Tobacco Control Intervention:A Comparative Multimodal Discourse Analysis of Video Advertisements in China and Australia

Significant differences in tobacco-control initiatives and achievements between Australia and China have been witnessed in the world,despite the fact that thecountries share the Asia-pacific region and have intimate relationships.The smoking rate in Australia has been on a downward trend since the 1980s and therefore Australia has been portrayed as a“dark market”by global tobacco industry companies.However in China,cigarette smoking is the chief killer that causes deadly health risks to both direct users of tobacco and people exposed to second-hand smoke.Non-communicable diseases due to this have caused great burden to the national medical resources.As a vital intervention tool of mass media campaign,public health advertisements on tobacco-control have played an important role in influencing the cognition and behavior of recipients.This study aims to compare the strategies adopted by the advertisements in Australia and China through corpus-driven multimodal discourse analysis to conduct quantitative analysis and qualitative case study.The results of comparative analysis indicate different pathways of tobacco-control advertisements constructions in the two countries that Australian tobacco-control advertisements achieved better in terms of health communication intervention to encourage cessation among smokers and reduce smoking initiation among potential smokers at the population level.To be compared,Chinese tobacco-control advertisements placed a heavier emphasis on the health hazards caused by second-hand smoking to protect people from the attributable morbidity and mortality.From the perspective of content theme,this study argues that Chinese tobacco-control advertisements should shift the focus to the health damage of smoking to smokers which is more targeted and fundamental.From the perspective of multimodal presentations of the video advertisements,a more prominent demonstration of the health damage is recommended.Moreover,this study argues that cultural-oriented strategies should be developed in the tobacco-control advertisements if considering the cigarette sharing and gifting social phenomenon in the Chinese society.

Impact of Village-based Health Education of Tobacco Control on the Current Smoking Rate in Chinese Rural Areas

The number of smokers in Chinese rural areas is more than 200 million, which is twice that in cities. It is very significant to carry out tobacco control interventions in rural areas. We performed this community intervention study to evaluate the efficacy of village-based health education of tobacco control on the male current smoking rate in rural areas. The population of this study was the males above 15 years old from 6 villages in rural areas. The villages were randomly assigned to intervention group or control group（3 villages in each group）. Self-designed smoking questionnaire was applied. The intervention group received the village-based health education of tobacco control for one year. The primary outcome measurement was the male current smoking rate. In the baseline investigation, completed surveys were returned by 814 male residents from the control group and 831 male residents from the intervention group. The male current smoking rate in the control group and the intervention group was 61.2% and 58.5%, respectively, before intervention. There was no significant difference between these two groups（P〉0.05）. After one-year intervention, the current smoking rate in the intervention group（51.2%） was significantly lower than that in the control group（62.8%）（P〈0.001）. Our study suggested that the village-based health education of tobacco control was effective in lowering the male current smoking rate in rural areas, which could be a suitable and feasible way for tobacco control in the Chinese rural areas.

PEST Analysis of the Development and Challenge of Macao’s 2015 Tobacco Control Law

The Legislative Assembly of the Macao Special Administrative Region passed the 2015 Tobacco Control Laws on July 10, 2015, stimulating a heated discussion and debate in society. In this study, a content analysis of news coverage appearing in Macao Daily between July 1, 2015 and December 31, 2015 was conducted. It also applied PEST method to carry out detailed analysis of the public’s opinions, aiming at gaining a better understanding of the current situation of tobacco control work in Macao and the challenges lay ahead. Moreover, we use KAP （Knowledge-Attitude-Practice） framework to propose further enhancement and improvement of government’s tobacco control work.

Does higher tax rate affect tobacco usage?Unravelling the nexus between tobacco regulatory control and public health concern

