Objective To investigate the effects of the topical use of aprotinin on thebasis of comprehensive blood conservations in cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Methods In a prospectiveclinical trial, 20 patients were randomly ...Objective To investigate the effects of the topical use of aprotinin on thebasis of comprehensive blood conservations in cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Methods In a prospectiveclinical trial, 20 patients were randomly divided into 2 groups. Control group: placebo was usedtopically. Aprotinin group: aprotinin was poured into the pericardial cavity before closure of thesternotomy. Before and 24h after surgery, hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Hct), bleeding time (BT),clotting time (CT) and prothrombin time (PT) were measured. Meanwhile, amounts of the mediastinaldrainage and the hemoglobin loss were observed at 0, 2, 6 and 24h after operation. The samples fromthe mediastinal drainage were also collected to measure D-Dimer (D-D), tissue type plasminogenactivator (t-PA) activity, plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI) activity and protein C (PC).Results In Aprotinin group, D-D, t-PA activity and PC were significantly reduced, compared withthose in Control group (P<0.05, P<0.05, P<0.01). On the contrary, PAI activity was significantlyincreased, compared with that in Control group. Amounts of the mediastinal drainage and thehemoglobin loss were decreased by 43% and 52%, compared with those in Control group. Conclusion Ourresults suggest that the topical use of aprotinin can have better effects on the basis ofcomprehensive moderate blood conservation.展开更多
Tranexamic acid(TXA)has revolutionized modern blood management in orthopaedic surgery,especially in total joint arthroplasty,by significantly reducing blood loss and transfusion rates.It is an antifibrinolytic agent a...Tranexamic acid(TXA)has revolutionized modern blood management in orthopaedic surgery,especially in total joint arthroplasty,by significantly reducing blood loss and transfusion rates.It is an antifibrinolytic agent and a synthetic derivative of the amino acid lysine,which can inhibit the activation of plasminogen and the fibrin breakdown process.The administration of TXA can be intravenous(IV),topical,and oral.In patients where the IV administration is contraindicated,topical use is preferred.Topical administration of the drug theoretically increases concentration at the operative site with reduced systemic exposure,reduces cost,and gives the surgeon the control of the administration.According to recent studies,topical administration of TXA is not inferior compared to IV administration,in terms of safety and efficacy.However,there are concerns regarding the possible toxicity in the cartilage tissue with the topical use of TXA mainly in hemiarthroplasty operations of the hip,unilateral knee arthroplasties,total knee arthroplasties where the patella is not resurfaced,and other intraarticular procedures,like anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.The purpose of the present review is to present all the recent updates on the use of TXA focusing on the toxicity on chondrocytes and the articular cartilage that may or may not be provoked by the topical use of TXA.展开更多
The production-oriented approach (POA) has been developed over a decade. It is driven by the need to improve English classroom instruction for university students in China (Wen, 2016). It is also motivated by the ...The production-oriented approach (POA) has been developed over a decade. It is driven by the need to improve English classroom instruction for university students in China (Wen, 2016). It is also motivated by the aspiration to enhance the quality of foreign language education in other similar pedagogical contexts outside China. A volume of research has been done by Wen Qiufang and her research team, to formulate the theory of POA and to test its effectiveness in classroom pedagogy (e.g. Wen, 2016, 2015; Yang, 2015; Zhang, 2015). At the moment, the POA is still at an early stage of theory building and almost all empirical research is done in the Chinese context. In order to improve the quality of this theory and to make it intelligible to the international academic community, a one-day symposium was held in Beijing Foreign Studies University on May 15, 2017. The symposium was entitled 'The first international forum on innovative foreign language education in China: Appraisal of the POA'. In the forum, leading experts in applied linguistics were invited to discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the POA and the directions for its future development. The symposium was the first attempt for the POA research team to discuss its latest work with international scholars. This Viewpoint section collects the responses of four experts who participated in the symposium, listed in alphabetical order. The collection of articles covers three topics related to the POA: its pedagogical application, its use for teacher training, and its research. Alister Cumming is Professor Emeritus and the former Head of the Centre for Educational Research on Languages and Literacies, University of Toronto, Canada. His article focuses primarily on POA research as an exemplary case of design-based research. Rod Ellis is Research Professor in the School of Education at Curtin University, Australia. He discusses POA in terms of pedagogy, teacher training and research, with both critiques and constructive suggestions. Paul Kei Matsuda is Professor of English and Director of Second Language Writing at Arizona State University, the writed states. He responds to POA from the perspective of an expert researcher and teacher of L2 writing. Charlene Polio is Professor and Associate Chair in the Department of Linguistics & Germanic, Slavic, Asian & African Languages atMichigan State University, the writed states. She conceptualises POA as a useful method to address some issues in pre-service teacher development. Overall, the articles in this section are insightful and reader-friendly. They are not only useful for the development of POA in particular, but may also be valuable to a broad range of researchers as they touch upon pertaining issues, as well as emerging topics, in the field of applied linguistics. We therefore find it necessary to make them accessible to a wide readership.展开更多
