Comparative Analysis of Climatic Change Trend and Change-Point Analysis for Long-Term Daily Rainfall Annual Maximum Time Series Data in Four Gauging Stations in Niger Delta

The aim of this study is to establish the prevailing conditions of changing climatic trends and change point dates in four selected meteorological stations of Uyo, Benin, Port Harcourt, and Warri in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. Using daily or 24-hourly annual maximum series (AMS) data with the Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) and the modified Chowdury Indian Meteorological Department (MCIMD) models were adopted to downscale the time series data. Mann-Kendall (MK) trend and Sen’s Slope Estimator (SSE) test showed a statistically significant trend for Uyo and Benin, while Port Harcourt and Warri showed mild trends. The Sen’s Slope magnitude and variation rate were 21.6, 10.8, 6.00 and 4.4 mm/decade, respectively. The trend change-point analysis showed the initial rainfall change-point dates as 2002, 2005, 1988, and 2000 for Uyo, Benin, Port Harcourt, and Warri, respectively. These prove positive changing climatic conditions for rainfall in the study area. Erosion and flood control facilities analysis and design in the Niger Delta will require the application of Non-stationary IDF modelling.

Formation and evolution of the strike-slip faults in the central Sichuan Basin, SW China

Based on 3D seismic and drilling data, the timing, evolution and genetic mechanism of deep strike-slip faults in the central Sichuan Basin are thoroughly examined by using the U-Pb dating of fault-filled carbonate cement and seismic-geological analysis. The strike-slip fault system was initially formed in the Late Sinian, basically finalized in the Early Cambrian with dextral transtensional structure, was overlaid with at least one stage of transpressional deformation before the Permian, then was reversed into a sinistral weak transtensional structure in the Late Permian. Only a few of these faults were selectively activated in the Indosinian and later periods. The strike-slip fault system was affected by the preexisting structures such as Nanhuanian rifting normal faults and NW-striking deep basement faults. It is an oblique accommodated intracratonic transfer fault system developed from the Late Sinian to Early Cambrian to adjust the uneven extension of the Anyue trough from north to south and matches the Anyue trough in evolution time and intensity. In the later stage, multiple inversion tectonics and selective activation occurred under different tectonic backgrounds.

Reconstruction of High Resolution Timescale in Weinan Loess Section of Late Quaternary

Seven samples of loess and paleosol collected from the major stratigraphic boundaries of the strata of the Weinan section, Shaanxi Province, are dated using the fine-grained TL technique.Based on the TL results and previously ages-published from this section, the polynomial fitting methods are applied to the development of the high resolution time scale for the Weinan loess section in the late Quaternary. According to this time scale, the ages of S0/L1, L1-1/L1-2, L1-4/L1-5, L1/S1 and S1/L2 stratigraphic boundary of Weinan section are 1. 1, 2. 5, 5. 1,7. 6 and 12. 8 ka B. P., which, with exception of the maximum difference between the ages of L1-4/ L1-5 and the ages of 3/4 stage boundary of the deep-sea oxygen isotopes, are generally consistent with the ages of 1/2, 2/3, 4/5 and 5/6 stage boundary of the deep-sea oxygen isotopes in the SPECMAP curve.

Restoration of reservoir diagenesis and hydrocarbon accumulation process by calcite in-situ U-Pb dating and fluid inclusion analysis: A case study on Cretaceous Qingshuihe Formation in Gaoquan Structure, southern Junggar Basin, NW China

The complexity of diagenesis and hydrocarbon accumulation in the deep reservoirs in southern Junggar Basin restricts hydrocarbon exploration in the lower reservoir assemblage. The lithofacies and diagenesis of reservoirs in the Cretaceous Qingshuihe Formation in the Gaoquan structure of the Sikeshu Sag, southern Junggar Basin were analyzed. On this basis, the thermal history was calibrated using calcite in-situ U-Pb dating and fluid inclusion analysis to depict the hydrocarbon accumulation process in the Gaoquan structure. The results show that the Qingshuihe reservoir experienced two phases of calcite cementation and three phases of hydrocarbon charging. The calcite cements are dated to be (122.1±6.4) Ma, (14.4±1.0) Ma - (14.2±0.3) Ma. The hydrocarbon charging events occurred at around 14.2-30.0 Ma (low-mature oil), 14.2 Ma (mature oil), and 2 Ma (high-mature gas). The latter two phases of hydrocarbon charging contributed dominantly to the formation of reservoir. Due to the S-N compressive thrust activity during the late Himalayan period since 2 Ma, the traps in the Gaoquan structure were reshaped, especially the effective traps which developed in the main reservoir-forming period were decreased significantly in scale, resulting in weak hydrocarbon shows in the middle-lower part of the structure. This indicates that the effective traps in key reservoir-forming period controlled hydrocarbon enrichment and distribution in the lower reservoir assemblage. Calcite U-Pb dating combined with fluid inclusion analysis can help effectively describe the complex diagenesis and hydrocarbon accumulation process in the central-west part of the basin.

