Oral and maxillofacial-head and neck reconstruction with soft tissue free flaps of 41 cases: A single team's experience

Objective To retrospectively review the single team's experience of oral and maxillofacialhead and neck reconstruction involving 41 soft tissue free flap procedures.Methods From 1994 to 2012,41 patients who underwent oral and maxillofacial-head and neck soft tissue free flap reconstruction at the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Surgical Oncology,Hospital and College of Stomatology,Xi'an Jiaotong University,were reviewed with clinicopathologic data.Results The 41 patients included 24 men and 17 women with a mean age of 54 years.A total of 41 soft tissue free flaps were performed to reconstruct different anatomical structures in the head and neck region including oral mucosa,facial bone,head and neck skin.Two types of soft tissue free flaps were used to reconstruct surgical defects,including radial forearm flap and latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap.Radial forearm flaps were used for 37cases and latissimus dorsi-myocutaneous flaps were 4 cases.Of 41 cases,39 were successful,with an overall success rate of 95.1%.There were 2 free flap failures,including one radial forearm flap and one latissimus dorsi-myocutaneous flap(partial flap necrosis);hence,the flap success rates for radial forearm flap and latissimus dorsimyocutaneous were,respectively,97.3% and 87.5%.Conclusions Radial forearm flap and latissimus dorsi-myocutaneous flap are reliable soft tissue free flaps to repair oral and maxillofacial-head and neck area with high success rate,which resulted in good functionally and cosmetically with fewer complications both donor and recipient sites.

Correlation of matrix metalloproteinase－2, －9, tissue inhibitor－1 of matrix metalloproteinase and CD44 variant 6 in head and neck cancer metastasis

This study aimed to explore the molecular mechanism in tumor invasion and metastasis. The expression of matrix metalloproteinase 2, 9 (MMP 2, MMP 9), tissue inhibitor 1 of matrix metalloproteinase (TIMP 1), cell adhesion molecule 44 variant 6 (CD44v6), HER2/neu and p53 was investigated in 154 patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) by ABC and ImmunoMax immunohistochemical method. Their clinical relevance and correlation were analysed. The expression of MMP 2, MMP 9, TIMP 1, CD44v6, HER2/neu and p53 was found in cancer cells in 87.01%, 85.71%, 68.18%, 98.05%, 55.19% and 50.65% cases respectively. Linear regression and correlation analysis revealed that there was close positive relationship ( P <0.05) between the expression of MMP 2 and MMP 9, TIMP 1 and CD44v6, HER2/neu and MMP 9, MMP 2 and p53. Up regulation of MMP 2 was accompanied by advanced T stage ( P <0.01) . There was also a trend of MMP 2 expression being related with tumor metastasis. Increased expression of HER2/neu was found in patients with tumor recurrence( P <0.05). The expression of TIMP 1 was higher in laryngeal cancer than that in pharyngeal cancer, and higher in keratinizing and non keratinizing SCC than that in basaloid SCC( P <0.05). These findings suggested that MMP 2 and MMP 9, HER2/neu and MMP 9, MMP 2 and p53 had a coordinate function in aggression of tumor; that MMP 2 had a more important function than MMP 9 in tumor invasion and metastasis; and that HER2/neu might serve as a biomarker for poor prognosis in HNSCC.

Reconstruction surgery in head and neck cancer patients amidst the COVID-19 pandemic:Current practice and lessons for the future

The coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic has imposed a radical change in daily life and work routine.In this context,health systems have suffered important and serious repercussions in all fields.Among the changes brought about by the state of global health emergency,adjustments to guidelines,priorities,structures,professional teams,and epidemiological data stand out.In light of this,the oncological field has witnessed several changes in the approach to cancer,whether due to delay in diagnosis,screening deficit,personnel shortage or the psychological impact that the pandemic has had on cancer patients.This article focuses on the management of oral carcinoma and the surgical approaches that oral and maxillofacial specialists have had at their disposal during the health emergency.In this period,the oral and maxillofacial surgeons have faced many obstacles.The proximity of maxillofacial structures to the airways,the need of elective and punctual procedures in cancerous lesions,the aggressiveness of head and neck tumors,and the need for important healthcare costs to support such delicate surgeries are examples of some of the challenges imposed for this field.One of the possible surgical'solutions'to the difficulties in managing surgical cases of oral carcinoma during the pandemic is locoregional flaps,which in the pre-COVID-19 era were less used than free flaps.However,during the health emergency,its use has been widely reassessed.This setback may represent a precedent for opening up new reflections.In the course of a long-term pandemic,a reassessment of the validity of different medical and surgical therapeutic approaches should be considered.Finally,given that the pandemic has highlighted vulnerabilities and shortcomings in a number of ways,including the issues of essential resource shortages,underinvestment in public health services,lack of coordination and versatility among politicians,policymakers and health leaders,resulting in overloaded health systems,rapid case development,and high mortality,a more careful analysis of the changes needed in different health systems to satisfactorily face future emergencies is essential to be carried out.This should be directed especially towards improving the management of health systems,their coordination as well as reviewing related practices,even in the surgical field.

Recent Progress in Cartilage Tissue Engineering--Our Experience and Future Directions

Given the limited spontaneous repair that follows cartilage injury, demand is growing for tissue engi- neering approaches for cartilage regeneration. There are two major applications for tissue-engineered cartilage. One is in orthopedic surgery, in which the engineered cartilage is usually used to repair cartilage defects or loss in an articular joint or meniscus in order to restore the joint function. The other is for head and neck reconstruction, in which the engineered cartilage is usually applied to repair cartilage defects or loss in an auricle, trachea, nose, larynx, or eyelid. The challenges faced by the engineered car- tilage for one application are quite different from those faced by the engineered cartilage for the other application. As a result, the emphases of the engineering strategies to generate cartilage are usually quite different for each application. The statuses of preclinical animal investigations and of the clinical translation of engineered cartilage are also at different levels for each application. The aim of this review is to provide an opinion piece on the challenges, current developments, and future directions for cartilage engineering for both applications.

Utility of Preoperative Positron Emission Tomography (PET) in Localizing Perforator Vessels of Anterolateral Thigh Free Flap

Objectives: The anterolateral thigh (ALT) flap is often considered the workhorse in soft tissue reconstruction of head and neck defects secondary to trauma, infection, or tumor resection. Despite its many advantages, ALT flaps have been criticized due to variability in vasculature, which may result in inadequate or non-existent perforators. This retrospective study aims to investigate the utility and validity of positron emission tomography (PET) scan to identify the location and characteristics of perforators to the ALT flap. Methods: We performed a 10-year retrospective review of ALT flaps at our institution to identify patients with preoperative PET scans available for analysis. Three reviewers (attending physician, fellow, and resident) were asked to identify the number, location, and characteristics (myocutaneous versus septocutaneous) of ALT perforators on imaging, and reviewer agreement was assessed. Results were then compared to available operative data. Results: One hundred twenty-one patients were identified who underwent ALT free flap surgery. Thirty-eight preoperative PET scans were identified for review. At least one perforator was identified in 92.1% of scans. Agreement percentages regarding the number of perforators ranged from 53% - 61% whereas agreement regarding the location of a single perforator ranged from 79% - 90%. However, reviewers did not agree regarding the type of perforator, with agreement ranging from 34% - 53%. Poor agreement was observed when compared to intraoperative data, with the number of perforators ranging from 26% - 34% and the type of perforator 11% - 24%. These findings are likely due to insufficient data available in operative reports. Conclusion: Although initial studies suggest that PET scan shows promising evidence to support the capacity to preoperatively identify ALT perforators, future prospective studies are warranted to fully validate these findings.

