Flight Time Minimization of UAV for Cooperative Data Collection in Probabilistic LoS Channel

This paper investigates the data collection in an unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV)-aided Internet of Things(IoT) network, where a UAV is dispatched to collect data from ground sensors in a practical and accurate probabilistic line-of-sight(LoS) channel. Especially, access points(APs) are introduced to collect data from some sensors in the unlicensed band to improve data collection efficiency. We formulate a mixed-integer non-convex optimization problem to minimize the UAV flight time by jointly designing the UAV 3D trajectory and sensors’ scheduling, while ensuring the required amount of data can be collected under the limited UAV energy. To solve this nonconvex problem, we recast the objective problem into a tractable form. Then, the problem is further divided into several sub-problems to solve iteratively, and the successive convex approximation(SCA) scheme is applied to solve each non-convex subproblem. Finally,the bisection search is adopted to speed up the searching for the minimum UAV flight time. Simulation results verify that the UAV flight time can be shortened by the proposed method effectively.

Analyzing crude oils from the Junggar Basin(NW China) using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry(GC×GC-TOFMS)

As a new technology of analyzing crude oils, comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography cou- pled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry （GCxGC- TOFMS） has received much research attention. Here we present a case study in the Junggar Basin of NW China. Results show that the hydrocarbons, including saturates and aromatics, were all well-separated without large co- elution, which cannot be realized by conventional one-dimensional GC-MS. The GC×GC technique is especially effective for analyzing aromatics and low-to-middle- molecular-weight hydrocarbons, such as diamondoids. The geochemical characteristics of crude oils in the study area were investigated through geochemical parameters extracted by GC×GC-TOFMS, improving upon the understanding obtained by GC-MS. Thus, the work here represents a new successful application of GC×GC- TOFMS, showing its broad usefulness in petroleum geochemistry.

基于MALDI-TOF MS肽指纹图谱技术的中药鹿血晶掺伪鉴别研究

本研究应用基质辅助激光解吸电离-飞行时间质谱(MALDI-TOF MS)技术,构建了具有物种特异性的白蛋白和血红蛋白特征肽指纹图谱,用于中药鹿血晶的掺伪鉴别。以鹿血晶真品(梅花鹿、马鹿)和常见掺伪品(猪、牛、羊、驴)共6个物种的血晶制品作为研究对象,通过理论肽段预测并结合高分辨质谱,筛选出1组能够反映物种差异的特征肽段。采集不同物种来源血晶制品以及不同来源市售中药鹿血晶的特征肽指纹图谱,并结合化学计量学分析,实现了不同来源血晶制品的快速准确区分。该方法能够实现复杂基质样品中目标特征肽段的灵敏、特异检测,具有高专属性、快速、便捷的优势,为鹿血晶及血晶类中药制品的掺伪鉴别提供了准确的分析手段,也为其他复杂蛋白类制品的快速鉴别提供了有价值的参考。

基于UPLC-Q-TOF MS及GC-MS技术分析脑血栓专利方全成分

本研究采用超高效液相色谱-四极杆飞行时间质谱(UPLC-Q-TOF MS)法和气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)法分析脑血栓专利方的化学成分。对于非挥发性成分,采用Waters BEH C18色谱柱(100 mm×2.1 mm,1.7μm),以0.1%甲酸水溶液-乙腈为流动相进行梯度洗脱,电喷雾离子源正、负离子模式采集数据;对于挥发性成分,采用DB-5MS毛细管柱(30 m×0.25 mm,0.25μm)在程序升温下分离,EI离子源电离,质量扫描范围m/z 50~550。根据精确质荷比、二级质谱信息、NIST标准谱库检索及相关文献鉴定脑血栓专利方成分,并对化合物进行来源归属。结果表明,在脑血栓专利方中共鉴定出61种非挥发性成分以及29种挥发性成分,其中包括14种黄酮类、13种萜类、9种苷类、5种有机酸类、17种烃类、3种醇类、1种醛类、1种酯类、3种酚类、2种萜烯类以及12种其他类型的化合物。本研究可为揭示脑血栓专利方的药效物质基础提供数据支持。

