Antimicrobial Activity of Some Commercial Toothpastes and Antibiotics on Two Oral Pathogenic Bacteria—An in-Vitro Study

Oral health problems such as periodontal diseases, dental caries, and endodontic infections have a significant negative impact on oral health and impose a substantial financial burden on the global population. The prevalence of these issues is increasing due to the buildup of bacterial plaque and the growing resistance of bacteria to antimicrobial treatments. The aims of this study to evaluate the anti-bacterial activity of four types of antibiotics (Amoxicillin, Augmentin, Azithromycin and Metronidazole) and four types of toothpastes (Sensodyne, ipana, denta and cariax Gingival Kin) on two oral pathogenic bacteria (Streptococcus mutans and Staphylococcus epidermidis). Bacterial samples of previously isolated Streptococcus mutans and Staphylococcusepidermidis were used as test organisms and the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method was employed to assess the antibacterial efficacy of various antibiotics and evaluate the impact of different toothpastes using a filter paper disc agar measurement technique. Each filter disc was saturated with toothpaste solution in a test tube for approximately 30 to 40 seconds, after which they were placed on Mueller-Hinton broth bacterial cultures in petri dishes. These Petri dishes were then incubated at 37°C for 24 hours, and the clear zone’s diameter (inhibition zone in mm) was subsequently measured and the results were recorded. The results demonstrated that Sensodyne toothpaste and Metronidazole antibiotic were ineffective against both types of bacteria, while Augmentin and Amoxicillin were effective by high diameter inhibition zones of growth against S. mutans and Azithromycine against S. epidermidis. Also Ipana, Denta, and Cariax Gingival Kin toothpastes exhibited a moderate effect against the two bacteria. This study suggests that certain antibiotics and toothpastes can effectively inhibit the growth of harmful oral bacteria, but not all of them are effective.

Analysis of the Solid Contents of Toothpastes Available in UAE (United Arab Emirates) Markets

In order to find out whether any toothpastes commercially available in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) carry microplastic content in form of plastic microbeads, the filterable solid contents of 31 toothpastes from UAE markets and 2 toothpastes imported from Syria were analyzed. FT-IR studies of the solids revealed that the major solid components were hydrated silica and calcium carbonate, where the individual toothpaste product exhibited either one or the other as the dominant constituent. Titrimetric analysis of the alkalinity of the ash of the toothpastes was carried out. The solids, ashed at 600°C were subjected to FT-IR and EDS (energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopic) analysis. The ash of some of the products was shown to have TiO2 and Ca3 (PO4)2 as minor components. Mostly organic dyes were used as colorants;however, iron oxide (Fe2O3) was also found. Importantly, none of the toothpastes carried any solid microplastic particles. Only 3 toothpastes carried microbeads at all, which were made of either silica or microcrystalline cellulose. This finding indicates that toothpastes, at least in the UAE, are no longer a significant source of microplastic in the environment. The results were compared to a toothpaste bought through the internet with a formulation from 2014, which exhibited polythene microplastic at 1.31 ± 0.39 w% of the filterable solid content.

The Shear Bond Strengths of Composite Bonded to Dentine Following Treatment with Two Dentine Occluding Desensitizing Toothpastes

Aim: This study determined whether prior brushing with desensitizing toothpastes (Sensodyne Rapid Relief and Colgate Pro-Relief) affected the shear bond strengths of composite to dentine surfaces after appropriate use of two different dentine bonding agents (SingleBond and PQ-1). Materials and Methods: Sixty caries free molar teeth were cleaned, disinfected and embedded in individual cylinders of polymethylmethracyrlate. The occulsal surfaces were flattened to expose dentine and finished down with 600 grit silicone carbide paper. The teeth were randomly divided into six groups of 10 teeth each. Two groups served as control where dentine surfaces were brushed with pumice slurry. Of the remaining 4 groups, 2 groups were brushed with Sensodyne Rapid Relief and 2 groups brushed with Colgate Pro-Relief. The dentine surfaces were brushed to simulate 2 weeks of twice-daily toothpaste use. The specimens in each of the control groups and experimental groups were subjected to dentine bonding procedures (Single Bond or PQ-1), and application of hybrid composite resin (Z-250) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. A universal material testing machine, with a cross head speed of 0.05 mm/min was used to determine shear bond strengths. Results: Mean shear bond strengths ranged from 5.71 MPa (Colgate pretreatment, composite bonded with Single Bond) to 9.07 MPa (Sensodyne pretreatment, composite bonded with Single Bond). Results showed neither of the main effects, of toothpaste type or bonding agent were significant (p > 0.05) but their interaction was (F = 4.25, p = 0.02). Post hoc analysis showed that teeth brushed with the Sensodyne group, treated with the unfilled dentine bonding agent had a significantly higher bond strength than those treated with the filled dentine bonding agent. Conclusion: The desensitizing toothpastes that use the mechanism of occlusion of open dentinal tubules in the preliminary management of tooth sensitivity should not have an adverse effect on future restorative treatment modalities.