Objectives:Bangladesh stands as a prominent global consumer of tobacco,with alarming consequences on public health.The Global Adult Tobacco Survey reported that tobacco consumption claimed over 126000 lives in 2018,contributing to 13.5%of all deaths in the country.This study aims to explore the effectiveness of higher tax rates and tobacco use regulation as control mechanisms in mitigating tobacco consumption and health care cost burden,with a particular emphasis on its implications for public health.Methods:This study is based on the annual time series data over the period 2000-2020.The study employs the ordinary least square method to analyze the quantitative confirming the stationarity of data at level.This research uses different models to investigate individual effects and combined effects on both tobacco consumption and tobacco health care cost burden.Results:The study finds a negative relationship between tobacco tax rate and tobacco consumption.More specifically,the higher tax rate of tobacco(low(β=-0.3495),medium(β=-0.2319),high(β=-0.9033),premium(β=-0.7322),filtered(β=-0.2114),and non-filtered(β=-0.3452)categories)is significant to reduce tobacco use at 1%level of significance.The study finds similar results when it applied tobacco retail price instead of tobacco tax rate as the independent variable.Finally,the study investigates the impact on health care cost through tobacco consumption,tobacco control law,growth rate,export-import,and tobacco production.The results indicate that tobacco consumption,export-import,and tobacco production increases health care cost burden while tobacco use regulatory decreases it.By reducing tobacco consumption,higher taxes and tobacco use regulation contribute to alleviating the burden on the healthcare system,promoting healthier lifestyles,and aligning with global health objectives.Conclusions:Higher tax rate on tobacco products is necessary to increase the retail price so that tobacco users cannot consume tobacco.Specific tax and uniform tax base are needed so that tobacco users cannot switch to lower priced brands.Tobacco control laws need to revised and proper implementation should be ensured as well,to achieve the goal of tobacco free Bangladesh by 2040.Tobacco-related diseases,responsible for a significant proportion of deaths in the country,could witness a considerable decline with the successful implementation of higher tax rates and tobacco use regulation.This study provides insights that not only contribute to the economic discourse but also accentuate the broader public health benefits arising from effective tobacco taxation policies.

Grappling With Tobacco Control

It's reported that the British House of Commons passed a bill February 14 to ban smoking in every pub, club and indoor public space in England. The legislation is now submitted to the upper House of Lords. If passed, it will become law by mid-2007. With the ban, Britain joins Ireland, Finland, Italy, New Zealand, Norway, South Africa, Spain, Sweden and several U.S. states and cities, all of which have restricted smoking in public places in recent years.

Building Blocks for Tobacco Control

The tobacco epidemic is a global challenge demanding concerted global and national action. Recognizing that globalization is accelerating the epidemic’s spread and perceiving the limits of national action to contain a public health problem with transnational dimensions, Member States of the World Health Organization negotiated and adopted a unique public health treaty for tobacco control. Today, the WHO FCTC contains the blueprint for coordinated global action to address one of the most significant risks to health.

Progress on Integrated Control of Tobacco Black Shank

Tobacco black shank is one of the devastating diseases of tobacco. In recent years, this disease widely occurred in most tobacco-growing areas, which caused disastrous losses and has severely threatened the sustainable development of flue-cured tobacco. In order to lay a theoretical foundation for the better control of tobacco black shank, the occurrence characteristics and integrated control strategis of this disease were systematically discussed according to the aspects of agricultural control, chemical control, biological control, etc.

Integrated Biological Control of Tobacco Bacterial Wilt (<i>Ralstonia solanacearum</i>) and Its Effect on Rhizosphere Microbial Community

Biological control agents and soil amendments have been applied to control tobacco bacterial wilt, but the mechanism is not well-known. In the present study, a field experiment was performed to investigate the soil physicochemical properties, disease index (DI) and disease incidence of tobacco bacterial wilt, and rhizosphere microbial community. The results show that the control efficacy of single application of antagonistic bacteria and calcium cyanamide was 46.43% and 51.92%, respectively. While the combined control efficacy of antagonistic bacteria and calcium cyanamide was 65.79%. Besides, the combined application of antagonistic bacteria and calcium cyanamide could increase soil pH, total N alkaline N, and exchangeable Ca, which were negatively associated with the microbial diversity, soil-borne pathogenic microorganisms, and incidence of tobacco bacterial wilt. Additionally, the combination of antagonistic bacteria and calcium cyanamide can improve the proportion of some antagonistic microbial species, and these antagonistic microbial species were inversely associated with the DI of tobacco bacterial wilt. In conclusion: The integrated measure may influence soil microbial communities through enhancing soil physicochemical properties and rebuild healthy soil microbial community structure to mitigate tobacco bacterial wilt. The current study presented valuable insights into the mechanisms enhancing soil health in the integrated measure.

Screening, Identification and Biocontrol Effect of Antagonistic Streptomyces Strain Tra69 against Tobacco Bacterial Wilt

[Objective] The paper was to screen the biocontrol agents with good control effects against tobacco bacterial wilt. [Method] The strains with antagonistic activity against tobacco bacterial wilt were isolated from 36 copies of rhizosphere soil sample. The strain with best inhibition effect was identified, and carried out pot test and growth-promoting experiment. [Result] The strain with best inhibtion effect was Tra69, which was identified to be Streptomyces flavogriseus. The fermentation liquid of Tra69 had good control effect against Ralstonia solanacarum, and also had good growth-promoting effect on tobacco. [Conclusion] Tra69 was the biocontrol agent with excellent control effect against R. solanacarum, which could be further developed and used in biological control against tobacco diseases.

