research effort was focused on mapping out the phase diagram of Ti,TiN and high pressure gases.The findings of this research can provide insights into developing multifunctional coatings for future aircraft engines.

Microstructure and mechanical properties of TiN/TiAlN multilayer coatings deposited by arc ion plating with separate targets

TiN/TiAlN multilayer coatings were prepared by arc ion plating with separate targets. In order to decrease the unfavorable macroparticles, a straight magnetized filter was used for the low melting aluminium target. The results show that the output plasmas of titanium target without filter and aluminium target with filter reach the substrate with the same order of magnitude. Meanwhile, the number of macropartieles in TiN/TiAlN multilayer coatings deposited with separate targets is only 1/10-1/3 of that deposited with alloy target reported in literature. Al atom addition may lead to the decrease of peak at （200） lattice plane and strengthening of peak at （111） and （220） lattice planes. The measured hardness of TiN/TiAlN multilayer coatings accords with the mixture principle and the maximum hardness is HV2495. The adhesion strength reaches 75 N.

Electrodeposition and corrosion resistance of Ni-P-TiN composite coating on AZ91D magnesium alloy

In order to improve the corrosion resistance and microhardness of AZ91D magnesium alloy, TiN nanoparticles were addedto fabricate Ni-P-TiN composite coating by electrodeposition. The surface, cross-section morphology and composition wereexamined using SEM, EDS and XRD, and the corrosion resistance was checked by electrochemical technology. The results indicatethat TiN nanoparticles were doped successfully in the Ni-P matrix after a series of complex pretreatments including activation, zincimmersion and pre-electroplating, which enhances the stability of magnesium alloy in electrolyte and the adhesion betweenmagnesium alloy and composite coating. The microhardness of the Ni-P coating increases dramatically by adding TiN nanoparticlesand subsequent heat treatment. The corrosion experimental results indicate that the corrosion resistance of Ni-P-TiN compositecoating is much higher than that of uncoated AZ91D magnesium alloy and similar with Ni-P coating in short immersion time.However, TiN nanoparticles play a significant role in long-term corrosion resistance of composite coatings.

基于机械干态颗粒涂层技术制备cBN@TiN粉体

采用机械干态颗粒涂层技术分别制备了cBN@TiO_(2)(TiO_(2)包覆立方氮化硼)粉体和cBN@(TiO_(2)+C)(TiO_(2)+碳包覆立方氮化硼)粉体,然后在1600℃、N_(2)气氛下进行高温热处理制备cBN@TiN(TiN包覆立方氮化硼)粉体,研究了高温热处理前后粉体的物相组成与微观形貌以及高温反应机理。结果表明:机械干态颗粒涂层技术可以使纳米TiO_(2)和纳米TiO_(2)+C颗粒均匀包裹在cBN颗粒表面。在高温热处理过程中,TiO_(2)与cBN反应生成液相B_(2)O_(3),促进了cBN相变成六方氮化硼(hBN),cBN的高温稳定性差,以cBN@TiO_(2)为原料制备的cBN@TiN粉体颗粒表面形成由TiN相和hBN相组成的片状结构层;当存在碳时,TiO_(2)会优先与碳发生还原反应生成TiN,抑制B_(2)O_(3)的生成,从而降低cBN相变量,此时cBN的高温稳定性好,以cBN@(TiO_(2)+C)为原料制备的cBN@TiN粉体颗粒表面形成主要为TiN相的颗粒结构层。

High temperature oxidation behavior of Ti(Al,Si)_3 diffusion coating on γ-TiAl by cold spray

A Ti(Al,Si)3 diffusion coating was prepared on γ-TiAl alloy by cold sprayed Al?20Si alloy coating, followed by a heat-treatment. The isothermal and cyclic oxidation tests were conducted at 900 °C for 1000 h and 120 cycles to check the oxidation resistance of the coating. The microstructure and phase transformation of the coating before and after the oxidation were studied by SEM, XRD and EPMA. The results indicate that the diffusion coating shows good oxidation resistance. The mass gain of the diffusion coating is only a quarter of that of bare alloy. After oxidation, the diffusion coating is degraded into three layers: an inner TiAl2 layer, a two-phase intermediate layer composed of a Ti(Al,Si)3 matrix and Si-rich precipitates, and a porous layer because of the inter-diffusion between the coating and substrate.