Lower activity time constraint on the ore-controlling Erdaogou fault in the Qingchengzi orefield of the Liaodong Peninsula,NE China

The Erdaogou fault,also known as the 101 fault,comprises the most important NE strike component in the ore-controlling system in the Qingchengzi orefield,Liaodong Peninsula.Due to the poor outcrop conditions in the field,the Erdaogou fault lacks activity time constraint.We demonstrate the constraint activity time of the fault since we observe a lamprophyre that was cut through by the Erdaogou fault in the Taoyuan area,central to the Qingchengzi orefield.Zircon grains from the lamprophyre dyke exhibit typical oscillatory zoning and yield weighted mean U–Pb age of 223.8±1.1 Ma(MSWD=1.5).The lower activity time limit of the Erdaogou fault is thus first constrained as 224 Ma or so and is correlated with the crystallization age of the Xinling and Shuangdinggou plutons within the orefield.Taking previous mineralization studies into consideration,a Triassic tectonic-magmatism-mineralization model is approved in the Qingchengzi orefield.

Isotope implications of groundwater recharge,residence time and hydrogeochemical evolution of the Longdong Loess Basin,Northwest China

Groundwater plays a dominant role in the eco-environmental protection of arid and semi-arid regions.Understanding the sources and mechanisms of groundwater recharge,the interactions between groundwater and surface water and the hydrogeochemical evolution and transport processes of groundwater in the Longdong Loess Basin,Northwest China,is of importance for water resources management in this ecologically sensitive area.In this study,71 groundwater samples(mainly distributed at the Dongzhi Tableland and along the Malian River)and 8 surface water samples from the Malian River were collected,and analysis of the aquifer system and hydrological conditions,together with hydrogeochemical and isotopic techniques were used to investigate groundwater sources,residence time and their associated recharge processes.Results show that the middle and lower reaches of the Malian River receive water mainly from groundwater discharge on both sides of valley,while the source of the Malian River mainly comes from local precipitation.Groundwater of the Dongzhi Tableland is of a HCO3-Ca-Na type with low salinity.The reverse hydrogeochemical simulation suggests that the dissolution of carbonate minerals and cation exchange between Ca^(2+),Mg^(2+)and Na+are the main water-rock interactions in the groundwater system of the Dongzhi Tableland.Theδ^(18)O(from-11.70‰to-8.52‰)andδ2H(from-86.15‰to-65.75‰)values of groundwater are lower than the annual weighted average value of precipitation but closer to summer-autumn precipitation and soil water in the unsaturated zone,suggesting that possible recharge comes from the summer-autumn monsoonal heavy precipitation in the recent past(≤220 a).The corrected 14C ages of groundwater range from 3,000 to 25,000 a old,indicating that groundwater was mainly from precipitation during the humid and cold Late Pleistocene and Holocene periods.Groundwater flows deeper from the groundwater table and from the center to the east,south and west of the Dongzhi Tableland with estimated migration rate of 1.29-1.43 m/a.The oldest groundwater in the Quaternary Loess Aquifer in the Dongzhi Tableland is approximately 32,000 a old with poor renewability.Based on theδ^(18)O temperature indicator of groundwater,we speculate that temperature of the Last Glacial Maximum in the Longdong Loess Basin was 2.4℃-6.0℃ colder than the present.The results could provide us the valuable information on groundwater recharge and evolution under thick loess layer,which would be significative for the scientific water resources management in semi-arid regions.