CO₂Absorption Solvent Degradation Compound Identification Using Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Quadrapole-Time of Flight (LCMSQTOF)

The degradation of the alkanolamine solvent used in the removal of acid gases from natural gas streams due to exposure to contaminants, thermal degradation and presence of oxygen or oxygen containing compounds will change the solvent properties, such as heat transfer coefficient, diffusion coefficient, and mass transfer coefficient of the solvent. Therefore, characterization and quantification of amine degradation product becomes one of the important analyses to determine alkanolamine solvent’s health. In order to identify degradation products of alkanolamine solvent, analytical strategies by using mass spectrometry (MS) as detector have been studied extensively. In this work, due to the low concentration of the amine degradation product, a method was developed for identification of alkanolamine degradation products using LCMS-QTOF technique. A strategy for identification of trace degradation products has been identified. Six (6) alkanolamine degradation products had been identified by using LCMS-QTOF targeted analysis in the blended alkanolamine solvent used in natural gas processing plant. Another fifteen (15) molecular formulas having similarity in chemical structure to alkanolamine degradation products were identified using untargeted analysis strategy, as possible compounds related to degradation products. Using LCMS-QTOF via targeted and untargeted analysis strategy, without tedious column separation and reference standard, enables laboratory to provide a quick and indicative information for alkanolamine solvent’s organic degradation compounds identification in CO2 adsorption, within reasonable analysis time.

The Development of Time-of-flight Mass Spectrometry( TOF-MS) and Its Applications in Screening Food Hazard Factors

The time-of-flight mass spectrometry(TOF-MS),one of the mass spectrometry techniques,has been widely applied in the field of rapid screening of food hazard factors as a superior analysis technique because of its wide mass range,high resolution and mass measurement accuracy,high sensitivity and high analysis speed.In this paper,research progresses of TOF-MS on the detection of food additives,food contaminants and residues,illegal additives,pesticide residues,veterinary drug residues and mycotoxin were reviewed,and its probable approaching applications were prospected.

基于UPLC-QTOF MS/MS技术研究甜叶菊绿原酸类成分的降解机制

本文以甜叶菊绿原酸为研究对象,利用高效液相色谱检测样品中3-咖啡酰奎宁酸(3-CQA)、4-咖啡酰奎宁酸(4-CQA)、5-咖啡酰奎宁酸(5-CQA)、咖啡酸、3,4-二咖啡酰奎宁酸(3,4-diCQA)、3,5-二咖啡酰奎宁酸(3,5-diCQA)、4,5-二咖啡酰奎宁酸(4,5-diCQA)等7种绿原酸类成分的含量,并利用超高效液相色谱-串联四极杆飞行时间质谱(UPLC-QTOF MS/MS)法鉴定绿原酸在不同诱发条件下的降解产物及降解途径。结果表明,样品中绿原酸总量在溶剂、光、热、pH值等诱发条件下均呈下降趋势。通过分析降解产物,甜叶菊绿原酸在溶剂中存放易发生烷基化反应,在光照条件下易发生降解,在高温环境中易发生脱水和烷基化,在酸碱介质中易发生水解和构型转化。综上,脱水、降解、水解和异构化是甜叶菊绿原酸受外界环境干扰时可能发生的4种损失途径。本研究不仅深化了对绿原酸理化性质的理解,也为制定有效的保存策略,确保绿原酸类成分在药品、保健品及化妆品等产品中的质量控制提供了科学依据和实践指导。

