依据政府间气候变化委员会(IPCC)2006年公布的反刍家畜胃肠道CH4排放系数(奶牛61 kg CH4头-1a-1,肉役牛47 kg CH4头-1a-1,绵羊和山羊均为5 kg CH4头-1a-1)和IPCC Tier 1计算方法,结合《中国统计年鉴》和《中国畜牧业统计年鉴》,估算了...依据政府间气候变化委员会(IPCC)2006年公布的反刍家畜胃肠道CH4排放系数(奶牛61 kg CH4头-1a-1,肉役牛47 kg CH4头-1a-1,绵羊和山羊均为5 kg CH4头-1a-1)和IPCC Tier 1计算方法,结合《中国统计年鉴》和《中国畜牧业统计年鉴》,估算了中国以及各个省份1990—2010年CH4的排放总量,绘制出中国反刍家畜胃肠道CH4排放格局及历史变化图。研究结果表明:11990—2010年期间,中国反刍家畜胃肠道CH4排放量(5.90—7.65 Tg)总体呈现先上升(1995年最高)后下降的趋势,其中肉役牛(主要是黄牛和水牛)胃肠道CH4排放量(>4.33 Tg)及其所占比例(>65%)最大。奶牛胃肠道CH4排放量及其比例呈现逐年增加的趋势,2006年(0.83 Tg,12.7%)超过山羊和绵羊胃肠道CH4排放量及其比例,成为中国反刍家畜胃肠道CH4排放第二大源。但是,奶牛单位产奶量所排放的CH4量逐年降低,表明中国奶牛饲养技术与生产性能不断提高。2中国反刍家畜胃肠道CH4排放格局呈现区域集中特点,主要集中在中西部和北部的各个省份,其中四川、内蒙古、新疆、河南、西藏、山东、河北、黑龙江、云南和甘肃等10个省份的排放量占中国排放总量的50%以上。总之,1990—2010年间,中国反刍家畜胃肠道CH4排放总量为(6.77±0.46)Tg(肉役牛为主要排放源),随时间推移呈现先上升后下降的趋势;中国反刍家畜胃肠道CH4排放的格局呈区域集中分布,中西部和北部的各个省份占60%以上。展开更多
Stochastic geometry is widely employed to model cellular network. But in most existing works, base stations(BSs) are modelled following a homogeneous Poisson point process(PPP) for one-tier network, or several indepen...Stochastic geometry is widely employed to model cellular network. But in most existing works, base stations(BSs) are modelled following a homogeneous Poisson point process(PPP) for one-tier network, or several independent homogeneous PPP for multi-tier network, which ignore the dependence among BSs. In this paper, a three-tier UDN(Ultra dense network) with Macrocell BSs(MBS) for basic coverage, Picocell BSs(PBSs) deployed outside the coverage area of MBSs for compensating coverage holes, and Femtocell BSs(FBSs) surrounding MBSs for capacity improvement modelled by point process with inter-tier dependence is proposed. The tier association probability, the coverage probability and area spectrum efficiency(ASE) are derived. Simulation results validate our derivation, and results show that the proposed network model has 25%-45% performance gain in ASE.展开更多
文摘依据政府间气候变化委员会(IPCC)2006年公布的反刍家畜胃肠道CH4排放系数(奶牛61 kg CH4头-1a-1,肉役牛47 kg CH4头-1a-1,绵羊和山羊均为5 kg CH4头-1a-1)和IPCC Tier 1计算方法,结合《中国统计年鉴》和《中国畜牧业统计年鉴》,估算了中国以及各个省份1990—2010年CH4的排放总量,绘制出中国反刍家畜胃肠道CH4排放格局及历史变化图。研究结果表明:11990—2010年期间,中国反刍家畜胃肠道CH4排放量(5.90—7.65 Tg)总体呈现先上升(1995年最高)后下降的趋势,其中肉役牛(主要是黄牛和水牛)胃肠道CH4排放量(>4.33 Tg)及其所占比例(>65%)最大。奶牛胃肠道CH4排放量及其比例呈现逐年增加的趋势,2006年(0.83 Tg,12.7%)超过山羊和绵羊胃肠道CH4排放量及其比例,成为中国反刍家畜胃肠道CH4排放第二大源。但是,奶牛单位产奶量所排放的CH4量逐年降低,表明中国奶牛饲养技术与生产性能不断提高。2中国反刍家畜胃肠道CH4排放格局呈现区域集中特点,主要集中在中西部和北部的各个省份,其中四川、内蒙古、新疆、河南、西藏、山东、河北、黑龙江、云南和甘肃等10个省份的排放量占中国排放总量的50%以上。总之,1990—2010年间,中国反刍家畜胃肠道CH4排放总量为(6.77±0.46)Tg(肉役牛为主要排放源),随时间推移呈现先上升后下降的趋势;中国反刍家畜胃肠道CH4排放的格局呈区域集中分布,中西部和北部的各个省份占60%以上。
基金partially supported by National 863 Program (2014AA01A702)national major project (2016ZX03001011-005)national natural science foundation project (61521061)
文摘Stochastic geometry is widely employed to model cellular network. But in most existing works, base stations(BSs) are modelled following a homogeneous Poisson point process(PPP) for one-tier network, or several independent homogeneous PPP for multi-tier network, which ignore the dependence among BSs. In this paper, a three-tier UDN(Ultra dense network) with Macrocell BSs(MBS) for basic coverage, Picocell BSs(PBSs) deployed outside the coverage area of MBSs for compensating coverage holes, and Femtocell BSs(FBSs) surrounding MBSs for capacity improvement modelled by point process with inter-tier dependence is proposed. The tier association probability, the coverage probability and area spectrum efficiency(ASE) are derived. Simulation results validate our derivation, and results show that the proposed network model has 25%-45% performance gain in ASE.
