Relative Time Quantum-based Enhancements in Round Robin Scheduling

Modern human life is heavily dependent on computing systems and one of the core components affecting the performance of these systems is underlying operating system.Operating systems need to be upgraded to match the needs of modern-day systems relying on Internet of Things,Fog computing and Mobile based applications.The scheduling algorithm of the operating system dictates that how the resources will be allocated to the processes and the Round Robin algorithm(RR)has been widely used for it.The intent of this study is to ameliorate RR scheduling algorithm to optimize task scheduling.We have carried out an experimental study where we have developed four variations of RR,each algorithm considers three-time quanta and the performance of these variations was compared with the RR algorithm,and results highlighted that these variations performed better than conventional RR algorithm.In the future,we intend to develop an automated scheduler that can determine optimal algorithm based on the current set of processes and will allocate time quantum to the processes intelligently at the run time.This way the task performance of modern-day systems can be improved to make them more efficient.

P-V Criticality of a Modified BTZ Black Hole in 2 + 1 Dimensional Intrinsic Time Quantum Gravity

Intrinsic time quantum geometrodynamics is a formulation of quantum gravity naturally adapted to 3 + 1 dimensions. In this paper we construct its analogous 2 + 1 formulation, taking note of the mathematical structures which are preserved. We apply the resulting construction to convert the BTZ black hole metric to ITQG framework. We then modify the BTZ black hole in order to investigate the existence of the P-V criticality in ITQG theory.

Intrinsic Spin Angular Momentum of Electron Relation to the Discrete Indivisible Quantum of Time Kshana or Moment

The frequency of any periodic event can be defined in terms of units of Time. Planck constructed a unit of time called the Plank time from other physical constants. Vyasa defined a natural unit of time, kshana, or moment based on the motion of a fundamental particle. It is the time taken by an elementary particle, to change its direction from east to north. According to Vyasa, kshana is discrete, exceedingly small, indivisible, and is a constant time quantum. When the intrinsic spin angular momentum of an electron was related to the angular momentum of a simple thin circular plate, spherical shell, and solid sphere model of an electron, we found that the value of kshana in seconds was equal to ten to a power of minus twenty-one second. The disc model for the spinning electron provides an accurate value of the number of kshanas per second as determined previously and compared with other spinning models of electrons. These results indicate that the disk-like model of spinning electrons is the correct model for electrons. Vyasa’s definition of kshana opens the possibility of a new foundation for the theory of physical time, and perspectives in theoretical and philosophical research.

God Time = Planck Time: Finally Detected! And Its Relation to Hubble Time

Newton already mentioned indivisible time in Principia. In 1899, Max Planck derived a unique time period from three universal constants: G, c, and ħ, and today this is known as the Planck time. The Planck time is of the order of about 10−44 seconds while the best atomic clocks are down to 10−19 seconds. An approach has recently been outlined that puts an upper limit on the quantization of time to 10−33 seconds;this is, however, still far away from the Planck time. We demonstrate that the Planck time can easily be measured without any knowledge of any other physical constants. This is remarkable as this means we have demonstrated that the Planck time and therefore the Planck scale is real and detectable. It has taken more than 100 years to understand this. The reason for the breakthrough in Planck scale physics in recent years comes from understanding that G is a composite constant and that the true matter wavelength is the Compton wavelength rather than the de Broglie wavelength. When this is understood, the mysteries of the Planck scale can be uncovered. In this paper, we also demonstrate how to measure the number of Planck events in a gravitational mass without relying on any constants. This directly relates to a new and simple method for quantizing general relativity theory that we also will shortly discuss.