Application of U-fixed red wax mask in radiotherapy

Objective： The aim of our study was to compared non-red wax compensator and adding red wax compensator in the treatment plans of the minimum dose, maximum dose, mean dose and target surface dose, and compare the dose volume histograms （DVH） parameters and isodose distributions of two plans. Methods： From January 2009 to December 2010, 8 patients with superficial head and neck cancer and without surgery treatment were collected. They all confirmed by cancer center, Tianmen First People＇s Hospital. Topslane WiMRT was used to design the treatment plan of non-red wax compensator and adding red wax compensator, with 6 MV photons using three-dimensional conformal irradiation mode design, the prescription dose was 50 Gy/25 times. Results： Compared non-red wax compensator with adding red wax compensator, its target minimum dose （t = -3.157, P 〈 0.05） and the target surface dose sJgnJficantJy improved （t = -0.020, P 〈 0.05）, whJle the target maximum dose （t = -0.140, P 〉 0.05） and mean dose （t = -9.914, P 〉 0.05） were considered no significant difference. Conclusion： The use of U-shaped mask fixed red wax film production in conformal radiotherapy tissue compensator can significantly improve the surface dose and dose distribution superficial planning target volume.

游离背阔肌皮瓣临床解剖及其在头颈部巨大缺损修复中的应用

目的 :探讨游离背阔肌皮瓣修复头颈部巨大缺损的可行性及修复效果。方法 :在尸体上模拟解剖制备背阔肌皮瓣,使用Image-Pro Plus 6.0软件进行测量,评估修复头颈部巨大缺损的可行性。回顾分析2011年5月—2022年9月使用游离背阔肌皮瓣修复的7例头颈部巨大缺损患者的临床资料,评价其修复效果。结果:尸体标本中制备的背阔肌皮瓣动、静脉血管蒂平均长度分别为(85.5±10.5) mm和(104±4.2) mm,胸背动脉起始外径为(4.03±0.56) mm。7例患者中,5例为头皮缺损,2例为颈部缺损。7例背阔肌皮瓣全部成活,供区无明显术后并发症。结论:背阔肌皮瓣组织量丰富,静脉回流充分,血管蒂长度充足,是修复头颈部巨大缺损的理想肌皮瓣。

股前外侧皮瓣在头面部较大软组织缺损修复中的应用

目的:探讨股前外侧游离皮瓣修复头面部软组织缺损的临床应用效果。方法:选取2018年8月-2022年10月就诊于笔者科室的头面部皮肤及皮下组织缺损并行游离皮瓣修复术的患者(其中男4例,女2例,年龄46~62岁)进行回顾性分析,头面部软组织缺损面积为8.0 cm×5.0 cm~18.0 cm×14.0 cm,部分可见颅骨及钛网外露。彻底清创后,切取合适大小股前外侧游离皮瓣予以封闭创面,切取皮瓣面积为13.0 cm×10.0 cm~20.0 cm×15.0 cm。大腿供皮区予以直接间断缝合或刃厚游离皮片移植加压包扎。术后随访3个月~1年,观察皮瓣存活、瘢痕、功能恢复及满意度情况。结果:6例移植皮瓣全部存活,外观良好,无明显瘢痕增生、牵拉移位及功能障碍,患者满意度良好。结论:对于头面部较大软组织缺损患者,采用股前外侧游离皮瓣移植是一项临床可行且效果良好的修复方式。

轻中度颅脑损伤致头面部大面积组织缺损游离皮瓣修复术后皮瓣血栓形成危险因素分析

目的分析轻中度颅脑损伤所致头面部大面积组织缺损患者行游离皮瓣移植修复术后,皮瓣血栓形成的危险因素。方法回顾性分析2020年1月至2023年10月,在我院接受游离皮瓣移植修复轻中度颅脑损伤所致头面部大面积组织缺损患者临床资料,根据皮瓣修复术后是否发生皮瓣血栓,将研究对象分为无血栓组和血栓组,运用多因素Logistic回归分析法,分析其血栓形成危险因素。结果共收集到105例患者,皮瓣修复术后发生皮瓣血栓21例(血栓组),发生率为20%,其中动脉血栓8例(38.09%),静脉血栓10例(47.62%),混合血栓3例(14.29%)。单因素分析结果显示,不同年龄、是否合并糖尿病、术前空腹血糖水平、术前术后血压水平、D-二聚体水平、术后是否给予抗凝药物应用、是否加压包扎是皮瓣血栓形成的相关因素。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,术前空腹血糖偏高、术后血压水平偏低、D-二聚体水平较高、术后进行加压包扎是轻中度颅脑损伤所致头面部大面积组织缺损患者行游离皮瓣移植修复术后发生皮瓣血栓的危险因素。结论轻中度颅脑损伤所致头面部大面积组织缺损患者行游离皮瓣移植修复术后皮瓣血栓形成发生率较高,术前空腹血糖偏高、术后血压水平偏低、D-二聚体水平较高、术后进行加压包扎是其危险因素,临床应重视其风险评估,尽早采取干预措施,以降低血栓形成风险,提升皮瓣存活率。