Date and Time

Nowadays the pace of social life is very fast.TO make clear date and time is very important to everyone,especially those who are away fromhome.You need to learn ways to express date and time in Chinese.Otherwise how can you make arrangements with your Chinese friends?41.请问,今天(是)几号?Qǐngwèn,jīntiān(shǐ)jǐ hào?(May I ask,what is the date today?)In Chinese,jǐntiān.míngtiān,hòutiān and dàhòutiān are used to express today,tomorrow,the day after tomorrow,and the fourth day fromnow.jǐ(how many)is a character used in questioning the number from two to nine.If one asks the number above nine,then shí(ten)。

Flow Pattern and Residence Time of Groundwater within Volta River Basin in Benin(Northwestern Benin)

The knowledge about groundwater flow conditions within Volta river basin in Benin, has restricted information coming to piezometry, water storage time, water path, and water quality. A good groundwater resources assessment of this sudano-sahelian area, is a huge condition for the sustainable management of water resources, which since the part of the 20th century is facing a severe drought that leads to a greater aridity. This article provides a summary with the main elements of carbon isotope (13C and 14C) as well as tritium (3H) coupled with hydrogeological and hydrochemical data. The goal is to improve the initial water recharging and the groundwater flow system within the aquifer. Two main results can be produced from the groundwater chemistry. First, the interactions between groundwater and clay minerals related to the residence time of groundwater are indicated by a slight evolution of Ca-HCO3 and Ca-Mg-HCO3 to Na-HCO3. Beside that towards water types Cl-NO3 indicates the anthropogenic influence on groundwater, related to agricultural activities and sanitation conditions. The carbon-14 activity measured on the TDIC is between 17.29 and 85.47 pmC. Therefore, it contains some samples covering a wide period of time from now to the Holocene implying a continuous system recharging over time. All the data confirm the assumption of a homogeneous, largely unified aquifer system with a multi-layer structure, but it also points out the low resource sustainability and a strong anthropogenic contamination of the most superficial horizons.

论何休日月时例中的详与略

《公羊》学者何休从详与略的角度对《春秋》的日月时例作了大量的阐发。何休基于二元对立的思维,对日、月、时这三个要素作两两对待,即日、月相对,日为详,月为略;月、时相对,月为详,时为略。何休从日月时的详略轻重出发,阐发蕴含其中的褒贬大义,但何休并没有采取二元对立的思维来阐明褒贬,即并不是详书日月以示褒,略书就意味着贬;其实有很多情况,日月时的详略表明的是褒、贬程度的浅深。也正因为日月时的详略在意义的阐发上具有程度上的深浅轻重等的变化关系,因此能很好地与其三世进化说相结合,从而具有王道进化的意义。而随着三世的演进,王道的逐渐实现,日月时的详略轻重的差异渐趋消弥,从而完成了它的王道进化的使命。

木醋液不同施用时期对油菜生长及产量的影响

为恰当使用木醋液增产,盆栽和大田种植甘蓝型油菜杂交品种华油杂9号,调查木醋液不同叶面喷施次数、不同施用间隔时间以及不同播期条件下,木醋液对油菜生长与产量的影响。盆栽结果表明,连续和间隔喷施2~4次的木醋液显著提高油菜的总干重29.63%~74.07%。同时连续与间隔喷施4次的木醋液可显著提高油菜的叶面积81.58%~85.65%。大田试验结果表明,苗期、蕾薹期、花期分别喷施1次、2次、3次处理的油菜,最终籽粒产量分别显著提高3.30%、9.52%、11.38%,蛋白含量分别降低2.62%、4.02%、4.68%。3个不同播期喷施木醋液处理的大田产量较对照分别显著提高20.13%、23.25%、13.97%,单株有效角果数分别提高47.29%、61.87%、72.90%。综合分析表明,在油菜生长期间喷施木醋液2~4次,每次间隔5 d以上的促进效果更好。不同播期条件下,木醋液对油菜生长与产量的影响以适期(即10月9日)播种效应更显著。

