Geometry Design and Tooth Contact Analysis of Crossed Beveloid Gears for Marine Transmissions

Beveloid gears,also known as conical gears,gain more and more importance in industry practice due to their abilities for power transmission between parallel,intersected and crossed axis.However,this type of gearing with crossed axes has no common plane of action which results in a point contact and low tooth durability.Therefore,a geometry design approach assuming line contact is developed to analyze the tooth engagement process of crossed beveloid gears with small shaft angle for marine transmission applications.The loaded gear tooth contact behavior is simulated by applying a quasi-static analysis to study the effects of gearing parameters on mesh characteristics.Using the proposed method,a series of sensitivity analyses to examine the effects of critical gearing parameters such as shaft angle,cone angle,helix angle and profile-shift coefficient on the theoretical gear mesh is performed.The parametric analysis of pitch cone design shows that the dominant design parameters represented by the angle between the first principle directions（FPD） and normal angular factor are more sensitive to the shaft and cone angles than they are to the helix angle.The theoretical contact path is highly sensitive to the profile-shift coefficient,which is determined from the theoretical tooth contact analysis.The FPD angle is found to change the distribution of contact pattern,contact pressure and root stress as well as the translational transmission error and the variation of the mesh stiffness significantly.The contact pattern is clearly different between the drive and coast sides due to different designed FPD angles.Finally,a practical experimental setup for marine transmission is performed and tooth bearing test is conducted to demonstrate the proposed design procedure.The experimental result compared well with the simulation.Results of this study yield a better understanding of the geometry design and loaded gear mesh characteristics for crossed beveloid gears used in marine transmission.

TOOTH CONTACT ANALYSIS OF CONICAL INVOLUTE GEARS

The mathematical model of conical involute gears is developed based on the theory of gearing and the generating mechanism. Tooth contact analysis （TCA） is performed to examine the meshing and bearing contact of the conical involute gear pairs with intersected and crossed axes. In addition, the principal directions and curvatures of the gear surfaces are investigated and the contact ellipses of the mating tooth surfaces are also studied. Finally, the numerical illustrative examples are provided to demonstrate the computational results, test gears are made for tooth-bearing tests, and the conclusion is verified that the theory has the applicability.

Dynamics of a Dual Power-split Transmission Based on Loaded Tooth Contact Analysis

In order to implement the dynamic characteristic of a dual power-split transmission, a dynamic me- chanics model is built. Firstly, according to the method of theoretical analysis of the tooth contact analysis （TCA） and loaded tooth contact analysis （LTCA）, the actual meshing process of each gear pairs is simulated, and the time-varying mesh stiffness excitations are obtained, which can improve the numerical precision. Second- ly, by using the lumped mass method, the bending-torsional coupling three dimensional dynamic model of the dual power-split transmission is established, and the identical dimensionless equations are deduced by elimina- ting the effect of rigid displacement and the method of dimensional normalization. Finally, by the method of the fourth order Runge-Kutta algorithm with variable step lengths, the responses of this system in a frequency domain and time domain are obtained, and the dynamic load change characteristics of each gear pairs are analyzed. The results show that the establishment, solution and analysis of the system dynamics model could provide a basis for the dynamic design, and have an important significance for the dynamic efficiency analysis and dynamic perform- ance optimization design of the dual power-split transmission.

Loaded multi-tooth contact analysis and calculation for contact stress of face-gear drive with spur involute pinion

The analytical method based on "Hertz theory on normal contact of elastic solids" and the numerical method based on finite element method (FEM) calculating the contact stress of face-gear drive with spur involute pinion were introduced, and their relative errors are below 10%, except edge contact, which turns out that these two methods can compute contact stress of face-gear drive correctly and effectively. An agreement of the localized bearing contact stress is gotten for these two methods, making sure that the calculation results of FEM are reliable. The loaded meshing simulations of multi-tooth FEM model were developed, and the determination of the transmission error and the maximal load distribution factor of face-gear drive under torques were given. A formula for the maximal load distribution factor was proposed. By introducing the maximal load distribution factor in multi-tooth contact zone, a method for calculating the maximal contact stress in multi-tooth contact can be given. Compared to FEM, the results of these formulae are proved to be reliable, and the relative errors are below 10%.