阅读者皮瓣在头面部皮肤软组织肿瘤手术缺损修复中的效果观察

目的观察阅读者(Reading man)皮瓣修复头面部皮肤软组织肿瘤手术缺损的效果。方法将120例头面部皮肤软组织肿瘤手术缺损患者随机分为对照组(行脂肪蒂皮瓣修复)和研究组(行Reading man皮瓣修复),每组60例。比较2组切口愈合率、皮瓣成活率、皮瓣修复效果、生活质量。结果2组切口愈合率、皮瓣成活率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。修复后6个月,2组皮瓣功能、美观度、色泽评分均较同组修复前提高,且研究组皮瓣功能、美观度、色泽评分高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。修复后6个月,2组生活质量综合评定量表(GQOL-74)的物质生活、社会功能、心理功能、躯体功能维度评分均较修复前提高,且研究组GQOL-74各维度评分高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论Reading man皮瓣应用在头面部皮肤软组织肿瘤手术缺损中,可提高皮瓣修复效果和患者生活质量,是修复头面部皮肤软组织肿瘤的一种有效方法。

Designing an evidence-based free-flap pathway in head and neck reconstruction

Background:The use of autologous free-tissue transfer is an increasingly utilized tool in the ladder of reconstructive options to preserve and restore function in patients with head and neck cancer.This article focuses on the evidence surrounding perioperative care that optimizes surgical outcomes and describes one tertiary center's approach to standardized free-flap care.Data Sources:This article examines English literature from PubMed and offers expert opinion on perioperative free-flap care for head and neck oncology.Conclusion:Free-flap reconstruction for head and neck cancer is a process that,while individualized for each patient,is best supported by a comprehensive and standardized care pathway.Surgical optimization begins in the preoperative phase and a thoughtful approach to intraprofessional communication and evidence-based practice is rewarded with improved outcomes.

胸大肌肌皮瓣在晚期头颈肿瘤术后组织缺损重建中的应用

背景与目的:晚期头颈肿瘤外科治疗时,留下的完全或者不完全的组织缺损,是目前头颈外科的一个难点。胸大肌肌皮瓣在头颈肿瘤术后组织缺损重建中仍起着不可替代的作用。本研究旨在探讨胸大肌肌皮瓣在头颈缺损重建中的适应指征,提高胸大肌肌皮瓣修复的成功率。方法:中山大学肿瘤防治中心2004年1月至2007年1月间共22例行胸大肌肌皮瓣重建头颈肿瘤术后缺损患者,其中颈部大面积皮肤缺损8例,口咽缺损4例,舌缺损5例,口底缺损3例,下咽缺损2例;13例患者采用血管蒂穿行锁骨下,9例经锁骨上转移至颈部;重建的最大面积为15cm×12cm,最小面积为8cm×5cm。结果:无手术死亡病例,1例出现皮瓣坏死,1例出现部分皮瓣坏死,皮瓣重建成功率为95.5%;手术后并发症伤口积血1例,口底瘘1例,并发症发生率为9.1%(2/22)。结论:胸大肌肌皮瓣是头颈肿瘤术后组织缺损重建的良好供区皮瓣,是颈部大面积皮肤缺损重建的首选皮瓣;血管蒂穿行锁骨下可以增加胸大肌肌皮瓣的修复半径,且有利于保护血管蒂不受压迫。

