On the Application of Mixed Models of Probability and Convex Set for Time-Variant Reliability Analysis

In time-variant reliability problems,there are a lot of uncertain variables from different sources.Therefore,it is important to consider these uncertainties in engineering.In addition,time-variant reliability problems typically involve a complexmultilevel nested optimization problem,which can result in an enormous amount of computation.To this end,this paper studies the time-variant reliability evaluation of structures with stochastic and bounded uncertainties using a mixed probability and convex set model.In this method,the stochastic process of a limit-state function with mixed uncertain parameters is first discretized and then converted into a timeindependent reliability problem.Further,to solve the double nested optimization problem in hybrid reliability calculation,an efficient iterative scheme is designed in standard uncertainty space to determine the most probable point(MPP).The limit state function is linearized at these points,and an innovative random variable is defined to solve the equivalent static reliability analysis model.The effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by two benchmark numerical examples and a practical engineering problem.

A Deep Learning Based Broadcast Approach for Image Semantic Communication over Fading Channels

We consider an image semantic communication system in a time-varying fading Gaussian MIMO channel,with a finite number of channel states.A deep learning-aided broadcast approach scheme is proposed to benefit the adaptive semantic transmission in terms of different channel states.We combine the classic broadcast approach with the image transformer to implement this adaptive joint source and channel coding(JSCC)scheme.Specifically,we utilize the neural network(NN)to jointly optimize the hierarchical image compression and superposition code mapping within this scheme.The learned transformers and codebooks allow recovering of the image with an adaptive quality and low error rate at the receiver side,in each channel state.The simulation results exhibit our proposed scheme can dynamically adapt the coding to the current channel state and outperform some existing intelligent schemes with the fixed coding block.

Effective Capacity of URLLC over Parallel Fading Channels with Imperfect Channel State Information

This paper investigates the effective capacity of a point-to-point ultra-reliable low latency communication(URLLC)transmission over multiple parallel sub-channels at finite blocklength(FBL)with imperfect channel state information(CSI).Based on reasonable assumptions and approximations,we derive the effective capacity as a function of the pilot length,decoding error probability,transmit power and the sub-channel number.Then we reveal significant impact of the above parameters on the effective capacity.A closed-form lower bound of the effective capacity is derived and an alternating optimization based algorithm is proposed to find the optimal pilot length and decoding error probability.Simulation results validate our theoretical analysis and show that the closedform lower bound is very tight.In addition,through the simulations of the optimized effective capacity,insights for pilot length and decoding error probability optimization are provided to evaluate the optimal parameters in realistic systems.

Energy efficiency aware dynamic rate and power adaptation in carrier sensing based WLANs under Rayleigh fading and shadowing

We consider the problem of energy efficiency aware dynamic adaptation of data transmission rate and transmission power of the users in carrier sensing based Wireless Local Area Networks(WLANs)in the presence of path loss,Rayleigh fading and log-normal shadowing.For a data packet transmission,we formulate an optimization problem,solve the problem,and propose a rate and transmission power adaptation scheme with a restriction methodology of data packet transmission for achieving the optimal energy efficiency.In the restriction methodology of data packet transmission,a user does not transmit a data packet if the instantaneous channel gain of the user is lower than a threshold.To evaluate the performance of the proposed scheme,we develop analytical models for computing the throughput and energy efficiency of WLANs under the proposed scheme considering a saturation traffic condition.We then validate the analytical models via simulation.We find that the proposed scheme provides better throughput and energy efficiency with acceptable throughput fairness if the restriction methodology of data packet transmission is included.By means of the analytical models and simulations,we demonstrate that the proposed scheme provides significantly higher throughput,energy efficiency and fairness index than a traditional non-adaptive scheme and an existing most relevant adaptive scheme.Throughput and energy efficiency gains obtained by the proposed scheme with respect to the existing adapting scheme are about 75%and 103%,respectively,for a fairness index of 0.8.We also study the effect of various system parameters on throughput and energy efficiency and provide various engineering insights.

