Response of Leaf Tissue Structure to Exogenous ABA in Korla Fragrant Pear

To study the effects of different concentrations of Abscisic Acid(ABA) on leaf tissue structure of Korla fragrant pear and lay the foundation for the cultivation and regulation of Korla fragrant pear. Using the paraffin section method, the leaf thickness, the epidermis thickness, the palisade tissue thickness and the sponge tissue thickness were measured; palisade spongy ratio, Cell Tightness(CT) and Cell Looseness(CL) were examined after treatments with exogenous ABA. Leaf thickness, leaf palisade spongy ratio and palisade tissue thickness increased significantly after exogenous ABA treatment compared with CK, while the effect on leaf epidermis was not obvious. The leaf thickness and palisade tissue thickness increased evidently after 70 mg · LABA treatment by 24.89% and 41.10%, respectively. The tissue structures of leaves were more compact, while CL was lower after 70 and 90 mg · LABA treatments. The effects of different concentrations of exogenous ABA could increase the leaf thickness, palisade tissue thickness of Korla fragrant pear and CT, reduced the thickness of spongy tissue and CL. Among those concentrations of exogenous ABA, the effect of spraying 70 mg · Lexogenous ABA was suitable for improving cold resistance of Korla fragrant pear.

Impact of particle size of pulverized citrus peel tissue on changes in antioxidant properties of digested fluids during simulated in vitro digestion

To examine the effect of mechanical processing for plant-based materials on antioxidant properties during digestion,relationships between the size of pulverized plant tissue and changes in antioxidant activities during simulated in vitro digestion were investigated.The citrus peel tissue was pulverized and classified into four powder fractions followed their particle size distributions as 125−180m,180−355m,355−500m and 500−710m.These fractions were regarded as a plant tissue model with various degrees of cell damages.Powder samples were collected during the digestion and measured their particle sizes and colors.Besides,total phenolic content and antioxidant activities of digested fluid were also evaluated.The results showed that the powder color of smaller particles were significantly changed than the bigger ones.The bio-properties of digested fluid for the bigger particle sizes comparatively retained more than smaller ones at the simulated gastric stage.It also showed mostly stable during simulated gastric or small intestinal digestion stage.This suggested that the release of bioactive compounds from plant tissues during digestion could be related to their structural attributes such as degrees of cell damages which could be affected by processing methods and conditions.

Fibrous Structure of Connective Tissue of Normal Human Lamina Cribrosa.

Fibrous components and structural morphology of the connective tissue of the lamina cribrosa obtained from 35 normal human autopsy eyes were examined by histochemical staining, transmission electron microscopic and computer-

High mechanical index post-contrast ultrasonography improves tissue structural display of hepatocellular carcinoma

Background The advent of second generation agent-SonoVue and low mechanical index real-time contrast enhanced ultrasonography （CEUS） imaging have been shown to improve the diagnostic performance of uhrasonography in hepatocellular carcinoma （HCC）. But no report has described the effect of high mechanical index （MI） post-CEUS. This study aimed to investigate the value of post-CEUS in displaying tissue structures of HCC. Methods Seventy-six HCCs in 65 patients were included in the study. Each patient underwent three scans, high-MI （ MI ： 0. 15 - 1.6 ） pre-contrast ultrasound, low-MI （ MI ： 0. 04 - 0. 08 ） CEUS with contrast agent SonoVue, and high-MI post-contrast ultrasound, which was performed within 3 minutes after CEUS. The size, boundary, echogenicity, internal echotexture and posterior acoustic enhancement of the HCCs in the conventional scans before and after CEUS were evaluated. According to pathological evidence, diagnosis rates of pre-contrast, CEUS and post-contrast scans were determined and compared. The potential mechanism of post-contrast ultrasound imaging was also discussed. Results Compared with pre-contrast, post-contrast ultrasound showed improvement in image quality in most HCCs： twenty-six （34. 2% ） more lesions showed well defined margins and fourteen （18.4%） more nodules showed halo sign; twenty-three （30. 3% ） lesions demonstrated enlarged in sizes; changes in echogenicity were seen in 30 lesions （39.5%） ; eighteen （23.7%） more lesions showed heterogenecity and 20 （26. 3% ） more lesions showed “mosaic”or “nodule-in-nodule” sign; twelve （15.8%） more lesions showed posterior acoustic enhancement. Post-contrast ultrasound showed increased diagnostic accuracy of 93.4% （71/76）, compare with 88.2% （67/76） of CEUS alone. Conclusions High-MI post-contrast ultrasound utilizes harmonic signals during the rupture of microbubbles, and significantly improves the display of echo-characteristics of HCCs in ultrasound images, which adds diagnostic values for CEUS. Post-contrast ultrasound could play an important role in tissue characterization, and may be included in CEUS protocols.

Adaptation strategies of juvenile grass carp(Ctenopharyngodon idella)facing different dissolved oxygen concentrations in a recirculating aquaculture system

Fishes exposed to different dissolved oxygen concentrations over prolonged time periods have different susceptibility and adaptation mechanisms.In this study,healthy grass carp with an average weight of 214.6±18.7 g were selected for long-term culture in recirculating aquaculture systems at three different dissolved oxygen concentrations,i.e.,3.00 mg/L[(2.57±0.33)mg/L,DO_(2.57)),5.00 mg/L[(4.61±0.11)mg/L,DO_(4.61)],which was the control group,and 7.00 mg/L[(6.50±0.48)mg/L,DO_(6.50)].Blood,gill,muscle,and liver samples were collected after 60 days.Using hematoxylin-eosin(HE),alcian blue periodic acid Schiff(AB-PAS)staining,determination of respiratory metabolism enzyme activity,and fluorescent quantitative PCR,the adaptability of juvenile grass carp facing different dissolved oxygen levels were explored.The results showed that the respiration rate increased,and hemoconcentration and hemoglobin(Hb),electrolyte and pH changed at DO2.57.Furthermore,gill lamellae became thinner and longer,the distance between them increased,the mucus on them decreased and the interstitial cell mass decreased.In addition,the relative expression of apoptosis-related genes bcl-2 and bcl-xl in gill tissue decreased,while caspase-3 and bax increased.In muscles and liver tissues,lactate dehydrogenase(LDH)activity and lactic acid content(LA)increased,pyruvate dehydrogenase(PDH)activity decreased,and genes related to the respiratory metabolic enzymes PDH-A4 and PDH-E1α also changed accordingly.The oxygen consumption rate decreased significantly(P<0.05).At DO_(6.50),the distance between gill lamellae,numbers of red blood cells(RBC)and the content of hemoglobin decreased wheras the mucus on gill lamellae increased.The activity of PDH,the expression of PDH-E1a in liver and oxygen consumption rate increased.Different dissolved oxygen concentrations affected the respiratory behavior,gill tissue structure,blood transport capacity and tissue enzyme activity of juvenile grass carp.In summary,juvenile grass carp showed different adaptation strategies when facing different dissolved oxygen concentrations over prolonged periods in recirculating aquaculture systems.