股骨颈骨折修复后股骨头坏死7个相关因素:199例回顾分析

背景:股骨颈骨折内固定后发生股骨头坏死率较高,其危险因素一直没有明确的专家共识。目的:回顾性提出和分析60岁以下股骨颈骨折内固定后发生股骨头坏死的相关危险因素。方法:对199例60岁以下股骨颈骨折行闭合复位空心钉内固定的病例进行回顾性分析。对年龄,性别,体质量指数,Garden分型,骨折季节,骨折复位质量,内固定后完全负重下床时间7个因素进行统计分析,评估这些因素与股骨头坏死之间的关系。结果与结论:(1)199例股骨颈骨折患者内固定后股骨头坏死发生率13%;(2)体质量指数,Garden分型,骨折季节季节性变动及骨折复位质量与内固定后股骨头坏死密切相关。患者年龄、性别,内固定后负重时间与内固定后股骨头坏死无明显相关性;(3)Logistic回归多因素分析,Garden分型、骨折复位质量和骨折季节性变动(冬季vs夏季)对于股骨颈骨折后股骨头坏死的发展有明显影响;(4)结果提示,股骨颈骨折的Garden分型及骨折复位质量对股骨颈骨折术后愈合有很大的影响;冬季骨折可能是股骨颈骨折内固定后发生股骨头坏死的危险因素。

胸大肌肌皮瓣在头颈部组织缺损修复中的应用

目的 评价胸大肌肌皮瓣在头颈部各类病变术后组织缺损修复中的应用效果。方法 1 998年 5月～2 0 0 3年 1 0月我科应用胸大肌肌皮瓣对 4 7例病人头颈部病变术后组织缺损进行Ⅰ期修复 ,皮瓣面积为5cm× 6cm～ 1 5cm× 30cm。结果 4 4例 (93.6 %)胸大肌肌皮瓣完全存活 ,3例 (6 .4 %)胸大肌肌皮瓣部分坏死。结论 胸大肌肌皮瓣血供可靠、组织量多、修复操作简单 ,能满足头颈部各类病变术后组织缺损的修复。

游离桡侧前臂皮瓣在头颈部肿瘤切除术后缺损修复中的应用

目的总结游离桡侧前臂皮瓣在头颈部缺损中的应用及提高其成功率的经验。方法收集我院采用游离桡侧前臂皮瓣修复腭、颊、舌、口底、颞部肿瘤切除术后缺损患者24例,分析术后皮瓣成活率及并发症的发生情况,并探讨提高前臂皮瓣成活率的重要环节。结果 23例游离桡侧前臂皮瓣成活,总成活率为95.83%(23/24),术后发生血管危象发生率为4.17%(1/24),受区和供区总并发症发生率为12.5%(3/24)。结论严格的术前皮瓣筛选、细致的皮瓣制备技术、熟练的血管吻合技术加之有效的术后监测,可提高游离桡侧前臂皮瓣的成功率。

“风筝”皮下蒂皮瓣在头颈部修复术中的应用

目的:探讨“风筝”皮下蒂皮瓣(简称皮下蒂皮瓣)在头颈部修复术中的应用。方法:对头颈部皮肤缺损者设计三角形皮下蒂皮瓣,三角形的底靠近缺损侧。于三角形两腰切开皮肤,向下外潜行分离皮下组织,然后将皮下组织蒂的中央部分用剪刀分离,形成双蒂,将皮瓣向缺损侧推进,修复组织缺损。结果:应用皮下蒂皮瓣30例,切口Ⅰ期愈合,形态较满意,切口瘢痕不明显。结论:采用皮下蒂皮瓣修复头颈部皮肤缺损,效果确定,方法简便易行。