Occurrence Regularity and Control of Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) in Wuxi Tobacco Area of China in 2011

On the basis of general situation and new characteristics of tobacco mosaic virus （TMV） in Wuxi tobacco area in 2011, the paper expounded the objec-tive reasons of TMV via systemic investigation, field experiment and date sorting. Meanwhile, combined with mcteorological conditions and results of systemic inves-tigation, the study especially analyzed meteorological conditions, outbreak and prevalence regularity of TMV and control efficacy of chemical reagents against TMV. The results showed that climatic conditions were the main conditions affecting TMV. There were three occurrence peaks of TMV in 2011, as a result of meteorologi-cal conditions of the months from April to June. The peaks were concerned with a wide range of rainfall about half a month before, low temperature, high humidity and scant sunshine and temperature jump after rain. The results of control effects showed that the chemical reagents could obviously prevent TMV, but once tobacco plants were infected, spraying chemical reagents would not have effective control effect against TMV.

Effects of Early Infection of Tobacco Mosaic Virus on Photosynthetic Proteins and Its Control

[Objectives] This study was conducted to explore the optimal period of TMV control and the physiological sites that interfere with TMV infection. [Methods] Proteome analysis was performed on the host tissues(tobacco plants) at different time periods of viral infection, to verify the changes in the expression of differential protein genes and N and PR1-a in the photosynthetic pathway and porphyrin metabolism and chlorophyll metabolism pathways in proteome; and the tobacco plants were treated with different preparations. [Results] The expression levels of N and PR1-a in the tobacco leaves treated with preparation B reached the highest level, and the effects on the expression levels of the differential protein genes were also the most significant. The control effects of the preparations were tested by the half-leaf method, and the results showed that preparation B had a significant control effect against the early infection of the virus.[Conclusions] This study lays a foundation for the prevention and control of tobacco mosaic virus on crops.

Control Effects of Different Agents on Tobacco Mosaic Virus Disease

[Objectives] This study was conducted to screen out suitable agents for controlling tobacco mosaic virus disease and the best control period in Zhangzhou tobacco area, providing a theoretical basis for the control of virus diseases, thereby improving the quality of flue-cured tobacco and the income of tobacco farmers. [Methods] The effects on tobacco mosaic virus disease under the interaction between different agents and different application periods were investigated. The incidence of tobacco mosaic virus disease was investigated, and its control effect was analyzed. [Results] Different agents and different application periods had different control effects on tobacco mosaic virus disease. The incidence of tobacco mosaic virus disease: At 30 and 45 d after transplanting, the incidences of A2B1 treatment were the lowest, at 0.85%, 1.71%, respectively;and at 60 d after transplanting, the incidence of A3B1 treatment was the lowest, only 10.68%. The control effect: At 30 and 45 d after transplanting, A2B1 treatment had better control effects, reaching 79.39% and 73.06%, respectively. [Conclusions] 3% hypersensitive protein sprayed at 1 d before transplanting and 7 and 15 d after transplanting achieved the best effect, followed by 10% ningnanmycin sprayed at 1 d before transplanting and 7 and 15 d after transplanting. In tobacco production, it is recommended to apply 1 000 times dilution of 3% supersensitive protein microgranules for three times(at 1 d before transplanting and 7 and 15 d after transplanting), which can effectively prevent tobacco mosaic virus disease.

2020年北京市控烟检查和投诉现状分析

目的 了解北京市控烟检查和投诉情况,评价《北京市控制吸烟条例》落实情况,为完善政府控烟政策提供依据。方法 以北京市2020年6个城区的全部街道作为研究对象。收集2020年北京市街道控烟检查和控烟投诉数据,计算控烟检查得分、万人控烟投诉率。结果 共纳入北京市134个街道,控烟检查得分为(89.3±6.5)分、万人控烟投诉率的均值为(9.7±9.3)/万人,且在各区之间的差异均有统计学意义(P<0.001)。餐馆(58.7%)、室内农贸市场(52.5%)、网吧或娱乐场所(40.8%)、公共卫生间(47.3%)控烟检查项目全部合格的比例较低;餐馆(28.6%)、写字楼(28.1%)、办公场所(13.1%)为常见的控烟投诉场所。结论 北京市城区各街道的控烟状况总体良好,但是部分地区仍有待加强。