TLM钛合金表层TiN/Sn复合涂层的制备及磨损行为研究

为了提高Ti-25Nb-3Zr-2Sn-3Mo(TLM)钛合金的耐磨性能,采用表面机械复合强化(SMCS)工艺在合金表层制备了复合涂层并研究了复合涂层的显微组织、微观力学性能和摩擦学性能。结果表明:采用表面机械复合强化技术可在合金表层成功制备TiN/Sn复合涂层,随着Sn含量的增加,复合涂层的厚度和粗糙度不断增大,10%、20%、30%、40%Sn涂层的厚度分别为9.08、14.05、18.33、23.55μm;10%、20%、30%、40%Sn涂层的表面硬度分别为590、529、465、400 HV,相比基体硬度(~230 HV)有所提高。复合涂层的磨损量随Sn含量的增加先减小后增大,20%Sn样品具有最低的磨损量;在干磨损试验中,原样的磨损机制以黏着磨损为主,同时伴随磨粒磨损,复合强化样的磨损机制为磨粒磨损、黏着磨损,同时伴随氧化磨损。

Coating titanium on carbon steel by in-situ electrochemical reduction of solid TiO_2 layer

Ti coating on A3 steel was successfully prepared by direct electrochemical reduction of high-velocity oxy-fuel （HVOF） thermally sprayed and room-temperature dip-coating titanium dioxide coating on A3 steel in molten CaCl2 at 850 ℃. The interfacial microstructure and mutual diffusion between coating and steel substrate were investigated using scanning electron microscopy （SEM） and energy dispersive X-ray （EDX） spectroscopy. The results show that the precursory TiO2 coating prepared by HVOF has closer contact and better adhesion with the A3 steel substrate. After electrolysis, all of the electro-generated Ti coatings show intact contact with the substrates, regardless of the original contact situation between TiO2 layer and the steel substrate in the precursors. The inter-diffusion between the iron substrate and the reduced titanium takes place at the interface. The results demonstrate the possibility of the surface electrochemical metallurgy （SECM） is a promising surface engineering and additive manufacturing method.

TiN/TiNO/SiO_(2)太阳能选择性吸收涂层的优化设计及热稳定性评价

目的太阳能选择性吸收涂层是太阳能热利用的核心材料。方法采用磁控溅射法制备Ti N/TiNO/SiO_(2)太阳能选择性吸收涂层,测定红外反射层Ti N、吸收层Ti NO的折射率n、消光系数k,对Ti N层建立Tauc-Lorentz模型进行数据迭代优化拟合,对Ti NO层建立Drude模型进行数据迭代优化拟合。通过TFCalc光学镀膜设计软件,设置连续目标在300~1500 nm光谱区反射率低于5%,得到软件优化的反射率曲线、各层的最优厚度,确定优化的工艺参数。利用UV-VIS-NIR、FTIR、SEM、XRD、EDS、AFM和XPS表征优化涂层的光学性能、评价热稳定性。结果优化后的涂层,吸收率为0.906、发射率为0.0852;经265℃、600 h热处理后,涂层的吸收率和发射率分别为0.933和0.1033,PC值小于0.01。随热处理时间的增长,α有小幅上升;热处理时间对ε的影响较小;这与表面Si O_(2)氧化物薄膜层在一定程度上阻止了晶粒的长大有关。热处理后,发现涂层表面局部位置有少量的小坑,但涂层的表面成分不变。非晶基质Si O_(2)和Ti O_(2)的再结晶是吸收率提高的主要原因;热处理后的涂层表面非常致密,粗糙度的降低有利于阻碍氧原子向内层的扩散,可以有效提高涂层的热稳定性。结论优化的Ti N/TiNO/SiO_(2)涂层,选择性吸收性能及热稳定性得到有效提高,具有较好的实际应用前景。

喷砂时间对TiCN/α-Al_(2)O_(3)/TiN涂层金属陶瓷刀片表面状态和磨损性能的影响

采用化学气相沉积法在金属陶瓷基体表面沉积了MT-TiCN/α-Al_(2)O_(3)/TiN涂层,再对CVD涂层金属陶瓷刀片进行喷砂处理,分析经不同喷砂时间处理后的涂层金属陶瓷刀片的表面形貌、力学性能以及耐磨性能。结果表明:喷砂时间对涂层金属陶瓷刀片表面的冲蚀程度影响较大。未经喷砂处理的涂层表面粗糙度较高且存在较大的残余拉应力,而喷砂处理后的涂层金属陶瓷刀片的表面粗糙度与表面残余应力大幅下降,且表面硬度和耐磨性大幅提高。当喷砂时间为10s时,涂层金属陶瓷刀片获得了最低的表面粗糙度,与未喷砂的涂层刀片相比,表面残余拉应力降低了85%。基于不同喷砂时间处理后的涂层表面粗糙度、硬度、残余应力以及后刀面磨损形貌,得到的最佳喷砂时间为10s。

