Optimization of Extraction Process for Total Flavonoids from Penthorum chinense Pursh and Comparison of Their Contents from Different Parts

[Objectives]This study was conducted to optimize the extraction process of total flavonoids from Penthorum chinense Pursh and compare their contents from different parts.[Methods]Single factor and orthogonal experiments were designed to optimize the extraction process of total flavonoids from P.chinense Pursh with the volume fraction of ethanol,the ratio of material to liquid,heating reflux extraction time and extraction times as factors,and the content of total flavonoids as the index.A verification test was carried out.The optimized extraction process was adopted to compare the contents of total flavonoids from different parts of P.chinense Pursh.[Results]The best extraction process was extracting the powder of P.chinense Pursh for 2.0 h with 20 times of 55%ethanol by reflux twice.Under this condition,the contents of total flavonoids were 3.63%,8.90%,11.28%,and 4.36%from stems,leaves,flowers and whole grass of P.chinense Pursh,respectively.[Conclusions]The process is reasonable,feasible and stable,and can effectively extract total flavonoids from P.chinense Pursh.The contents of total flavonoids from different parts of P.chinense Pursh were quite different,and the value was higher in the leaves and flowers,so the proportions of leaves and flowers should be paid attention to in the industrial processing of P.chinense Pursh.

Determination of Total Flavonoids in Leaves of Tetracera asiatica

[Objectives] This study was conducted to determine and compare the contents of flavonoids in the leaves of Tetracera asiatica , an ethnic medicine from different habitats, in order to provide a basis for the quality control of its medicinal materials. [Methods] The flavonoid compounds in the leaves of T. asiatica were reflux-extracted in a water bath, and the total flavonoid content in T. asiatica was determined by ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry. [Results] The total flavonoid content in T. asiatica leaves varied according to different habitats. The highest content was found in Gaofeng (19.41%) of Guangxi, followed by Huizhou (16.88%) of Guangdong and Hong Kong (16.76%). The lowest total flavonoid content was found in Shangcuntang (3.91%) of Bobai County, Guangxi, followed by Beiliu (4.15%), Guangxi. The total flavonoid contents in the samples ranged from 3.91% to 19.41%, with an average content of about 12.36%. [Conclusions] The UV spectrophotometry method is easy to operate, and has good repeatability, accurate detection results, and high reliability, and can be used for the determination of flavonoids in T. asiatica .

Extraction Process and Content Determination of Total Flavonoids in Ginkgo( Ginkgo biloba L. ) Leaves

[Objectives]This study was conducted to study the extraction process and the content determination of flavonoids in ginkgo( Ginkgo biloba L.) leaves.[Methods]Ethanol extraction and methanol extraction of total flavonoids in ginkgo leaves were studied,and the optimal extraction conditions for flavonoids were determined by orthogonal test; and with quercetin as reference substance,total flavonoid content in ginkgo leaves was determined by UV spectrophotometry.[Results]The optimal extraction process was 4 h of Soxhlet extraction with methanol; and the total flavonoid contents had a good linear relation in the range of 0. 006 5-0. 039 mg/ml( R^2= 0. 999 9),the average content was stabilized at 1. 135%,and the average recovery of the method was 102. 0%. [Conclusions]This study selected the optimal extraction process for total flavonoids in ginkgo leaves. The test method is simple with high accuracy and precision,and is suitable for the extraction and determination of total flavonoids in ginkgo leaves.

Extraction Technology of Total Flavonoids from Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi and Content Determination of Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi at Different Altitudes

[Objectives]To optimize the extraction technology of total flavonoids from Pueraria lobata( Willd.) Ohwi. [Methods]The ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry was used to determine the content of total flavonoids in Pueraria lobata( Willd.) Ohwi. With the puerarin as index,the reflux extraction and single factor test were employed to investigate the effects of temperature,time,ethanol concentration and solid-liquid ratio on the content of total flavonoids in Pueraria lobata( Willd.) Ohwi,respectively. Under the optimal extraction technology,the content of total flavonoids in Pueraria lobata( Willd.) Ohwi at different altitudes was determined.[Results] The optimum extraction process was as follows: 70%ethanol; solid-liquid ratio of 1∶ 30; 1 h reflux extraction. Under these conditions,the extraction rate of flavonoids in Pueraria lobata( Willd.) Ohwi was 11. 48%,the total flavonoids content of different kudzu parts was in the order of roots > stems > leaves,and the total flavonoids content of the sample at about an altitude of 1000 m was significantly higher than at the altitudes of 1400 m and 1700 m.[Conclusions]It was suggested that the Pueraria lobata( Willd.) Ohwi should not be cultivated as medicinal plant in too high mountains,and the stems and leaves of Pueraria lobata( Willd.) Ohwi could be used as raw materials for extracting total flavonoids.