阿南德氏链霉菌FXJ-25的鉴定及对烟草靶斑病的防效

为筛选烟草靶斑病菌拮抗菌,丰富烟草靶斑病生防资源,采用稀释涂布法和平板对峙法进行放线菌分离,筛选得到一株具有明显拮抗效果的菌株FXJ-25。基于培养特性、生理生化特性及16S rDNA基因序列分析相结合的方法对该菌株进行鉴定,分析了其诱导烟草抗性的能力,并通过盆栽试验对其防效进行了研究。结果表明,拮抗菌FXJ-25对烟草靶斑病菌的抑菌率为74.14%,可引起菌丝畸形,经鉴定该菌株为阿南德氏链霉菌(Streptomyces anandii)。FXJ-25具有广谱抗真菌活性,对瓜类蔓枯病菌(Stagonosporopsis cucurbitacearum)、烟草喀斯特炭疽菌(Colletotrichum karstii)和小麦赤霉病菌(Fusarium graminearum)等15种植物病原真菌均具有较好的拮抗作用,抑菌率在53.43%~100%之间。菌株发酵液还可显著提高烟苗苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、过氧化物酶(POD)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)等防御相关酶的活性。盆栽防效中,菌株FXJ-25活菌液(108孢子/mL)对烟草靶斑病具有78.81%的防效。因此,FXJ-25可作为烟草靶斑病的生防材料进一步开发利用。

气调技术在我国烟叶仓储养护上的研究与应用进展

气调技术是一种安全有效、绿色环保的仓储养护技术。近20年来,气调技术在烟叶仓储养护领域飞速发展,在烟叶杀虫防霉、保质等方面均取得了很多研究和应用成果。本文回顾了气调技术在烟叶仓储养护领域的发展历程,归纳了气调技术在烟叶杀虫防霉方面的研究和应用进展,综述了气调技术对烟叶醇化过程中质量变化的影响,认为应加强气调技术在原烟上的应用研究,构建“原烟-片烟”一体化养护体系;针对目前存在的气调杀虫周期过长、气调参数与烟叶醇化进程对应关系尚不明确等问题,指出应加强气调技术与其他手段联用快速杀虫技术研究,并进一步系统研究气调参数对烟叶醇化进程的影响规律及相关机理,从而实现烟叶醇化进程精准调控,使烟叶醇化质量高点和烟叶实际使用时间精准结合。

控水促根和延迟移栽对烤烟产量和品质的影响

为明确控水促根和稀播培育可延迟移栽的长叶龄壮根苗对烤烟产量和品质的影响,以云烟87为材料,设计控水促根方式和苗龄两个因素,分析不同处理烤烟的经济性状、物理特性、化学成分、感官质量差异,综合评价不同处理产质量综合效果;采用η2值评价控水促根和稀播培育长叶龄烟苗及其互作的贡献率。结果表明:扩大育苗盘孔径、基质中添加微生物菌剂、育苗后期湿润水分管理可培育长苗龄烟苗,有利于提高烤烟产量、产值和经济性状指数,改善烟叶物理特性,提升烟叶化学成分可用性,提高烟叶感官质量和烟叶产质量综合效果指数。控水促根、稀播培育长叶龄烟草及其互作对烤烟经济性状的贡献率分别为18.15%、63.38%、18.46%,对烟叶物理特性的贡献率分别为24.39%、35.74%、39.87%,对烟叶化学成分的贡献率分别为27.48%、37.47%、35.05%,对烟叶感官质量的贡献率分别为22.04%、66.21%、11.74%。因此,采用控水促根和稀播培育可延迟移栽的长苗龄壮根苗,有利于促进南方多雨稻作烟区的烤烟早生快发,提高稻茬烤烟产量和品质,具有推广价值。

山东烤烟农药登记现状及主要病虫害防控建议

烤烟是山东省主要栽种的烟草种类,其经济效益较高,是产区当地的重要经济作物之一。近年来,山东烤烟产区的病虫害频发,成为烤烟减产的重要因素之一。该文基于山东烤烟种植过程中发生的主要病虫害种类,系统地梳理烤烟农药登记情况及目前烤烟禁用的农药类型。针对山东烟区当前在烤烟用药登记、烤烟病虫害防治过程中存在问题以及未来研究发展方向进行综述分析与展望,旨在为烤烟生产中农药的科学使用、烤烟产业的绿色高效发展提供参考依据。