基于GC-QTOF-MS对物理回收的食品接触用再生高密度聚乙烯中迁移物的非靶向筛查

以3家企业提供的21?种食品接触用再生高密度聚乙烯(recycled high-density polyethylene,rHDPE)样品在60℃条件下与两种代表性食品模拟物(95%乙醇、4%乙酸溶液)接触10 d作为迁移实验条件,利用气相色谱-串联四极杆飞行时间质谱检测迁移到食品模拟物中的物质。被筛查出的161种物质根据其毒性进行分级(由低至高分为Ⅰ~Ⅳ级),其中毒性Ⅲ和Ⅳ级的有59种,且其预测辛醇/水分配系数大于毒性Ⅰ、Ⅱ级的物质。被筛查的物质中苯及取代衍生物占比最高。邻苯类增塑剂、抗氧剂降解产物以及多环芳烃等物质需要特别关注。使用正交偏最小二乘判别分析迁移物在不同阶段样品中的迁移量变化,发现终产品相较母粒样品中物质的迁移量有所提升。该研究可以为食品接触用r HDPE中迁移物的分析及安全风险评估提供理论基础。

基于UPLC-Q-TOF-MS分析江西特色炮制技术对中药升麻化学成分的影响

目的比较江西特色炮制技术对升麻化学成分的影响,筛选优质饮片品种。方法采用超高效液相色谱-四极杆-飞行时间串联质谱(ultra performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time of flight tandem mass spectrometry,UPLC-Q-TOF-MS)技术,在正、负离子模式下分析升麻不同炮制品的化学成分,通过对照品、相对分子质量、质谱裂解规律和文献信息进行鉴定。利用SIMCA-P13.0软件建立升麻各炮制品主成分分析(principal component analysis,PCA)和偏最小二乘法-判别分析(partial least squares discriminant analysis,PLS-DA)模型,获取PCA得分图、PLA-DA得分图和变量重要性投影(variable importance plot,VIP)值,筛选造成升麻炮制前后主要差异的物质基础。利用MetaboAnatyst网页绘图工具,制作得到热图,可更直观地观察升麻化学成分经炮制后的变化趋势。结果鉴定出71个化学成分,PCA显示经不同方法炮制后升麻组间差异性大,PLS-DA筛选出VIP值>1的33个化学成分作为炮制前后差异性的主要化学标记物。其中生品和蜜炙升麻中三萜类含量较高,蜜麸、蜜糠炒升麻中酚酸类物质含量较高,蜜麸升麻中阿魏酸含量较高。结论酚酸类和三萜皂苷类是区分升麻不同炮制品最重要的化合物类别,为江西特色升麻饮片的药效物质基础及优势品种研究提供了依据。

基质辅助解析/电离-飞行时间质谱仪(MALDITOF MS)的使用维护与故障分析

布鲁克公司生产的基质辅助解析/电离-飞行时间质谱仪(MALDI-TOF MS)具有测试快速、准确、灵敏度高、检测范围广等优点。在实际使用中,MALDI-TOF MS的管理和维护对于测试结果的可靠性和仪器安全稳定运行至关重要。介绍了MALDI-TOF MS的工作原理和基质、制样和实验室环境要求,总结了使用过程中遇到的问题并提出了解决方案。

Automatic Feature Point Detection and Tracking of Human Actions in Time-of-flight Videos

Detecting feature points on the human body in video frames is a key step for tracking human movements. There have been methods developed that leverage models of human pose and classification of pixels of the body image. Yet, occlusion and robustness are still open challenges. In this paper, we present an automatic, model-free feature point detection and action tracking method using a time-of-flight camera. Our method automatically detects feature points for movement abstraction. To overcome errors caused by miss-detection and occlusion, a refinement method is devised that uses the trajectory of the feature points to correct the erroneous detections. Experiments were conducted using videos acquired with a Microsoft Kinect camera and a publicly available video set and comparisons were conducted with the state-of-the-art methods. The results demonstrated that our proposed method delivered improved and reliable performance with an average accuracy in the range of 90 %.The trajectorybased refinement also demonstrated satisfactory effectiveness that recovers the detection with a success rate of 93.7 %. Our method processed a frame in an average time of 71.1 ms.