Study on Colorimetric Method and Content Determination of Total Phenol in Homemade Plum Wine

[Objectives] To study on colorimetric method and content determination of total phenol in homemade plum wine. [Methods]The optimal determination condition of total polyphenols content in plum wine( commercially available and homemade) by Folin-Ciocalteu method was inspected,and commercially available and homemade plum wine was evaluated by the method. [Results]The optimal determination conditions of total polyphenols content: sample dose of 1. 0 m L,Folin-Ciocalteu reagent of 1 m L,4% Na_2CO_3 solution of 4. 0 m L,reaction temperature of 50 ℃,reaction time of 1. 5 h,and determination wavelength of 756 nm. Absorbance showed good linear relationship with total polyphenols content within the range of 17. 73-59. 12 μg/m L( y = 14. 878 x + 0. 0739,R^2= 0. 9998). Recovery rate of adding standard sample was between 98. 8% and 103. 5%,and relative standard deviation was 2. 0%( n = 5). [Conclusions]The method had high precision degree and good stability,which was suitable for measuring total polyphenols content in plum wine( commercially available and homemade).

Optimization of Extraction Process and Content Determination of Total Flavonoids from Sanguisorbae Radix and Carbonized Sanguisorba Root by Orthogonal Experimental Design

[Objectives] To optimize the extraction process of total flavonoids from Sanguisorbae Radix and carbonized Sanguisorba root,compare quality of different batches of Sanguisorbae Radix,study the effects of processing on the content of flavonoids,and provide scientific basis for reasonable utilization of Sanguisorbae Radix. [Methods] Test samples were prepared by heating,refluxing,and extraction,the extraction process was optimized by orthogonal experiment design,color was developed by NaNO_2-Al( NO_3)3-NaOH,and total flavonoids were measured by UV method at the wavelength of 510 nm. [Results] The linear relationship of rutin was excellent in the concentration range of 0. 1248 mg/mL-0. 5712 mg/mL,R^2= 0. 9997; the average recovery was 99. 67% and the RSD was 0. 70%. The optimum extraction conditions were as follows: the volume fraction of ethanol was 50%,the extraction temperature was 90℃,the extraction time was 90 min,and the solid-to-liquid ratio was 1∶ 20( g/mL). [Conclusions] After optimization of the extraction process,the extraction rate of total flavonoids in samples of Sanguisorbae Radix was significantly increased; there was certain difference in the content of total flavonoids between different batches of Sanguisorbae Radix and processed products; the total flavonoids significantly declines in carbonized sanguisorba root,and the influence of processing on its curative effect was to be further studied.

Content Determination of Total Flavonoids from Paulownia fortunei Flower

[Objectives]The research aimed to explore the determination method for content of total flavonoids from Paulownia fortunei flower.[Methods]Rutin was taken as control.By comparing absorption characteristics of total flavonoids in NaNO_(2)-Al(NO_(3))_(3)-NaOH and AlCl_(3) chromogenic system,an appropriate method for the determination of total flavonoids from P.fortunei flower was screened,and the method was verified by methodology.On the basis of single factor experiment,the coloration time of the method was optimized by orthogonal experiment.[Results]NaNO_(2)-Al(NO_(3))_(3)-NaOH chromogenic system was more suitable for the determination of total flavonoids from P.fortunei flower,and the adding standard recovery was between 99.2%and 105.5%,and RSD was 2.18%,with better repeatability,precision,stability and accuracy.The optimized coloration time of NaNO_(2),Al(NO_(3))_(3) and NaOH was 6,6,and 10 min.Under the condition,average content of total flavonoids from P.fortunei flower was 3.78%,and RSD was 2.05%.[Conclusions]The optimized NaNO_(2)-Al(NO_(3))_(3)-NaOH chromogenic method is simple,rapid,and accurate,and could be used as a method for the determination of total flavonoids from P.fortunei flower.

Content Determination of Total Flavonoids in Tetracera asiatica from 10 Different Production Areas in Guangxi

[Objectives] To determine the content of total flavonoids in Tetracera asiatica from different production areas in Guangxi and provide a basis for improving the quality standards of crude drug. [Methods] Using 50% ethanol as extractor,NaNO_2-Al(NO_3)_3-NaOH as chromogenic system and rutin as the reference substance,the content of total flavonoids from the crude drug was determined. [Results] A method for determining the content of total flavonoids was established,the content of total flavonoids was 11.35-21.35 mg·g^(-1),and the average content was 17.64 mg·g^(-1). [Conclusions] The method had high repeatability and stability,and the method was simple,rapid and sensitive and suitable for quantitative analysis.