New Approach to Synchronize General Relativity and Quantum Mechanics with Constant “K”-Resulting Dark Matter as a New Fundamental Force Particle

Planck scale plays a vital role in describing fundamental forces. Space time describes strength of fundamental force. In this paper, Einstein’s general relativity equation has been described in terms of contraction and expansion forces of space time. According to this, the space time with Planck diameter is a flat space time. This is the only diameter of space time that can be used as signal transformation in special relativity. This space time diameter defines the fundamental force which belongs to that space time. In quantum mechanics, this space time diameter is only the quantum of space which belongs to that particular fundamental force. Einstein’s general relativity equation and Planck parameters of quantum mechanics have been written in terms of equations containing a constant “K”, thus found a new equation for transformation of general relativity space time in to quantum space time. In this process of synchronization, there is a possibility of a new fundamental force between electromagnetic and gravitational forces with Planck length as its space time diameter. It is proposed that dark matter is that fundamental force carrying particle. By grand unification equation with space-time diameter, we found a coupling constant as per standard model “αs” for that fundamental force is 1.08 × 10-23. Its energy calculated as 113 MeV. A group of experimental scientists reported the energy of dark matter particle as 17 MeV. Thorough review may advance science further.

Mechanism of Universal Quantum Computation in the Brain

In this paper, the authors extend [1] and provide more details of how the brain may act like a quantum computer. In particular, positing the difference between voltages on two axons as the environment for ions undergoing spatial superposition, we argue that evolution in the presence of metric perturbations will differ from that in the absence of these waves. This differential state evolution will then encode the information being processed by the tract due to the interaction of the quantum state of the ions at the nodes with the “controlling’ potential. Upon decoherence, which is equal to a measurement, the final spatial state of the ions is decided and it also gets reset by the next impulse initiation time. Under synchronization, several tracts undergo such processes in synchrony and therefore the picture of a quantum computing circuit is complete. Under this model, based on the number of axons in the corpus callosum alone, we estimate that upwards of 50 million quantum states might be prepared and evolved every second in this white matter tract, far greater processing than any present quantum computer can accomplish.

Quantum speed limit time and entanglement in a non-Markovian evolution of spin qubits of coupled quantum dots

Quantum speed limit time and entanglement in a system composed of coupled quantum dots are investigated.The excess electron spin in each quantum dot constitutes the physical system(qubit).Also the spin interaction is modeled through the Heisenberg model and the spins are imposed by an external magnetic field.Taking into account the spin relaxation as a non-Markovian process,the quantum speed limit and entanglement evolution are discussed.Our findings reveal that increasing the magnetic field leads to the faster quantum evolution.In addition,the temperature increment causes the longer quantum speed limit time as well as the entanglement degradation.

Dirac Quantum Beats in Extreme Relativistic Diffraction in Time

We solve the relativistic Dirac equation for the shutter problem. We prove that, at intermediate relativistic energies, the probability density oscillates in time in a similar way to the optical Fresnel oscillations in a straight edge. However, for extreme-relativistic beams, the Fresnel oscillations turn into quantum damped beats.

Beyond Spacetime Geometry—The Death of Philosophy and Its Quantum Reincarnation

Contrary to the “end” and “death” assertions on philosophy, this paper predicts an equilibrium-based and harmony-centered scientific reincarnation of philosophy. Logically, the reincarnation is backed by a formal system and a background independent geometry that transcends spacetime. Physically, it is supported by definable quantum causality and bipolar logical unifications of matter and antimatter, particle and wave, big bang and black hole, relativity and quantum entanglement. Philosophically, it is distinguished from Western metaphysics and dialectics as well as the Dao of Laozi. It is named a quantum reincarnation for its central claim that YinYang bipolar quantum entanglement is the source of causality for the Being of beings following the 2nd law of thermodynamics. Thus, it presents a modest unification of science and philosophy for their reciprocal interaction (Note: Equilibrium subsumes non-equilibrium and quasi—equilibrium as local non-equilibriums can form global equilibrium or quasi-equilibrium).