Mesh excitations of spur gear considering strong correlation among tooth contact parameters,contact force,and tooth profile deviations

Gear mesh excitations are widely concerned in the dynamic studies of the gear transmission system.Meanwhile,intentional and unintentional tooth profile deviations often occur in gears.At present,the established calculation models of gear mesh excitations consider tooth profile deviations as displacement excitation.However,gear mesh excitations calculated by such models have reduced stability compared with the actual situation.Therefore,in this study,an improved analytical model of gear mesh excitations with tooth profile deviations is established.This established model considers tooth profile deviations,extended tooth contact,and the structure coupling effect of the gear body simultaneously.More importantly,the model considers the strong correlation among tooth contact parameters,contact force,and tooth profile deviations to better reflect the actual gear mesh.A calculation flowchart with a simple calculation method of contact forces is also proposed to calculate the gear mesh excitations.Finally,the effects of tooth profile deviations on gear mesh excitations are studied.The results show that the effects of tooth profile deviations on tooth contact position,the direction of contact force,and equivalent basic circle radii should be considered in the calculation of gear mesh excitations because of smaller system transmission errors,larger double-teeth meshing area,and slighter extended tooth contact.Tooth profile deviations also cause jumps in tooth contact position and time-varying mesh stiffness.Thus,our findings show that the proposed model can be used to calculate the gear mesh excitations more accurately when the tooth profile deviates greatly.

Generation Principle of Helix Tooth Profile in Hypocycloid Pinw heel Transmission and Its Contact Characteristics

The transmission characteristics of gear drive can be improved with the use of novel tooth profiles.A theoretical study on tooth profile of the hypocycloid pinwheel transmission and contact analysis of gear pair based on finite element method(FEM) are carried out,respectively.The line contact between mated tooth surfaces becomes point contact according to a plus movement.Through loaded tooth contact analysis(LTCA),the contact stress and load distributions for the proposed hypocycloid pinwheel transmission and the traditional one are discussed.The analysis results show that the developed tooth surfaces have anticipatory point contact characteristics under loads and contact fatigue dangerous area locates around the ultimate contact position.

Influence of Setting Error of Tool on Tooth Profile and Contact Point of Face Gear Drive

In order to analyze the influence of setting error of tool on both tooth profile and contact characteristic of orthogonal face gear drive,the coordinate systems with and without setting error are established.Moreover,the equations of tooth profile and contact points of face gear drive are derived by envelope principle.According to the equations,the change of tooth profile and the contact points position on face gear are analyzed.The tooth surface and contact points are obtained by numerical simulation.Results show that the tooth profile and contact characteristic of face gear drive are not sensitive to the setting error of tool.

Design of Linear Functional Noncircular Gear with High Contact Ratio Used in Continuously Variable Transmission

Continuously variable transmission(CVT)of noncircular gear has the technical advantages of large bearing capacity and high transmission efficiency.The key technology of CVT with noncircular gear has been broken through some countries,and is in the stage of deep application research.Although the characteristics and design methods of noncircular gear pairs have been continuously studied in China,the noncircular gear CVT is still in the preliminary exploration and research stage.The linear functional noncircular gear pair,whose transmission ratio is a linear function in the working section,to realize continuously variable transmission was the research object in this paper.According to the required transmission ratio in the working section,the transmission ratio function in the non-working section was constructed by using a polynomial.And then the influence of pitch curve parameters in the working section on which in the non-working section was also analyzed to obtain the pitch curve suitable for transmission of this gear pair.In addition,for improving the stability and bearing capacity of gear transmission,the noncircular gear pair transmission with high contact ratio was designed.Furthermore,the accurate value of the contact tooth length was calculated based on the gear principle and the characteristics of the involute tooth profile,from this the contact tooth length error was calculated by comparing the accurate value with its actual value obtained by the rolling experiment.Finally,an indirect method to verify the contact ratio by detecting the contact length error of the tooth profile was proposed.