Simulation of spatially coupling dynamic response of train-track time-variant system

There exist three problems in the calculation of lateral vibration of the train-track time-variant system athome and abroad and the method to solve them is presented. Spatially coupling vibration analysis model of train-track time-variant system is put forward. Each vehicle is modeled as a multi-body system with 26 degrees of freedomand the action of coupler is also considered. The track structure is modeled as an assembly of track elements with 30degrees of freedom, then the spatially coupling vibration matrix equation of the train-track time-variant system is es-tablished on the basis of the principle of total potential energy with stationary value and the "set-in-right-position"rule. The track vertical geometric irregularity is considered as the excitation source of the vertical vibration of thesystem, and the hunting wave of car bogie frame is taken as the excitation source of lateral vibration of the system.The spatially coupling vibration matrix equation of the system is solved by Wilson-θ direct integration method. Theapproximation of the calculated results to the spot test results demonstrates the feasibility and effectiveness of thepresented analysis method. Finally, some other vibration responses of the system are also obtained.

Time-variant fragility analysis of the bridge system considering time-varying dependence among typical component seismic demands

This paper presents a copula technique to develop time-variant seismic fragility curves for corroded bridges at the system level and considers the realistic time-varying dependence among component seismic demands. Based on material deterioration mechanisms and incremental dynamic analysis, the time-evolving seismic demands of components were obtained in the form of marginal probability distributions. The time-varying dependences among bridge components were then captured with the best fitting copula function, which was selected from the commonly used copula classes by the empirical distribution based analysis method. The system time-variant fragility curves at different damage states were developed and the effects of time-varying dependences among components on the bridge system fragility were investigated. The results indicate the time-varying dependence among components significantly affects the time-variant fragility of the bridge system. The copula technique captures the nonlinear dependence among component seismic demands accurately and easily by separating the marginal distributions and the dependence among them.

Time-Variant Reliability-Based Multi-Objective Fuzzy Design Optimization for Anti-Roll Torsion Bar of EMU

Although various types of anti-roll torsion bars have been developed to inhibit excessive roll angle of the electric multiple unit(EMU)car body,it is critical to ensure the reliability of structural design due to the complexity of the problems involving time and uncertainties.To address this issue,amulti-objective fuzzy design optimization model is constructed considering time-variant stiffness and strength reliability constraints for the anti-roll torsion bar.A hybrid optimization strategy combining the design of experiment(DoE)sampling and non-linear programming by quadratic lagrangian(NLPQL)is presented to deal with the design optimization model.To characterize the effect of time on the structural performance of the torsion bar,the continuous-time model combined with Ito lemma is proposed to establish the time-variant stiffness and strength reliability constraints.Fuzzy mathematics is employed to conduct uncertainty quantification for the design parameters of the torsion bar.A physical programming approach is used to improve the designer’s preference and to make the optimization results more consistent with engineering practices.Moreover,the effectiveness of the proposed method has been validated by comparing with current methods in a practical engineering case.

Time-variant reliability analysis of three-dimensional slopes based on Support Vector Machine method

In the reliability analysis of slope, the performance functions derived from the most available stability analysis procedures of slopes are usually implicit and cannot be solved by first-order second-moment approach. A new reliability analysis approach was presented based on three-dimensional Morgenstem-Price method to investigate three-dimensional effect of landslide in stability analyses. To obtain the reliability index, Support Vector Machine （SVM） was applied to approximate the performance function. The time-consuming of this approach is only 0.028% of that using Monte-Carlo method at the same computation accuracy. Also, the influence of time effect of shearing strength parameters of slope soils on the long-term reliability of three-dimensional slopes was investigated by this new approach. It is found that the reliability index of the slope would decrease by 52.54% and the failure probability would increase from 0.000 705% to 1.966%. In the end, the impact of variation coefficients of c andfon reliability index of slopes was taken into discussion and the changing trend was observed.

Time-Variant Reliability Analysis of FPSO Hull Girder Considering Corrosion Based on Statistics

FPSO is a kind of important exploitation platform used in ocean oil and gas industry, which has the unique character of mooring at outsea for a long time. Since it can not be inspected and maintained thoronghly at dock like other kinds of ships, the reliability of FPSO hull girder during the whole service should be focused. Based on latest corrosion database and rational corrosion model, the ultimate strength of one FPSO is calculated under the conditions of slight, moderate and severe corrosion. The results not only provide the reliabihty under different corrosion conditions, but also do well for further inspection and maintenance research. The results provide necessary foundation for deciding inspection intervals and maintenance measure, which has practical sense to improve the general safety level of ocean engineering.