Assessment of antifungal activity of herbal and conventional toothpastes against clinical isolates of Candida albicans

Objective:To detect the anticandidal activity of nine toothpastes containing sodium fluoride, sodium monofluorophosphate and herbal extracts as an active ingredients against 45 oral and non oral Candida albicans(C.albicans) isolates.Methods:The antifungal activity of these toothpaste formulations was determined using a standard agar well diffusion method.Statistical analysis was performed using a statistical package,SPSS windows version 15,by applying mean values using one-way ANOVA with post-hoc least square differences(LSD) method.A P value of less than 0.05 was considered significant.Results:All toothpastes studied in our experiments were effective in inhibiting the growth of all C.albicans isolates.The highest anticandidal activity was obtained from toothpaste that containing both herbal extracts and sodium fluoride as active ingredients, while the lowest activity was obtained from toothpaste containing sodium monofluorophosphate as an active ingredient.Antifungal activity of Parodontax toothpaste showed a significant difference(P<0.001) against C.albicans isolates compared to toothpastes containing sodium fluoride or herbal products.Conclusions:In the present study,it has been demonstrated that toothpaste containing both herbal extracts and sodium fluoride as active ingredients are more effective in control of C.albicans,while toothpaste that containing monofluorophosphate as an active ingredient is less effective against C.albicans.Some herbal toothpaste formulations studied in our experiments,appear to be equally effective as the fluoride dental formulations and it can be used as an alternative to conventional formulations for individuals who have an interest in naturally-based products.Our results may provide invaluable information for dental professionals.

A Review of 2023 Supervision Updates of Cosmetics in China

In 2023,multiple supporting documents of the Regulations on the Supervision and Administration of Cosmetics and regulatory requirements for toothpaste were successively introduced.This article provides a detailed introduction to the updates of domestic cosmetics regulations in China in 2023,and sorts out the details of the 2023 unqualified cosmetics notification and flight inspection issued by regulatory authorities,analyzes the reasons,and helps cosmetics companies further understand regulatory requirements,implement the main responsibility of cosmetics quality and safety,and respond to changes in cosmetics regulatory policies,so as to avoid being notified of unqualified products,economic and reputation losses as much as possible.

Investigating a Vitamin D Delivery Toothpaste Using a Penetration Enhancer Compound

Expanding in the oral care business, being passionately driven by innovative and scientific products, functional toothpaste has recently become more popular for functionality, variety, and efficacy. Many new types of toothpaste are commercially manufactured with diverse fragrances, colors, probiotics, and pharmaceutical ingredients to enhance the functionalities of toothpaste. Our study attempted to create a toothpaste formulation that might facilitate the intraoral delivery of vitamin D3 into the bloodstream. Simply brushing our teeth with toothpaste should be easy to take the essential vitamin regularly. In this study, an emulsion-based toothpaste mixed with an azone compound and sodium dodecyl sulfate as penetration enhancers blended thoroughly with other ingredients and then with vitamin D. Multiple toothpaste characteristic tests were performed, such as abrasiveness, scratchiness, spreadability, pH, foaming, cleaning, and antibacterial strength with our vitamin D toothpaste, and compared with those of other commercial brand toothpaste. To confirm the intraoral delivery of vitamin D through the oral cavity, an earthworm transport study and TEER value test were conducted using L. terrestris skin. Our data demonstrated the high feasibility of intraoral delivery of vitamin D based on those two skin studies with various experimental support;our vitamin D toothpaste had comparable characteristics with other commercial toothpaste for cleaning functionality.