Liquid chromatography coupled with time-of-flight and ion trap mass spectrometry for qualitative analysis of herbal medicines

With the expansion of herbal medicine （HM） market, the issue on how to apply up-to- date analytical tools on qualitative analysis of HMs to assure their quality, safety and efficacy has been arousing great attention. Due to its inherent characteristics of accurate mass measurements and multiple stages analysis, the integrated strategy of liquid chromatography （LC） coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry （TOF-MS） and ion trap mass spectrometry （IT-MS） is well-suited to be performed as qualitative analysis tool in this field. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview on the potential of this integrated strategy, including the review of general features of LC-IT-MS and LC-TOF-MS, the advantages of their combination, the common procedures for structure elucidation, the potential of LC-hybrid-IT-TOF/MS and also the summary and discussion of the applications of the integrated strategy for HM qualitative analysis （2006-2011）. The advantages and future developments of LC coupled with IT and TOF-MS are highlighted.

FPGA-based High-precision Measurement Algorithm for the Ultrasonic Echo Time of Flight

Based on the evaluation of advantages and disadvantages of high-precision digital time interval measuring algorithms, and combined with the principle of the typical time-difference ultrasonic flow measurement, the requirements for the measurement of echo time of flight put forward by the ultrasonic flow measurement are analyzed. A new high-precision time interval measurement algorithm is presented, which combines the pulse counting method with the phase delay interpolation. The pulse counting method is used to ensure a large dynamic measuring range, and a double-edge triggering counter is designed to improve the accuracy and reduce the counting quantization error. The phase delay interpolation is used to reduce the quantization error of pulse counting for further improving the time measurement resolution. Test data show that the systexn for the measurement of the ultrasonic echo time of flight based on this algorithm and implemented on an Field Programmable Gate Army（FleA） needs a relatively short time for measurement, and has a measurement error of less than 105 ps.

基于TOF和自适应抗差卡尔曼滤波的UWB室内定位算法

为提高超宽带(UWB)定位系统在室内复杂环境下的定位精度,提出一种基于飞行时间(TOF)和自适应抗差卡尔曼滤波(ARKF)的改进定位算法。针对超低功耗宽带设备在复杂室内环境状态下易受周围干扰而存在标准时间偏差的问题,提出一种改进的TOF算法,同时进行测距标定,拟合数据;对室内存在非视距(NLOS)干扰的情形,提出一种ARKF算法,通过比较残差与3倍信息的方差来判断视距(LOS)与NLOS情形。实验结果显示:该算法可以在静态与动态定位实验中有效提高系统定位精度,降低定位误差,取得较好的定位效果。

High Accuracy Time of Flight Measurement Using Digital Signal Processing Techniques for Subsea Applications

The techniques widely used in ultrasonic measurements are based on the determination of the time of flight (T.o.F). A short train of waves is transmitted and same transducer is used for reception of the reflected signal for the pulse-echo measurement applications. The amplitude of the received waveform is an envelope which starts from zero reaches to a peak and then dies out. The echoes are mostly detected by simple threshold crossing technique, which is also cause of error. In this paper digital signal processing is used to calculate the time delay in reception i.e. T.o.F, for which a maximum similarity between the reference and the delayed echo signals is obtained. To observe the effect of phase uncertainties and frequency shifts (Doppler), this processing is carried out, both directly on the actual wave shape and after extracting the envelopes of the reference and delayed echo signals. Several digital signal processing algorithms are considered and the effects of different factors such as sampling rate, resolution of digitization and S/N ratio are analyzed. Result show accuracy, computing time and cost for different techniques.