GRACE time-variable gravity and its application to geoscience:Quantitative analysis of relevant literature

The Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment(GRACE)is the most important gravity satellite to date in human history.Since its launch in 2002,GRACE time-varying gravity has had an unprecedented impact on earth science and has generated revolutionary changes.Because of natural phenomena such as climate warming,glacial melting,sea level rise,and earthquakes,earth science research has become an increasingly popular discipline in recent years.This article summarizes the importance of GRACE time-varying gravity,its application to geoscience,and its development.We analyzed the historical development and current status of GRACE time-varying gravity as well as research hotspots by searching the literature in the core collection databases of the China National Knowledge Infrastructure and the Web of Science over the past 20 years.The CiteSpace and VOSviewer software packages were applied with reference to the principle of literature metrology.Our investigation and analysis of characteristic indexes,such as the numbers of publications,co-occurrence of keywords,and co-citation of documents,uncovered the wide application and promotion of gravity satellites,especially GRACE time-varying gravity,in earth science.The results showed that the number of publications addressing GRACE data and time-varying gravity theory is increasing annually and that the USA,China,and Germany are the main producers.The Chinese Academy of Sciences,the National Aeronautics and Space Administration of the United States,and the Helmholtz Association of German Research Centres rank among the top three institutions in the world in terms of producing the most publications on this topic.We found that GRACE time-varying gravity plays unique roles in measuring changes in terrestrial water storage changes,ice and snow melting and sea level changes,and(co)seismic gravity changes,as well as in promoting other disciplines.

Complex Modal Analysis for the Time-Variant Dynamical Problem of Rotating Pipe Conveying Fluid

A semi-analytical form of complex modal analysis is proposed for the time-variant dynamical problem of rotating pipe conveying fluid system.The complex mode superposition method is introduced for the dynamic analysis in the time and frequency domains,in which appropriate orthogonality conditions are constructed to decouple the time-variant equation of motion.Consequently,complex frequencies and modes of vibration are analytically formulated and the variations of frequencies and damping of the system are evaluated.Numerical time-variant example of rotating pipe conveying fluid illustrates the effectiveness and accuracy of this method.Furthermore,the proposed solution scheme is also applicable to other similar time-variant dynamical problems.

Optimizing Power Allocation for D2D Communication with URLLC under Rician Fading Channel:A Learning-to-Optimize Approach

To meet the high-performance requirements of fifth-generation(5G)and sixth-generation(6G)wireless networks,in particular,ultra-reliable and low-latency communication(URLLC)is considered to be one of the most important communication scenarios in a wireless network.In this paper,we consider the effects of the Rician fading channel on the performance of cooperative device-to-device(D2D)communication with URLLC.For better performance,we maximize and examine the system’s minimal rate of D2D communication.Due to the interference in D2D communication,the problem of maximizing the minimum rate becomes non-convex and difficult to solve.To solve this problem,a learning-to-optimize-based algorithm is proposed to find the optimal power allocation.The conventional branch and bound(BB)algorithm are used to learn the optimal pruning policy with supervised learning.Ensemble learning is used to train the multiple classifiers.To address the imbalanced problem,we used the supervised undersampling technique.Comparisons are made with the conventional BB algorithm and the heuristic algorithm.The outcome of the simulation demonstrates a notable performance improvement in power consumption.The proposed algorithm has significantly low computational complexity and runs faster as compared to the conventional BB algorithm and a heuristic algorithm.

Secure Wireless Multicasting through Nakagami-m Fading Channels with Multi-Hop Relaying

The additional diversity gain provided by the relays improves the secrecy capacity of communications system significantly. The multiple hops in the relaying system is an important technique to improve this diversity gain. The development of an analytical mathematical model of ensuring security in multicasting through fading channels incorporating this benefit of multi-hop relaying is still an open problem. Motivated by this issue, this paper considers a secure wireless multicasting scenario employing multi-hop relaying technique over frequency selective Nakagami-m fading channel and develops an analytical mathematical model to ensure the security against multiple eavesdroppers. This mathematical model has been developed based on the closed-form analytical expressions of the probability of non-zero secrecy multicast capacity (PNSMC) and the secure outage probability for multicasting (SOPM) to ensure the security in the presence of multiple eavesdroppers. Moreover, the effects of the fading parameter of multicast channel, the number of hops and eavesdropper are investigated. The results show that the security in multicasting through Nakagami-m fading channel with multi-hop relaying system is more sensitive to the number of hops and eavesdroppers. The fading of multicast channel helps to improve the secrecy multicast capacity and is not the enemy of security in multicasting.