Effect of three kinds of Chinese Herbal Medicine on the Viscosity of the Thickeners for Toothpaste

The effects of Scutellaria baicalensis, Panax notoginseng and Ilex rotunda on the viscosities of CMC and Xanthan gum were researched in this paper. Results showed that the viscosities of CMC decrease rapidly with Panax notoginseng;the viscosities of CMC decrease with Scutellaria baicalensis;the viscosities of CMC decrease slowly with Ilex rotunda. The viscosities of Xanthan gum are almost stable with Scutellaria baicalensis, Panax notoginseng and Ilex rotunda respectively;and the viscosities of Xanthan gum increase with the increase of the Scutellaria baicalensis concentration. There is a side chain on the molecular chain of Xanthan gum, which can form a rod-shaped double helix complex to protect the main chain. There is no side chain on the molecular chain of CMC, and the main chain is “bare”. So, compared to xanthan gum, the molecular chain of CMC is is more susceptible to external influences.

Identification of Crystalline Phases in Toothpaste byPowder Diffractometry

The abrasive crystalline phases in Colgate Regular, Aquafresh , and Macleans tcothpaste were identifiedby X-ray powder diffractometry to be calcium ortho-phaphate hydrate (CaHPO_4 . 2H_2O),calcite (CaCO_3) ,and aragonite and calcite (beth CaCO_3), respectively.

Determination of Alpha Particles Concentration in Toothpaste Using CR-39 Track Detector

The present study focuses on determination of alpha particles concentration in different samples of toothpaste by using nuclear track detector (CR-39). Nine samples of toothpaste have been collected from local Iraqi markets in Babylon Province. These samples have been chosen according to their most commonly use in Babylon Province. The samples were kept with CR-39 detector for six weeks period and then etched by 6.25 N of NaOH solution at temperature of 60°C for 5 hours. The results of the present work show that Sample 3 (Frosty) found to have a high alpha concentration about four times compared with Sample 4 (Aquafresh) and about 2 - 3 times compared with other samples.

Trends for the Chinese-made Toothpaste Market

According to statistics from the China Toothpaste Industry Association, there are 40 tooth-paste factories with 12,000 employees. In 1994, the total output of toothpaste was 150,000 tons, equal to 2.3 billion tubes, each weighing 65 grams. In recent years, the annual average increase rate has been 10%. Toothpaste production and consumption in China rank second in the world. In the year 2000, the annual toothpastes output will reach 3.2

Determination of Fluoride in Various Samples Using a Fluoride Selective Electrode

Fluoride is widespread in the environment, water, air, vegetation and Earth’s crust which can entre ground and surface water by natural process. Fluoride in minute quantities is essential component for human health and help in normal mineralization of bone and formation of dental enamel. The determination of fluoride in some species was performed by using fluoride ion-selective electrode by direct measurement and standard addition method. The concentration of fluoride ion was determined in drinking water (from different place at Kathmandu), toothpaste, various brand of tea and coffees. The range of fluoride concentration in water sample was 0.16 to 0.39 mg/l, tea and coffee samples were 0.011 to 0.084 mg/l and its value of toothpaste was 0.026 to 0.75 mg/l. The concentration of fluoride ion obtain from different sample was compared with the legitimate value given by the world health organization.

Development of Chinese Kids Toothpaste Market

The development of kids toothpaste in Chinese market has been introduced, and the common characterisUcs of kids toothpaste in the production and sales have been analyzed. Through the analysis of the characteristics of kids oral care, the special technical requirements of kids toothpaste are elucidated. Finally, suggestions for the future development of kids toothpaste are put forward.

Statistics Report on China Toothpaste Industry in 2016

This paper delivered statistics about China toothpaste industry in 2016 from the perspectives of sales amount, marketing operation, developing trends of inside and outside of China. In the end, it illustrated the prospects of China toothpaste industry, showcasing a guidance for related parties to better know about it.

Pregnant Women-targeted Toothpaste Market Analysis

This article is written to examine the newest circumstances and characteristics in the pregnancy women targeted toothpaste market.Among the marketed toothpaste for pregnant women,the main functions of basic products are to clean teeth and freshen breath.The main functions of functional products are to prevent and reduce oral inflammation,balance the oral acid-alkali environment,reduce dental acid corrosion and caries,inhibit the growth of harmful bacteria in the oral cavity,and alleviate the pain of pregnancy and vomiting.On the basis of summarizing the oral characteristics and nursing needs of pregnant women,the problems that should be paid attention to in safety and formula design in the next step of development of toothpaste for pregnant women were put forward.