第二代FlightSense的ToF激光测距的工程设计考量

ToF激光测距的精准度更高,可用于手机、控制面板和家庭服务机器人等。近日,ST公司推出了第二代Flight Sense,并介绍了其原理及工程设计理念。

A New Method for Detecting Internal Defects in Composite Materials Based on Time of Flight

Carbon-fiber reinforced polymer composites have been widely used to achieve the light-weighted design and high performance due to superior performance. Internal defects in the composite materials are the main factors that determine their performance,which makes reliable and effective detection methods of internal defects essential. Nondestructive testing(NDT)methods are the most widely-used way due to their tremendous advantages. Though the theoretical background is found,experimental results could be quite complicated and confusing,especially for composite materials with complex defects characteristics. In this paper,experimental study on internal defects in composite materials based on the time of flight(ToF)are investigated. The Gaussian echo model and the parameter estimation methods are established to build a theoretical model for measurements. Then,the distance amplitude correction(DAC)method is proposed to effectively improve the signal-to-noise ratio(SNR)and to reduce distortion of the signal during measurements. Finally,the ToF is adopted to determine depth of internal defects. Experiment study is conducted to investigate the porosity defects and the anti-impact performance of composite materials,as well as defects in objects with various thicknesses. Experimental results show that the proposed method is quite helpful for obtaining the intuition and deep understanding of internal defects,thus contributing to the determination of product performance and its improvement.

基于GC×GC-TOFMS-O分析3种武夷岩茶的关键香气成分

通过感官审评、全二维气相色谱-飞行时间质谱-嗅辨仪技术及香气活力值法,分析了三个茶树品种(肉桂、水仙、大红袍)毛茶在同一焙火温度下加工制成的三种武夷岩茶的关键香气成分。在香气品质上,肉桂以桂皮香为主,并带有花香;水仙以兰花香为主;大红袍花果香馥郁。3种武夷岩茶中共检测出337种挥发性成分,36种香气活性成分、26种关键香气成分。其中,在肉桂、水仙、大红袍中分别确定17、16、18种关键香气成分。结合热图分析,肉桂中确定香叶醇、3,5-二乙基-2-甲基-吡嗪、异戊酸正己酯、正己醛等8个主要关键香气成分;水仙中确定己酸戊酯、罗勒烯、甲基庚烯酮、吲哚、3-乙基-2,5-甲基吡嗪等10个主要关键香气成分;大红袍中确定苯乙醇、苯甲酸甲酯、十一醛、2-甲基吡嗪、十二醛等8个主要关键香气成分,表明这些化合物对不同武夷岩茶香气品质的形成具有重要贡献。

Design and simulation of time-of-flight neutron reflectometer

In this paper,a time of flight neutron reflectometer model is proposed.According to the original objective inputting physical parameters and expectations,computer simulation was done by McStas package.With the open slit, neutron flux at sample position was about 1×10~5 n·cm^(-2)·S^(-1),and the optimal resolution could reach 0.5%.The results show that the model has a good performance.The design of this model can be an instruction for neutron reflectometer construction or project analysis in the future.

基于UHPLC-QTOF-MS的兰州百合植物化学成分鉴定

为探究地理标志产品兰州百合(Lilium davidii var.unicolor)的植物化学成分,以甘肃省五个主要产区(兰州市榆中县、兰州市七里河区、定西市临洮县、定西市渭源县、临夏市永靖县)的兰州百合鳞茎为研究对象,基于超高效液相色谱串联四极杆飞行时间质谱法的非靶向代谢组学技术鉴定其植物化学成分。结果表明,在兰州百合鳞茎中初步鉴定出62种植物化学成分,包含谷胱甘肽等22种氨基酸、多肽及其衍生物,溶血磷脂酰胆碱等9种油脂和磷脂类,鼠李糖等7种糖类,阿魏酸、咖啡酸等7种酚酸类,山奈酚等4种黄酮类,核黄素、维生素C等4种天然维生素,阿魏酰腐胺等3种酚胺类,大丁苷等2种香豆素类,葫芦巴碱等2种生物碱,萜类组分松香酸和三萜皂苷类组分刺五加苷E。本研究丰富了兰州百合植物化学成分的现有数据,为兰州百合的研究与利用提供了科学依据。