内凹刀盘加工的直齿锥齿轮齿面接触分析

为了在国产数控弧齿锥齿轮机床上采用内凹刀盘加工直齿锥齿轮,对使用内凹刀盘加工直齿锥齿轮的原理和齿面接触分析(Tooth Contact Analysis,TCA)方法进行了研究。基于内凹刀盘的加工原理和结构特点,建立了内凹刀盘加工的直齿锥齿轮的齿面数学模型,给出了相应的齿面接触分析方法;编写齿面接触分析程序,计算得到了齿轮副的接触斑点和传动误差曲线;通过实际的切齿加工和接触斑点检验,验证了齿面数学模型以及TCA方法的正确性。研究为锥齿轮加工参数及刀具参数的确定与啮合质量控制提供了理论依据。

安装误差对双圆弧齿轮啮合特性影响分析

为深入研究安装误差对双圆弧齿轮副啮合特性的影响,基于有限元法建立齿轮加载分析模型,研究啮合过程中单齿凸、凹齿廓的接触性能,对比分析安装误差对接触性能以及传动误差的影响规律。结果表明:啮合周期内,双圆弧齿轮的凹齿廓先接触且承担较大的法向接触力,但凸齿廓的啮入端接触应力最大,凸、凹齿面接触压力差与转矩成正比;安装误差对齿面接触性能影响较大,其中中心距误差容易引起齿轮分阶处应力集中,轴线平面的安装误差会引起齿面接触偏载,且对安装误差影响最大。

直纹面面齿轮共轭小齿轮的滚齿加工研究

针对直纹面面齿轮与圆柱齿轮不满足共轭关系而限制其在小传动比应用场合的情况,提出与直纹面面齿轮共轭的小齿轮及其滚齿加工方法。首先建立了直纹面面齿轮及其共轭小齿轮的齿面方程,获得共轭小齿轮相比圆柱齿轮的齿面偏差形貌;随后推导了阿基米德齿轮滚刀的齿面方程,并根据滚齿加工运动坐标系和啮合原理建立了圆柱齿轮的数学模型;在滚齿加工圆柱齿轮的运动基础上,通过增加滚刀的径向移动和工件的附加转动使滚刀切削刃逼近共轭齿面,附加运动由泰勒多项式表示,通过建立敏感矩阵方程并采用奇异值分解法迭代求解方程获得附加数控运动多项式系数,最后获得数控加工齿面;为评价直纹面面齿轮副的传动性能,进行了齿面承载接触分析,并与传统面齿轮-圆柱齿轮副进行了对比。研究结果表明:相同参数下,直纹面面齿轮副与传统面齿轮副的承载性能基本相同,完全能够代替传统面齿轮副传动;数值算例和仿真加工对该方法的验证表明,其数值算例误差不超过1μm,仿真结果误差不超过6μm,证明了该方法的可行性和准确性。

基于几何接触算法的摆线针轮传动误差分析

在摆线针轮传动的轮齿接触分析(ToothContactAnalysis,TCA)模型中,通常将误差值设为一个定值,易造成计算结果不合理,且计算过程中常出现计算不收敛等问题。对此,建立了包含修形、加工误差等多因素综合作用下的摆线针轮传动误差分析模型;在对啮合点矢量方程分析后,提出了一种解决数值不收敛等问题的方法,即在求得的摆线轮和针齿上纵横坐标相等的点中,找到法向量相等的啮合点。对回转体误差形式分析后,提出了一种解决计算结果不合理的方法,即令摆线轮周节误差、摆线轮齿廓径向跳动误差和针齿中心圆半径误差在公差带内呈周期性变化。以RV-80E减速器为试验对象,对比试验结果,验证了理论模型的正确性;研究各误差对传动误差的影响,开展了各误差灵敏度分析。结果表明,针齿半径误差和针齿与针齿壳间隙综合作用下的法向间隙是影响传动误差的主要因素。