相干衰落抑制Φ-OTDR的分布式光纤周界安防技术

基于相位敏感光时域反射计(Φ-OTDR)的分布式光纤振动传感系统在铁路周界安防中有着重要的应用前景.为降低Φ-OTDR中固有的相干衰落对相位解调的影响,提高扰动信号识别率,提出一种基于矢量旋转滑动平均(MVRA)的相干衰落抑制方法.首先,对探测信号复矢量化,并对各位置的复矢量信号按初相角进行旋转对齐;然后,采用滑动平均的方法缓和信号幅度起伏以及减小噪声功率,提高信噪比,进而抑制相干衰落;其次,从衰落抑制信号解调出扰动信号,将MVRA与频谱提取重组(SERM)、数字向移变换(DPST)方法进行对比,通过差分相位标准差验证抗衰落效果;最后,通过搭建分布式光纤周界入侵检测实验平台,模拟环境噪声、应力破坏、攀爬、剪网4种防护扰动信号,以解调的相位灰度图作为特征图像,使用卷积神经网络进行模式识别.实验结果表明:相比SERM、DPST,MVRA能更高效地抑制衰落,当滑动窗长50 ns时,MVRA提高11.2 dB信噪比;扰动信号的识别率由衰落抑制前的88%提高到衰落抑制后的92%.

IRS辅助的车联网相移设计和信道对齐策略

针对车联网中车辆的动态移动以及信号的随机散射所导致的信道快速变化问题,研究了智能反射面(intelligent reflecting surface,IRS)辅助的车联网通信并提出了联合相移设计和信道对齐策略,以削减车联网中多普勒频移的影响并提升通信性能。提出的策略由两个阶段构成。在第一阶段设计IRS的相移以改善级联信道的衰落状态,在策略的第二阶段进行修正函数的设计,实现了直接信道和级联信道的信道对齐,从而减少直接信道快衰落状态对通信性能的影响。通过联合相移设计和信道对齐策略中设计的反射相移以及修正函数,实现了通信性能的提升。仿真结果表明,所提策略相比于相移优化策略可以提升8.8%的频谱效率。

纳米粉体TiO_(2)对靛蓝染色织物光褪色的影响

采用钛酸四正丁酯(TBOT)作为TiO_(2)的前驱体,通过水热反应合成单晶粒TiO_(2)粉体,制备了颗粒状的锐钛型纳米粉体TiO_(2)。结果表明:紫外光照条件下,纳米粉体二氧化钛可以使靛蓝织物表观深度发生大幅度下降,粉体TiO_(2)浓度为10%时,K/S值下降率达到51.81%;促进剂的参与有助于靛蓝织物的褪色效果;涂抹粉体TiO_(2)后的染色布样,在紫外线照射后,颜色值ΔL^(*)偏亮白,同时随着粉体TiO_(2)浓度的增大,ΔL*增大,颜色亮度增大,Δa^(*)初始为负值,颜色偏绿,随着粉体TiO_(2)浓度的增大,样品颜色绿光减少,红光增加;当粉体TiO_(2)浓度为10%,随着光照时间的增加,Δa^(*)值偏向正值,染色布样色光向偏红光偏移,紫外光照射6~8 h时Δa^(*)变化幅度较大,10 h之后,趋于缓慢。