头颈部肿瘤术后缺损游离组织瓣的供区选择

目的应用游离组织瓣修复头颈部肿瘤术后缺损,探讨较简便合适的方法。方法回顾并分析1999年1月~2002年1月,采用游离组织瓣修复头颈部肿瘤术后缺损86例。缺损部位:口腔32例,下咽27例,下颌骨12例,颅底5例,中面部4例和头皮/皮肤6例。供区:腹直肌皮瓣32例,股前外侧皮瓣10例,空肠瓣25例,腓骨瓣11例,背阔肌皮瓣4例,前臂皮瓣3例和肩胛皮瓣1例。其中皮瓣或肌皮瓣大小4 cm×5 cm^14 cm×24 cm,腓骨瓣长度4~16 cm,空肠瓣长度9~20 cm。结果游离组织瓣术后成活79例,成活率为92%。其中口腔缺损采用腹直肌肌皮瓣22例(69%)和股前外侧皮瓣10例(31%)修复;下咽缺损主要用空肠瓣修复25例(93%),下颌骨缺损则用腓骨瓣修复11例(92%),颅底缺损由腹直肌皮瓣修复4例(80%)。腹直肌、股前外侧、空肠和腓骨4种组织瓣修复头颈部缺损78例,占同期游离组织瓣的91%。结论头颈部肿瘤术后缺损复杂,利用腹直肌肌皮瓣、股前外侧皮瓣、空肠瓣和腓骨瓣可解决大多数修复重建的难题。

头颈部炎性肌纤维母细胞瘤

目的炎性肌纤维母细胞瘤(inflammatormyofibroblastictumor,IMT)是一种可发生于头颈部的罕见肿瘤,本文就其临床表现、病理组织学特征、治疗及预后进行探讨。方法回顾性分析4例头颈部IMT患者的临床资料,并进行光镜检查及免疫组化染色。结果IMT肿瘤组织学由具有平滑肌细胞和纤维母细胞特征的梭形肿瘤细胞、大量慢性炎性细胞及黏液血管样背景构成。免疫组化:平滑肌特异性肌动蛋白(smoothmuscleactive,SMACTIN)、波形蛋白(vimentin)呈强阳性表达。术后随访9～21月,2例声带IMT无复发,1例上颌窦IMT无复发,另1例上颌窦鼻腔IMT术后4个月再次复发。结论IMT是兼有纤维母细胞及平滑肌细胞特征的肿瘤,具有局部复发倾向。治疗以根治性手术切除为主,术后放疗、化疗效果不确定。鼻窦IMT极易复发,具有局部浸润行为,手术切除须彻底。

胸锁乳突肌单蒂肌皮瓣修复颌面部软组织缺陷畸形的初步报告

目的探讨胸锁乳突肌胸骨头单蒂肌皮瓣修复颌面部软组织缺损畸形的方法及效果。方法2004年5月~2006年9月,应用胸锁乳突肌胸骨头单蒂肌皮瓣修复颌面部软组织瘢痕及缺损5例,均为男性,年龄23~34岁。分别为胎儿时母亲宫腔内注射药物、婴幼儿期面颊部感染、电击伤后遗留瘢痕或凹陷畸形。需要修复范围为5cm×3cm^9cm×6cm。结果术后5例移位胸骨头肌皮瓣均成活,但因静脉回流障碍均发生小面积的表皮坏死,2~3周自行愈合,皮瓣周围有少许瘢痕形成。1例术后患侧发生肩部上抬无力,6个月后基本恢复。术后均获随访1~6个月,修复后的颌面1例蒂部略显臃肿;1例瘢痕明显,但患者满意;余3例外观满意。结论胸锁乳突肌胸骨头单蒂肌皮瓣较全胸锁乳突肌皮瓣设计更灵活,且能提供足够的组织量,是修复颌面部皮肤软组织缺损的一种理想材料。

应用皮肤软组织扩张术治疗头面部血管瘤的护理

目的探讨应用皮肤软组织扩张术治疗头面部血管瘤的护理方法。方法对32例行头面部皮肤软组织扩张术治疗血管瘤的患者进行有针对性的围手术期护理及健康教育指导护理。结果有效的围手术期及健康教育指导能进一步改善患者术后的恢复,降低手术并发症,促进患者康复。结论做好围手术期护理和健康教育指导在防治皮肤软组织扩张术治疗头面部血管瘤并发症中有积极作用。