高接触比螺旋锥齿面修形方法及动态特性研究

为抑制高接触比螺旋锥齿轮传动的振动,提出一种新的高阶齿面修形方法。根据高接触比螺旋锥齿轮的啮合特点,提出一种新的修形曲线,采用辅助齿面修形方法生成高阶修形螺旋锥齿轮。在考虑齿变形的情况下,计算了高阶修正弧齿锥齿轮传动的载荷传递误差和啮合冲击,在此基础上建立了降低高接触比螺旋锥齿轮传动的载荷传递误差和啮合冲击的优化模型。仿真结果表明:与二阶修形弧齿锥齿轮相比,高阶齿面修形方法不仅可以有效降低高接触比螺旋锥齿的载荷传递误差、啮合冲击和动态负载系数,而且可以提高其在全速范围内的动态性能。

齿槽表面多级微织构构筑及其润湿机理

目的使外科手术器械表面具有超疏水功能,有效防止感染,解决医疗器械的清洁问题,降低设备维护成本。方法通过电火花线切割(WEDM)复合纳秒激光烧蚀在3Cr13不锈钢表面制备了亚毫米/微米多级复合织构表面,随后在表面上制备了1H,1H,2H,2H-全氟癸基三乙氧基硅烷溶液(PFDS)自组装超疏水涂层。利用台式扫描电镜和激光共聚焦显微镜观察复合织构表面形貌特征,使用接触角测量仪对水滴与复合织构表面的接触状态进行观察,并测量水滴的接触角与滚动角。利用表界面张力仪对多级织构表面黏附力进行表征。结果微米沟槽在亚毫米齿槽斜面上均布且不同高度的沟槽形状一致,方向与齿槽平行。水滴与齿槽阵列表面为Wenzel模型接触,水滴与多级结构表面为Cassie-Baxter模型接触。齿槽阵列试样最大黏附力为164.1μN,最小黏附力为123.5μN,多级织构试样的黏附力分别为77.2、47、24.1μN。结论微米沟槽的存在改变了水滴接触状态,在亚毫米尺度上水滴与表面的接触状态由Wenzel状态转为Cassie-Baxter状态,有效改善了水滴的接触性能与滚动性能。多级织构试样齿槽顶角的减小,有效减小了固液接触面积,水滴接触角最大为163.2°。

Pinion Tooth Surface Generation Strategy of Spiral Bevel Gears

Aviation spiral bevel gears are often generated by spiral generated modified（SGM） roll method.In this style,pinion tooth surface modified generation strategy has an important influence on the meshing and contact performances.For the optimal contact pattern and transmission error function,local synthesis is applied to obtain the machine-tool settings of pinion.For digitized machine,four tooth surface generation styles of pinion are proposed.For every style,tooth contact analysis（TCA） is applied to obtain contact pattern and transmission error function.For the difference between TCA transmission error function and design objective curve,the degree of symmetry and agreement are defined and the corresponding sub-objective functions are established.Linear weighted combination method is applied to get an equivalent objective function to evaluate the shape of transmission error function.The computer programs for the process above are developed to analyze the meshing performances of the four pinion tooth surface generation styles for a pair of aviation spiral bevel gears with 38/43 teeth numbers.The four analytical results are compared with each other and show that the incomplete modified roll is optimal for this gear pair.This study is an expansion to generation strategy of spiral bevel gears,and offers new alternatives to computer numerical control（CNC） manufacture of spiral bevel gears.

新型内啮合S型齿轮啮合效率计算与分析

为了准确计算新型内啮合S型齿轮的啮合效率,引入了考虑轮齿表面滑差、润滑油状况及时变载荷等因素的弹流润滑时变摩擦模型;分析啮合齿面润滑机制,通过轮齿接触分析(Tooth ContactAnalysis,TCA)及轮齿承载接触分析,计算了啮合齿面滑动摩擦因数及摩擦损失功率;在此基础上,获得内啮合S型齿轮啮合周期内的瞬时啮合效率和平均啮合效率,并给出了计算实例。研究结果表明,在相同设计参数下,新型内啮合S型齿轮较渐开线齿轮有更高的啮合效率;经螺旋线修形后,新型内啮合S型齿轮的啮合效率有所提高且随修形量的增大而增大。