西藏拿若铜(金)矿床隐爆角砾岩对成矿时代的约束

【研究目的】拿若矿床是多龙矿集区4个超大型矿床之一,由斑岩型和角砾岩型矿体组成。斑岩型矿体研究资料丰富,角砾岩矿体研究程度较浅,隐爆作用与成矿作用的时代关系还缺乏详细的研究。隐爆角砾岩整体呈筒状产出,角砾成分为长石石英砂岩和花岗闪长斑岩,胶结物成分主要为岩粉。【研究方法】本次研究旨在通过年代学证据探讨隐爆角砾岩形成与成矿的时代关系。【研究结果】锆石矿物学显示花岗闪长斑岩(NR1)锆石边部发生溶蚀边,震荡环带减弱,未彻底重结晶;胶结物(NR2)锆石结晶较好,震荡环带清晰。两种样品的锆石微量元素特征显示,两期岩浆源区均为陆壳环境;稀土配分曲线均较陡,富集重稀土,亏损轻稀土;具有显著的正Ce异常和负Eu异常。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年结果显示,花岗闪长斑岩的锆石206Pb/238U年龄为117.3~125.4 Ma,加权平均年龄为(120.8±1.4)Ma,成岩时间在120.8 Ma左右;胶结物的锆石206Pb/238U年龄为113.5~119.9 Ma,加权平均年龄为(116.4±1.2)Ma,隐爆时代在116.4 Ma左右。【结论】拿若矿床共发生两期成岩作用,分别为~120 Ma和~117Ma。拿若矿床成矿作用发生在116~117 Ma,而非~120 Ma。根据年代学证据认为,成矿作用和隐爆作用受同期岩浆作用控制,隐爆作用在前而成矿作用在后,岩浆演化在时间和空间上存在差异。

计数式TOD跳频码发生器算法的构造

为同步长周期的跳频码序列,必须使用实时时间TOD。一种新的眼光是将跳频码发生算法看作是对TOD这一特殊“信息”序列的“分组加密“变换。单调递增的计数式TOD是目前常用的TOD序列形式,然而,现有的跳频码发生算法并不适应长周期、单调递增计数式TOD的使用,该文讨论了分析、改造跳频码序列发生算法使之适合长周期单调递增计数式TOD的需求、又保持良好跳频特性这一重要任务。

“地时”(Earthtime)研究计划:“深时”(Deep Time)记录的定年精度与时间分辨率

地质年代的精度、准确度和分辨率的水平决定了人们在多大程度上可以回答一些关于"深时"的生态、气候、生物演化和基础地质问题。目前用于定年和对比的技术主要包括放射性同位素年代学、生物地层学、磁性地层学和旋回地层学等,但各有优缺点,甚至有时不同定年系统所获得的结果存在一些矛盾。"地时"(Earhtime)研究计划就是要开展广泛的国际合作,通过整合、校正和提高地质年代学和定量地层学方法,发展出一套新的地质年代学技术,使地质年代的误差达到0.1%的水平,实现精确确定地球历史的时间及先后顺序。中国东北松辽盆地发育连续、完整的白垩系为开展高分辨率年代学研究提供了机遇,将是对"地时"研究计划在中生代陆相地层中应用的良好补充和重要贡献。

海南岛雷鸣盆地鹿母湾组碎屑岩地球化学特征、锆石U-Pb年龄和Hf同位素组成:对物源及构造环境的启示

海南岛雷鸣盆地鹿母湾组的确切沉积时限和沉积物来源是研究的空白区域。本文选取雷鸣盆地鹿母湾组作为研究对象,通过全岩地球化学、碎屑锆石U-Pb年代学和Lu-Hf同位素分析,旨在限定其沉积时限及物质来源,并探讨其沉积构造环境。鹿母湾组碎屑沉积岩的最年轻碎屑锆石年龄峰(113.3 Ma)与侵入其中的花岗闪长岩岩体年龄(~107 Ma)限定鹿母湾组沉积时限为109.9~113.3 Ma。全岩地球化学研究表明,鹿母湾组碎屑沉积岩的分异指数(ICV)为0.78~1.52(平均值0.96)、化学风化指数(CIA)为51.11~73.45(平均值65.27),反映其源区岩石具有中等成熟度并经历了弱的化学风化作用。结合微量元素、稀土元素含量及相关比值(如La、Th、Sc、Zr、Hf、∑REE及δEu)、源区判别图和构造环境判别图解,本文认为鹿母湾组碎屑沉积岩可能沉积于活动大陆边缘相关的盆地,主要来源于同时代的长英质火山岩或火山物质,少量碎屑来自华南内陆和海南岛早古生代岩浆岩。

星火TOD交通枢纽结构设计

星火TOD交通枢纽地下5层、地上2层,包括站厅层、站台层、枢纽大厅等。考虑了地下结构与地上结构与岩土的非线性动力特征,采用了反应位移法对地铁站部位进行抗震设计,并采用了岩土与结构三维动力时程法进行地下结构整体抗震校核设计,更加真实地反映了岩土的动力特性和结构的空间效应。枢纽大厅钢结构采用网格巨柱、斜支撑及周边钢柱支承的单层菱形网格钢网壳体系,采用有限元分析方法、考虑双非线性的极限承载力分析等方法进行设计。结果表明:通过上述设计方法可以保证结构的刚度、承载力、稳定性均满足规范要求。