Development of Chuanxiong Toothpaste and Establishment of Its Quality Standard

The quality standard of Chuanxiong toothpaste was established.HPLC was used to determine the content of ferulic acid in Chuanxiong toothpaste and TLC was used to identify the Chuanxiong in the toothpaste.The content of active ingredients extracted from Traditional Chinese medicine by decocting water was high,and the corresponding toothpaste had a good hemostatic effect.The identification by use of thin layer chromatography(TLC)showed with clear spots and strong specificity for both the test product and the control product(Levistilide A)as observed under ultraviolet light(254 nm)with n-hexane-ethyl acetate(3∶1)as the developing agent,which could be used as the basis for the qualitative identification of Chuanxiong toothpaste.The ferulic acid in the range of 0.019,3~0.481,7μg mL^(-1) showed a good linear relationship with the peak area and the recovery rate of sample was between 99.5%and 101.2%.This method was simple,stable and reliable,and could be used as the quality control method for ferulic acid in Chuanxiong toothpaste.

Laboratory Study on the Whitening Ability of A New Type of Toothpaste Against the Tobacco Stains on Teeth

A whitening toothpaste containing pyrrolidone groups was developed.Through the stain-removal experiment on the hydroxyapatite discs with tobacco stains,the stain-removal abilities of ammonium acryloyldimethyltaurate/VP copolymer and its toothpaste were studied.The results showed that the new toothpaste containing pyrrolidone groups had good whitening effect.The new whitening toothpaste had good safety and it had no damage to the soft and hard tissues.

Competitive Landscape in China Toothpaste Market

The history and present situations of the Chinese toothpaste market competition were introduced, the character- istics of the China toothpaste market competition were analyzed from four aspects, brand competition, product com- petition, price competition, and channel competition. The development trend of the China toothpaste market competi- tion in the future five years was forecast.

CAS Botanist's Adventures in African Jungles

When Professor WANG Qingfeng,a Chinese botanist,visited Kenya for the first time 17 years ago,he was amazed to find the secret of some Kenyans'snow-white teeth:they use branches of "toothbrush trees"to brush their teeth,instead of a toothbrush and toothpaste.

Near-infrared spectra combined with partial least squares for pH determination of toothpaste of different brands

Near-infrared spectroscopy（NIR）,which is generally used for online monitoring of the food analysis and production process, was applied to determine the internal quality of toothpaste samples.It is acknowledged that the spectra can be significantly influenced by non-linearities introduced by light scatter,therefore,four data preprocessing methods,including off-set correction, 1st-derivative,standard normal variate（SNV） and multiplicative scatter correction（MSC）,were employed before the date analysis. The multivariate calibration model of partial least squares（PLS） was established and then was used to predict the pH values of the toothpaste samples of different brand.The results showed that the spectral date processed by MSC was the best one for predicting the pH value of the toothpaste samples.

Development and Evaluation of Chinese Medicine Fire-Heat Syndrome Scale in Oral Cavity for Measuring Chinese Herb Toothpaste

Objective： To formulate the standard measuring tool for the evaluations on fire-heat syndrome in oral cavity by means of Chinese medicine （CM）. Methods： The measuring scale for fire-heat syndrome in the oral cavity by means of CM was investigated by symptom collection, item pool formulation, item selection, pre-investigation, evaluations on the reliability, validity and reactivity of the measuring scale, according to the principles for measuring scale design and under the guidance of CM theories. Results： The measuring scale was composed of two integrative parts： the self-filling section and the interview section. As far as the reliability was concerned, the total Cronbach a coefficient of the measuring scale was 0.866, the total test-retest reliability coefficient was 0.726 and the split-half reliability coefficient was 0.851. As far as the validity was concerned, the scores for the subjects of fire-heat syndrome in oral cavity and healthy people in their oral cavity in the items of symptoms were statistically different （P〈0.01）; three common divisors were extracted according to the theoretical dimensions, the accumulated contribution rate was 63.468%. As far as the reactivity was concerned, the difference between the symptom scores before and after the test in which 31 subjects used the Chinese herb toothpaste was statistically significant （P〈O.01）. Conclusions： This measuring scale has relatively good reliability, validity and reactivity, and it can be used in an objective quantitative evaluation on patients suffering from fire-heat syndrome in oral cavity, and thus lay the foundations for the evaluations on the therapeutic effects of Chinese herb toothpaste on fire-heat syndrome in oral cavity.