TiC-Fe coatings prepared by flame spray synthesis process

A new process, flame spray synthesis (FSS), has been developed for producing ceramic containing composite coatings. By combining self propagation high temperature synthesis (SHS) and flame spraying, the cermet based material was synthesized and deposited simultaneously. TiC Fe coatings were deposited from commercial ferrotitanium, iron and graphite powders by the flame spraying synthesis process. Microstructure analyses revealed that TiC was synthesized during spraying, and that submicron and round TiC particles were dispersed within an iron matrix. Flame spray synthesized coatings were composed of alternate soft and hard layers, whose hardness were 3.0～6.0 GPa and 11～13 GPa, respectively.

Effect of Rare Earth Element Cerium on Mechanical Properties and Morphology of TiN Coating Prepared by Arc Ion Plating

TiN coatings were deposited on polished substrates of W18Cr4V high speed steel by means of vacuum arc ion plating. The effect of cerium on adhesion between TiN coating and substrate was studied. The microstructures and composition of TiN coatings were also investigated by means of scanning electron microscope (SEM), Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), and X ray diffraction (XRD) technique. It was found that cerium is an effective modifying agent and the addition of suitable amount of cerium to TiN coatings can produce relatively excellent properties such as micro hardness, wear resistance, oxidation resistance and porosity. The experimental results show that the added cerium in TiN coatings makes a contribution to form the preferred direction along with a (111) or (222) close packed face, which may be one of the reasons that improves some properties mentioned above.

Effect of Al and Si additions on microstructure and mechanical properties of TiN coatings

Ti-X-N (X=Al,Si or Al+Si) coatings were grown onto cemented carbide substrates by cathodic arc evaporation. The hardness of the coatings was obtained by nanoindentation and the microstructure was investigated by XRD,XPS and SEM. Solid solution hardening results in a hardness increase from 24 GPa for TiN to 31.2 GPa for TiAlN. The higher hardness values of 36.7 GPa for TiSiN and 42.4 GPa for TiAlSiN are obtained by the incorporation of Si into TiN (TiAlN) coatings due to the formation of special three-dimensional net structure consisting of nanocrystalline (nc) TiN (TiAlN) encapsulated in an amorphous (a) Si3N4 matrix phase. Furthermore,the nc-TiAlN/a-Si3N4 coating shows the best machining performance.

Microstructure and tribocorrosion performance of nanocrystalline TiN graded coating on biomedical titanium alloy

A nanocrystalline TiN graded coating was prepared on Ti6Al4V alloy by DC reactive magnetron sputtering method. The microstructure and mechanic properties of the coating were investigated. The electrochemical corrosion and tribocorrosion of the coated specimens in physiological environment were compared with those of Ti6Al4V substrate. The results show that the gradient distribution of nanocrystalline TiN is favorable for releasing the inner stress in the coating, which increases adhesion strength to 90 N. The compact structure and refined-grains of the coating result in the surface nanohardness of 28.5 GPa. The corrosion protection efficiency of the nanocrystalline TiN coating reaches 96.6%. The tribocorrosion resistance of the coating increases by 100 times in comparison with that of Ti6Al4V substrate. The high chemical stability and H3/E2 ratio (where H is hardness, and E is elastic modulus) of the nanocrystalline TiN coating are responsible for good corrosion and wear resistances.

Structure and wear resistance of TiN and TiAlN coatings on AZ91 alloy deposited by multi-arc ion plating

In order to investigate the microstructure of TiN and TiAlN coatings and their effect on the wear resistance of Mg alloy, TiN and TiAlN coatings were deposited on AZ91 magnesium alloy by multi-arc ion plating technology.TiN and Ti70Al30N coatings were prepared on the substrate,respectively,which exhibited dark golden color and compact microstructure.The microstructures of TiN and Ti70Al30N coatings were investigated by X-ray diffractometry(XRD)and scanning electron microscopy(SEM).The micro-hardness and wear resistance of TiN and Ti70Al30N coatings were investigated in comparison with the uncoated AZ91 alloy. The XRD peaks assigned to TiN and TiAlN phases are found.The hardness of TiN coatings is two times as high as that of AZ91 alloy, and Ti70Al30N coating exhibits the highest hardness.The wear resistance of the hard coatings increases obviously as result of their high hardness.