基于时变啮合刚度的修形齿轮承载接触分析

为了解决传统齿轮承载接触分析力学解析方法难以考虑齿廓修形的问题,以齿廓修形渐开线直齿轮为研究对象,基于时变啮合刚度,提出了一种齿轮承载情况下齿间载荷分配系数与齿面接触应力解析算法。通过对比齿轮承载接触时接触点在啮合线方向的变形量与修形量,提出修形齿轮单双齿啮合状态判定方法,并计算不同状态下的啮合刚度;推导修形齿轮的啮合力、刚度与变形的力学关系,建立各啮合齿对的齿间载荷分配系数计算模型,应用赫兹接触理论求解齿面接触应力;分别在不同修形高度、修形曲线与配对齿数情况下,计算分析多种齿廓修形算例的齿间载荷分配系数与齿面接触应力。结果表明,解析算法求解的齿间载荷分布系数、齿面接触应力及相应单双齿啮合区间与有限元结果相一致,相对误差较小,证明了该算法有较高的精度与稳定性,为齿廓修形齿轮承载接触分析提供一种高效便捷的新方法。

基于最小势能原理的双渐开线齿轮载荷分布研究

双渐开线齿轮接触线上的载荷非均匀分布,使得载荷计算困难。采用现有的方法或过于简化导致精度不足,或过于复杂使得计算量大、耗时长,并不适用于双渐开线齿轮载荷分布研究。为此,将双渐开线齿轮接触线等分为若干段,建立了双渐开线齿轮载荷分布模型,综合有限元法对轮齿载荷分布进行了研究。首先,根据双渐开线齿轮的啮合特点,求解了时变接触线,将每一啮合时刻下的齿轮接触线“分段”;然后,基于最小势能原理,建立了双渐开线齿轮的载荷分布模型,综合有限元法对齿轮轮齿载荷分布进行了研究;最后,对双渐开线齿轮与普通渐开线齿轮的载荷分布进行了对比分析,并研究了输入扭矩、齿宽对双渐开线齿轮轮齿载荷分布的影响。研究结果表明:载荷分布模型与有限元仿真结果之间的误差在10%之内,载荷分布模型合理可靠;双渐开线齿轮沿接触线方向载荷分布不均匀,节线附近载荷值最大;同参数、同工况下的双渐开线齿轮载荷波动幅度小于普通渐开线齿轮;输入扭矩增加,双渐开线齿轮节线附近载荷分布发生突变;齿宽增加,双渐开线齿轮沿接触线载荷分布不均匀程度增加。

基于KISSsoft的齿轮崩齿故障仿真分析

针对某变速箱主变速3档从动齿轮在试验过程中产生的崩齿现象,在排除材料及热处理的因素后,采用KISSsoft软件对故障齿轮进行了仿真分析。结果显示,考虑轴具体结构及支承的影响,齿轮接触强度不足,受载不均匀,存在偏接触的现象,这与齿轮的试验故障现象一致。基于以上情况,对轴进行加粗处理,并对齿轮进行齿向鼓形修形,从而提高了齿轮接触强度,使齿向载荷分布较均匀,改善了偏载现象,有利于提高齿轮啮合质量,减小啮合冲击,从而减小振动和噪声。

齿向修鼓和轴向错位直齿轮副刚度的计算方法

针对齿向修鼓和轴向错位直齿轮副刚度激励的问题,提出了一种通用的时变啮合直齿轮副刚度的解析方法。首先,建立了直齿轮齿向修鼓与轴向错位模型,导出了轮齿副总误差计算式;然后,结合了弹性力学理论、齿接触分析(TCA)以及加载齿接触分析(LTCA),对齿向修鼓和轴向错位的直齿轮副加载状态下的啮合特征进行了计算;基于势能法以及切片理论,建立了改进的几何刚度、耦合刚度、赫兹接触刚度以及齿基刚度模型,并进一步推导了齿向修鼓和轴向错位的直齿轮副时变啮合刚度改进解析式;最后,将该方法的计算结果与有限元结果进行了对比分析,对该解析模型进行了验证,并分析了不同鼓形量与错位量对直齿轮副刚度激励的影响。研究结果表明:提出的齿向修鼓和轴向错位直齿轮副刚度计算方法的计算误差为3%,能够准确且有效地分析齿向修鼓和轴向错位直齿轮副的啮合刚度,为齿轮副传动系统的修形设计提供了理论基础。