基于代谢组和转录组的银缕梅叶片退红机制初探

为了探究银缕梅〔Parrotia subaequalis(H.T.Chang)R.M.Hao et H.T.Wei〕叶片在春季由红转绿的物质基础和分子机制,采用代谢组和转录组联合分析对银缕梅幼叶和成熟叶中差异花色苷类成分含量及差异表达基因进行比较分析,并对花色苷合成关键酶基因进行生物信息学分析。结果表明:幼叶中花色苷类成分的总相对含量约为成熟叶的27倍;幼叶中锦葵色素3-O-葡萄糖苷、锦葵色素3-O-半乳糖苷和芍药花素3-O-葡萄糖苷的相对含量明显高于其他花色苷类成分,且极显著(p<0.01)高于成熟叶中对应成分的相对含量。比较幼叶和成熟叶的转录组数据,共筛选出11000个差异表达基因。GO功能富集结果显示富集到催化活性的差异表达基因最多(3000个);KEGG富集分析结果显示差异表达基因显著富集在植物激素信号转导通路和苯丙烷生物合成通路。通过与葡萄(Vitis vinifera Linn.)中已知的花色苷合成关键酶氨基酸序列进行比对,共筛选出9个银缕梅花色苷合成酶基因,并且这9个基因在幼叶中的相对表达量明显高于成熟叶。qRT-PCR结果表明:PsCHS1、PsF3′H、Ps3GT和PsAOMT的相对表达量极显著高于成熟叶。PsCHS1、PsF3′H、Ps3GT和PsAOMT分别包含393、528、461和323个氨基酸残基;4个蛋白的二级结构均以α螺旋和无规卷曲为主,其中,PsF3′H不含β转角,其余3个蛋白均由α螺旋、β转角、延伸链和无规卷曲构成;4个蛋白的三级结构均含有相应蛋白家族的保守结构。系统进化树显示:PsCHS1与红花檵木(Loropetalum chinense var.rubrum Yieh)的LcCHS,PsF3′H与枫香树(Liquidambar formosana Hance)的LfF3′H,Ps3GT与可可(Theobroma cacao Linn.)的Tc3GT,以及PsAOMT与枫香树的LfAOMT分别首先聚在一起。综上所述,锦葵色素3-O-葡萄糖苷、锦葵色素3-O-半乳糖苷和芍药花素3-O-葡萄糖苷可能是银缕梅叶片退红的主效花色苷类成分,PsCHS1、PsF3′H、Ps3GT和PsAOMT可能是银缕梅叶片退红的关键基因。

无线光通信中大气湍流噪声测量研究

光信号的强度闪烁、光斑漂移、光束扩展、到达角起伏等大气湍流现象会影响光信号在大气中的传输性能。本文将这种闪烁效应看作是光通信系统传输中的乘性噪声,推导了大气湍流乘性噪声模型,并进行了实验测量研究。结果表明:按照晴天、雾霾天、雪天、小雨天、中雨天、大雨天及阴天的顺序,湍流乘性噪声对光通信的通信质量影响加剧,大气折射率结构常数逐渐增大,噪声信号的偏斜度与陡峭度随之增加,导致光强信号的衰落概率变大;同时随着信噪比(signal-to-noise ratio,SNR)的增大,系统的中断概率逐渐减小;而在相同的SNR下,中断概率随着大气折射率结构常数的减小而减小。研究大气湍流噪声对无线光通信系统的影响具有重要的意义,它为大范围、高速的无线光通信技术带来重要的技术突破,对无线光通信技术的发展起到重要的作用。

锂电池自适应无迹H∞滤波SOC估计研究

荷电状态(state of charge,SOC)作为表征锂电池剩余电量的关键指标,其精确估计对于合理使用电池电量、保障电池安全具有重要意义。本文针对基于H∞滤波(H infinity filter,HIF)估计SOC时鲁棒性好但估计精度低的问题,提出一种自适应无迹H∞滤波(adaptive unscented H infinity filter,AU_HIF)SOC估计方法,以提高SOC估计精度。首先,选择能够在精度和复杂度间取得良好平衡的双极化(dual polarization,DP)等效电路模型进行新型估计算法的设计;其次,结合无迹卡尔曼滤波(unscented Kalman filter,UKF)算法相比于传统扩展卡尔曼滤波(extended Kalman filter,EKF)算法更适用于非线性系统状态估计的特点,文章基于先验误差协方差矩阵设计新型渐消因子,实现自适应无迹H∞滤波算法的设计,以减小陈旧测量值对估计结果的影响,提高滤波算法的跟踪能力及估计精度。最后,通过搭建自主实验平台获取实际模拟工况数据,验证了文章所提自适应无迹H∞滤波算法相比于传统H∞滤波算法、传统UKF算法和其他类型改进H∞滤波算法具有更高的估计精度及更好的鲁棒性。文章研究内容对提高新能源汽车、储能电站等电池系统的SOC估计精度具有重要意义。