Quantum speed limit time of a two-level atom under different quantum feedback control

We investigate the quantum speed limit time （QSLT） of a two-level atom under quantum-jump-based feedback control or homodyne-based feedback control. Our results show that the two different feedback control schemes have different influences on the evolutionary speed. By adjusting the feedback parameters, the quantum-jump-based feedback control can induce speedup of the atomic evolution from an excited state, but the homodyne-based feedback control cannot change the evolutionary speed. Additionally, the QSLT for the whole dynamical process is explored. Under the quantum-jump-based feedback control, the QSLT displays oscillatory behaviors, which implies multiple speed-up and speed-down processes during the evolution. While, the homodyne-based feedback control can accelerate the speed-up process and improve the uniform speed in the uniform evolution process.

Quantum speed limit time of a non-Hermitian two-level system

We investigated the quantum speed limit time of a non-Hermitian two-level system for which gain and loss of energy or amplitude are present. Our results show that, with respect to two distinguishable states of the non-Hermitian system, the evolutionary time does not have a nonzero lower bound. The quantum evolution of the system can be effectively accelerated by adjusting the non-Hermitian parameter, as well as the quantum speed limit time can be arbitrarily small even be zero.

Space-Time Properties as Quantum Effects. Restrictions Imposed by Grothendieck’s Scheme Theory

In this paper we consider properties of the four-dimensional space-time manifold M caused by the proposition that, according to the scheme theory, the manifold M is locally isomorphic to the spectrum of the algebra A, M ≅Spec (A), where A is the commutative algebra of distributions of quantum-field densities. Points of the manifold M are defined as maximal ideals of density distributions. In order to determine the algebra A, it is necessary to define multiplication on densities and to eliminate those densities, which cannot be multiplied. This leads to essential restrictions imposed on densities and on space-time properties. It is found that the only possible case, when the commutative algebra A exists, is the case, when the quantum fields are in the space-time manifold M with the structure group SO (3, 1) (Lorentz group). The algebra A consists of distributions of densities with singularities in the closed future light cone subset. On account of the local isomorphism M ≅Spec (A) , the quantum fields exist only in the space-time manifold with the one-dimensional arrow of time. In the fermion sector the restrictions caused by the possibility to define the multiplication on the densities of spinor fields can explain the chirality violation. It is found that for bosons in the Higgs sector the charge conjugation symmetry violation on the densities of states can be observed. This symmetry violation can explain the matter-antimatter imbalance. It is found that in theoretical models with non-abelian gauge fields instanton distributions are impossible and tunneling effects between different topological vacua | n> do not occur. Diagram expansion with respect to the -algebra variables is considered.

Two Problems of Time Entering Respectively the Relativistic Mechanics and Electron Transport in Quantum Theory

In the relativistic mechanics, we calculate a minimal distance between the time scale of a one-dimensional motion having a larger velocity and the time scale of a similar motion with a lower velocity. Concerning the quantum theory, we demonstrate that mechanical parameters entering the electron motion in the Bohr hydrogen atom can provide us with a correct size of the time interval entering the Joule-Lenz law for the emission energy between two neighbouring quantum levels of the atom.

Magnetic Field Induction and Time Intervals of the Electron Transitions Approached in a Classical and Quantum-Mechanical Way

The motion of electron wave packets of a metal is examined classically in the presence of the magnetic field with the aim to calculate the time intervals between two states lying on the same Fermi surface. A lower limiting value of the transition time equal to about 10–18 sec is estimated as an average for the case when the states are lying on the Fermi surface having a spherical shape. Simultaneously, an upper limit for the electron circular frequency in a metal has been also derived. A formal reference of the classical transition time to the time interval entering the energy-time uncertainty relations known in quantum mechanics is obtained.

Infinite Freedom of Space-Time for Zero-Energy-Entity in Quantum Mechanics

Zero-energy state is investigated by taking infinitesimal energy and observing its uncertainty in space-time, adopting quantum mechanics. In this paper, the uncertainty in conventional quantum mechanics is found to be interpreted as freedom in space-time, which results in possibility of time travel and space transition of the zero-energy state, which could be information or mind. The wave function of a physical system composed of multiple particles or wave-packets is examined and found that it can be arbitrarily changed by grouping by observers. It leads to an idea that even infinitesimal energy or wave-packets in a heavy physical system may separately exist and it has the infinite freedom of space-time.