基金Supported by the Jiangsu Health Bureau Grand (B9606)
文摘Objective To investigate the effects of the topical use of aprotinin on thebasis of comprehensive blood conservations in cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Methods In a prospectiveclinical trial, 20 patients were randomly divided into 2 groups. Control group: placebo was usedtopically. Aprotinin group: aprotinin was poured into the pericardial cavity before closure of thesternotomy. Before and 24h after surgery, hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Hct), bleeding time (BT),clotting time (CT) and prothrombin time (PT) were measured. Meanwhile, amounts of the mediastinaldrainage and the hemoglobin loss were observed at 0, 2, 6 and 24h after operation. The samples fromthe mediastinal drainage were also collected to measure D-Dimer (D-D), tissue type plasminogenactivator (t-PA) activity, plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI) activity and protein C (PC).Results In Aprotinin group, D-D, t-PA activity and PC were significantly reduced, compared withthose in Control group (P<0.05, P<0.05, P<0.01). On the contrary, PAI activity was significantlyincreased, compared with that in Control group. Amounts of the mediastinal drainage and thehemoglobin loss were decreased by 43% and 52%, compared with those in Control group. Conclusion Ourresults suggest that the topical use of aprotinin can have better effects on the basis ofcomprehensive moderate blood conservation.
文摘Tranexamic acid(TXA)has revolutionized modern blood management in orthopaedic surgery,especially in total joint arthroplasty,by significantly reducing blood loss and transfusion rates.It is an antifibrinolytic agent and a synthetic derivative of the amino acid lysine,which can inhibit the activation of plasminogen and the fibrin breakdown process.The administration of TXA can be intravenous(IV),topical,and oral.In patients where the IV administration is contraindicated,topical use is preferred.Topical administration of the drug theoretically increases concentration at the operative site with reduced systemic exposure,reduces cost,and gives the surgeon the control of the administration.According to recent studies,topical administration of TXA is not inferior compared to IV administration,in terms of safety and efficacy.However,there are concerns regarding the possible toxicity in the cartilage tissue with the topical use of TXA mainly in hemiarthroplasty operations of the hip,unilateral knee arthroplasties,total knee arthroplasties where the patella is not resurfaced,and other intraarticular procedures,like anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.The purpose of the present review is to present all the recent updates on the use of TXA focusing on the toxicity on chondrocytes and the articular cartilage that may or may not be provoked by the topical use of TXA.
文摘The production-oriented approach (POA) has been developed over a decade. It is driven by the need to improve English classroom instruction for university students in China (Wen, 2016). It is also motivated by the aspiration to enhance the quality of foreign language education in other similar pedagogical contexts outside China. A volume of research has been done by Wen Qiufang and her research team, to formulate the theory of POA and to test its effectiveness in classroom pedagogy (e.g. Wen, 2016, 2015; Yang, 2015; Zhang, 2015). At the moment, the POA is still at an early stage of theory building and almost all empirical research is done in the Chinese context. In order to improve the quality of this theory and to make it intelligible to the international academic community, a one-day symposium was held in Beijing Foreign Studies University on May 15, 2017. The symposium was entitled 'The first international forum on innovative foreign language education in China: Appraisal of the POA'. In the forum, leading experts in applied linguistics were invited to discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the POA and the directions for its future development. The symposium was the first attempt for the POA research team to discuss its latest work with international scholars. This Viewpoint section collects the responses of four experts who participated in the symposium, listed in alphabetical order. The collection of articles covers three topics related to the POA: its pedagogical application, its use for teacher training, and its research. Alister Cumming is Professor Emeritus and the former Head of the Centre for Educational Research on Languages and Literacies, University of Toronto, Canada. His article focuses primarily on POA research as an exemplary case of design-based research. Rod Ellis is Research Professor in the School of Education at Curtin University, Australia. He discusses POA in terms of pedagogy, teacher training and research, with both critiques and constructive suggestions. Paul Kei Matsuda is Professor of English and Director of Second Language Writing at Arizona State University, the writed states. He responds to POA from the perspective of an expert researcher and teacher of L2 writing. Charlene Polio is Professor and Associate Chair in the Department of Linguistics & Germanic, Slavic, Asian & African Languages atMichigan State University, the writed states. She conceptualises POA as a useful method to address some issues in pre-service teacher development. Overall, the articles in this section are insightful and reader-friendly. They are not only useful for the development of POA in particular, but may also be valuable to a broad range of researchers as they touch upon pertaining issues, as well as emerging topics, in the field of applied linguistics. We therefore find it necessary to make them accessible to a wide readership.