释放烟蚜茧蜂防治烟田烟蚜的生态效应评估技术

【目的】建立烟田规模化释放烟蚜茧蜂生物防治烟蚜的生态效应评价技术,为规模化释放天敌昆虫生物防治害虫的生态安全性评估提供科学依据。【方法】以2016—2017年云南省保山市隆阳区和大理白族自治州弥渡县长年释放烟蚜茧蜂防治烟蚜的烟田和未释放烟蚜茧蜂的烟田为试验地,系统开展释放烟蚜茧蜂烟田生物多样性指标分析及烟农问卷调查,筛选生态效应评价指标,构建基于层次分析法的释放烟蚜茧蜂防治烟蚜生态效应评价模型。【结果】构建了基于释放烟蚜茧蜂对烟田生物多样性的影响、对其他种类蚜茧蜂及蚜虫天敌的影响、烟蚜茧蜂的适生性/适应力、定殖可能性、存在可能性、对人畜健康及植物安全的影响、蚜茧蜂种群扩散与建立的可能性共计7个目标层、19个准则层和76个指标层构成的规模化释放烟蚜茧蜂防治烟蚜的生态效应评估技术及模型。应用该模型计算的2016年弥渡县和隆阳区烟田释放烟蚜茧蜂的生态效应值分别为2.65和2.51;2017年两地烟区释放烟蚜茧蜂烟田的生态安全值分别为2.56和2.50,与2016年的生态效应评价结果一致。【结论】本研究构建的模型可用于烟田释放烟蚜茧蜂防治烟蚜的生态效应评估。

Analysis of Meteorological Epidemic Factors and Soil Improvement Controlling Technology of Tobacco Bacterial Wilt (Ralstonia solanacarum)

[Objective] The paper was to analyze the meteorological epidemic factors for occurrence and prevalence of tobacco bacterial wilt （ Ralstonia solanaca- rum）, and to study control effects of different soil conditioners on the bacterial disease in Gacligongshan demonstration area of green, ecological, high quality tobac- co leaf production. [Method] The plots attacked by tobacco bacterial wilt over the years were selected and the incidence of the disease was periodically surveyed in tobacco growth period in 2012, 2103 and 2014, respectively. 10 d Effective accumulated temperature and rainfall were counted according to the meteorological data, and the relationship between meteorological factors and disease index was analyzed. The control effects of three kinds of soil conditioners ＂Zhuanggenfeng＂, refined fulvic acid and lime on tobacco bacterial wilt were tested. [ Result] The analysis results of meteorological factors showed that 10 d effective accumulated temperature and rainfall were positively correlated to disease index. The variation curve of 10 d effective accumulated temperature and rainfall reflected the change trend of disease index. The pH values were increased by 0.57, 0.50 and 0.72 respectively after applying ＂Zhuanggenfeng＂, refined fulvic acid and lime. The aver- age control effects on tobacco bacterial wilt were 60.74% -62. 18%, 53.05% -59.53%, and 48.59% -58.53%, respectively. [ Conclusion] 10 d Effective accumulated temperature and rainfall could be used as important reference for disease forecasting and controUing. The usage of soil conditioner has a certain preven- tion and control effect on tobacco bacterial wilt disease by forming soil conditions conducive to flue-cured tobacco growth but adverse to disease survival, which is an effective auxiliary method against the disease.

遥控自走式雪茄植株中下层烟叶植保喷雾机设计与试验

针对雪茄烟叶在旺长期及成熟期因植株高大及叶片生长致使烟田垄间空间小,且雪茄烟叶生产对烟叶色泽及完整度要求高,田间管理要求不能损伤烟叶,导致生产中雪茄烟叶植株中下层烟叶植保困难的问题,结合烟叶植株生长特征,设计了一种遥控自走式雪茄植株中下层烟叶植保喷雾机,该装置主要包括喷雾系统、履带底盘及控制系统,可实现装置在烟田垄间遥控行走、中下层烟叶喷雾及路况可视等功能。为获取烟株生长特征,运用三维激光扫描仪对其进行扫描并建立了植株叶片田间空间分布模型;根据烟叶田间分布特征,确定装置总体结构和工作方式;结合烟叶形态特征和植保农艺要求,对喷雾系统进行了结构设计及分析,确定了参数范围;根据田间作业需求,对履带底盘进行了动力学分析,对控制系统进行了设计。开展了场地试验,利用Box-Behnken优化了喷雾系统参数,当喷雾压力为0.65 MPa、喷嘴夹角为20.4°、喷嘴孔径为0.4 mm时,经垂直雾滴分布测量仪模拟雪茄烟叶叶片层垂直方向的药液附着性能试验表明,雾滴沉积量垂直分布满足雪茄烟叶植保要求。田间试验结果表明,雪茄植株中下层烟叶正面药液覆盖率为52%~83%,背面药液覆盖率为22%~45%,可实现雪茄植株中下层烟叶药液的有效喷施。