Associative Space-Time Sedenions and Their Application in Relativistic Quantum Mechanics and Field Theory

We present an alternative sixteen-component hypercomplex scalar-vector values named “space-time sedenions”, generating associative noncommutative space-time Clifford algebra. The generalization of relativistic quantum mechanics and field theory equations based on sedenionic wave function and space-time operators is discussed.

A Probabilistic Method of Characterizing Transit Times for Quantum Particles in Non-Stationary States

We present a probabilistic approach to characterizing the transit time for a quantum particle to flow between two spatially localized states. The time dependence is investigated by initializing the particle in one spatially localized “orbital” and following the time development of the corresponding non-stationary wavefunction of the time-independent Hamiltonian as the particle travels to a second orbital. We show how to calculate the probability that the particle, initially localized in one orbital, has reached a second orbital after a given elapsed time. To do so, discrete evaluations of the time-dependence of orbital occupancy, taken using a fixed time increment, are subjected to conditional probability analysis with the additional restriction of minimum flow rate. This approach yields transit-time probabilities that converge as the time increment used is decreased. The method is demonstrated on cases of two-state oscillations and shown to produce physically realistic results.

Quantum Fuzzy Logic and Time

Recently we proposed the linguistic Copenhagen interpretation (or, quantum language, measurement theory), which has a great power to describe both classical and quantum systems. Thus we think that quantum language can be viewed as the language of science. Further, we showed that certain logic (called quantum fuzzy logic) works in quantum language. In general, it is said that logic and time do not go well together. Then, the purpose of this paper is to show that quantum fuzzy logic works well with time. That is, quantum fuzzy logic has the advantage of being able to clearly distinguish between implication and causality. In fact, we will show the contraposition of the proposition “If no one is scolded, no one will study” (or the negation of “John is always hungry”) can be written in quantum fuzzy logic. However, “time” in everyday language has various aspects (e.g., tense, subjective time). Therefore, it is not possible to understand all of the “time” of everyday language by the “time” of quantum language.

Non-Probabilistic Approach to the Time of Energy Emission in Small Quantum Systems

The energy emitted by an electron in course of its transition between two quantum levels can be considered as a dissipated energy. This energy is obtained within a definite interval of time. The problem of the size of the time interval necessary for transitions is examined both on the ground of the quantum approach as well as classical electrodynamics. It is found that in fact the emission time approaches the time interval connected with acceleration of a classical velocity of the electron particle from one of its quantum levels to a neighbouring one.

Remarkable Findings in Fundamental Theory of Quantum Mechanics—Matter Wave and Discrete Time in Physics

The relation of matter wave, which is well-known as a hypothesis proposed by de Broglie in 1923, gave basis for establishing the quantum mechanics. After that, experimental results revealed that a micro particle has a wave nature. However, the theoretical validity of the relation itself has never been revealed since his proposal. Theoretical basis that a micro particle has a wave nature has been thus disregarded in the unsolved state. The diffusion equation having been accepted as Fick’s second law was derived from the theory of Markov process in mathematics. It was then revealed that the diffusivity D depends on an angular momentum of a micro particle in a local space. The fact being unable to discriminate between micro particles in a local space resulted in having to accept the existence of minimum time t0 (>0) in the quantum mechanics. Based on t0 and D obtained here, the theoretical validity of relation of matter wave was confirmed. Denying the density theorem in mathematics for time in physics indicates that the probabilistic interpretation is essentially indispensable for understanding the quantum mechanics. The logical necessity of quantum theory itself is thus understandable through introducing t0 into the Newton mechanics. It is remarkable that the value of t0 between 1.14×10-17 s ≤ t0 ≤1.76×10-14 s obtained here is extremely larger than that of the well-known Planck time tp=5.396×10-44 s.