LA-ICP-MSS多脉冲短时间剥蚀法锆石超薄增生边定年研究

锆石是一种相对稳健的定年副矿物,其颗粒常常发育增生边,然而厚度极小(一般<5μm),给获得精确年龄带来挑战。本文从制样方法、实验条件及数据算法三个方面开展了实验对比研究,以评价多脉冲短时间剥蚀法对天然锆石的超薄增生边(~1μm)LA-ICP-MS U-Pb测年的可靠性。实验结果表明:双面胶制样虽然速度快,但是样品显微观察和后续激光分析的观察效果不佳;树脂固定制样效率高,易于透射光和反射光观察,并有利于样品表面聚焦。激光分析条件下,5 Hz、2 s剥蚀相对于10 Hz、1 s剥蚀数据结果更为稳定。数据处理峰积分法优于截距法和均值法。综合上述方法,获得Plesovice和Qinghu锆石^(206)Pb/^(238)U加权平均年龄与推荐值在误差范围内一致,但是数据误差相对较大(~5%,1σ)。根据每个信号峰峰值的50%~60%来选择信号区间,监控标样Plesovice和Qinghu准确值均提高了约3%。多脉冲短时间剥蚀法、树脂固定制样与部分峰积分数据处理方法组合可以获得较好的定年结果。本方法为测定锆石增生边年龄提供了一套完整的解决方案,可为多期次的地质过程提供更有效的年代学约束。

基于灰数描述的不确定工时作业车间E/T调度优化

针对不确定加工时间的作业车间调度问题,考虑每个工件的交货期窗口,旨在最小化工件提前/拖期成本和机器空闲成本。分别采用基本遗传算法和混合遗传算法进行求解,并比较两种算法的求解质量。通过灰色理论和模糊数理论对不确定加工时间分别建立调度模型,分析两种模型的优化程度和稳定性。结果表明,与基本遗传算法相比,引入按指定邻域结构进行局部搜索的混合遗传算法具有更好收敛能力;与模糊数方式相比,采用灰色理论能够更好地描述不确定加工时间,且在求解过程中也具有更好的适应性和稳定性。

考虑差异化服务时间的零售物流协同调度优化研究

疫情加速了传统零售商拓展线上业务,使后疫情时代零售物流配送的及时性和服务质量成为制胜的关键点。零售物流配送需要物流配送人员、配送车辆和客户协作完成,忽略物流配送人员的服务时间差异化、订单释放时间不同导致的车辆出发配送时间不同以及客户需求的时效特点等将导致零售物流配送方案成本高、时效差且客户满意度低。针对此问题,本文以物流配送成本、惩罚成本和服务时间成本之和最小为目标建立了数学模型,设计了改进的基于大邻域搜索的迭代局部搜索算法。该算法采用后悔修复算子生成高质量的初始解以增强搜索效率,引入带有定制化的四种移除算子和两种修复算子的大邻域搜索、打破机制和求解最优服务开始时间的数学模型以增强算法的全局寻优能力。最后,数值实验部分通过求解标杆算例和生成算例验证了模型和算法的有效性,并对参数进行灵敏度分析,结果可为后疫情时代零售物流运营管理的配送人员有效调度、配送效率提升和成本控制提供有效参考。

基于GPDA-IMM和时间管理的相控阵雷达多目标跟踪算法

多功能相控阵雷达具有灵活性强、跟踪能力强的优势。为了提高相控阵雷达目标跟踪器精确度,进行相控阵雷达能量调节和任务执行的科学管理,通过合理调整机动目标和非机动目标的回访率,进而实现搜索、跟踪时间资源管理。设计了广义概率数据关联-交互式多模型(Generalized Probability Data Association-Interacting Multiple Model, GPDA-IMM)算法,GPDA运算量小,IMM综合了无迹和容积卡尔曼滤波和粒子滤波多模型滤波的特点,且优化权重因子,达到了较好跟踪性能。最后,通过仿真平台模拟8个运动目标的现实场景,结合时间管理和目标跟踪调整回访率,进行大量的仿真实验,证明了算法对不同目标类型和机动状态的有效性和实用性。