Numerical Experiment of Combined Infrared and Ultraviolet Radiation Remote Sensing to Determine the Profile and Total Content of Atmospheric Ozone

A new remote sensing method is described to determine the vertical distribution and total content of atmospheric ozone. The method combines surface infrared, satellite infrared and ultraviolet channels. The width of the infrared channels is 0.01 cm-1, less than Lorentz half-width at the earth's surface, rather than the present width, because these channels can obtain information about variations in the ozone profile below the profile main-peak. The numerical experiments show that the method has a satisfactory precision in determining total ozone content, just about I percent error, and vertical distribution from the earth to 65 km space. In addition, some semi-analysis functions lor calculating backscattered ultraviolet and a relaxation equation are described in this paper.

不同来源金线莲组培苗中总黄酮、多糖和内酯苷含量分析

目的比较不同来源金线莲组培苗中总黄酮、多糖和内酯苷的含量。方法采用紫外分光光度法测定不同来源金线莲组培苗中总黄酮和多糖的含量,采用HPLC-ELSD法测定不同来源金线莲组培苗中2种内酯苷含量。结果不同来源金线莲组培苗中总黄酮含量范围为(8.21~16.50)mg·g^(-1),多糖含量范围为(41.40~112.89)mg·g^(-1),金线莲苷含量范围为(83.68~171.67)mg·g^(-1),3(R)-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基-4-羟基-丁酸含量范围为(12.41~29.45)mg·g^(-1)。结论不同来源金线莲组培苗中总黄酮、多糖和内酯苷含量存在差异。

基于卷积神经网络算法判定稀土总量滴定终点技术研究

由于稀土产业发展迅速,市场需求越来越大,应用范围越来越广,需建立一个长期有效且适用于测定各类稀土的方法。针对目前传统稀土总量检测方法效率低、准确度低、滴定终点差异大等问题,难以满足在线检测的需要。卷积神经网络算法通过摄像头记录样品在滴定过程中溶液的颜色变化,对溶液进行图像特征提取和学习,从而有效、准确地实现化学反应过程中溶液颜色的自动化识别,配合步进电机和注射泵等部件实现自动滴定过程,建立了一种基于卷积神经网络的稀土总量浓度在线分析方法。图像识别本质上是对图像信息进行特征提取,而卷积神经网络(CNN)有着传统识别方法不具备的优点,比如能够自行训练、识别速度更快、所需特征更少等,将自动滴定与神经网络相结合,实现了滴定流程的自动化和样品前处理、滴定、终点判定等过程的一体化,且设备内可同时进行五个样品滴定,提高了滴定效率。

盐菟丝子工艺优化和含量测定研究

目的:优选盐菟丝子最佳炮制工艺,并测定不同产地盐菟丝子中总黄酮与金丝桃苷含量,为后期临床应用提供参考依据。方法:采用紫外分光光度(UV)法与高效液相色谱(HPLC)法测定盐菟丝子总黄酮和金丝桃苷含量,通过熵权法计算其熵权值以计算其综合评分。采用三因素三水平法,考察炒制温度、炒制时间和氯化钠溶液质量分数3个因素,确定盐菟丝子最佳炮制工艺参数。用优选出的最佳工艺参数炮制12批不同产地菟丝子,进行含量测定,完善盐菟丝子质量标准研究。结果:盐菟丝子最优炮制工艺为1%氯化钠溶液浸泡2 h,100~110℃炒制15 min。用预测得出的最佳工艺条件平行试验3次,实际测得平均综合评分为93.57,与理论预测值96.61相对误差为3.14%,与响应面分析预测值接近。12批菟丝子经过炮制后总黄酮含量增加,金丝桃苷含量减少。盐炙品总黄酮含量在27.23~41.26 mg/g之间,金丝桃苷含量在2.72~3.49 mg/g之间。结论:Box-Behnken Design响应面优化盐菟丝子炮制工艺可靠稳定,具有实用价值。盐菟丝子总黄酮含量高于生品,金丝桃苷含量低于生品,建议在盐菟丝子质量标准中加入总黄酮作为含量测定指标。

问荆总黄酮含量测定方法的建立及提取工艺优化

目的建立问荆总黄酮含量测定方法,并优化其提取工艺。方法通过单因素试验考察提取温度、超声功率、超声时间和料液比对问荆总黄酮含量的影响;采用Box-Benhnken试验设计原理进行4因素3水平试验设计及响应面分析优化总黄酮提取工艺;运用NaNO_(2) -Al(NO_(3))_(3) -NaOH比色法测定总黄酮含量。结果4种因素对问荆总黄酮含量影响排序为料液比>超声功率>超声时间>提取温度。优选得到总黄酮最佳提取工艺为超声时间55 min、料液比1∶40 g/ml、提取温度40℃、超声功率60%(最大功率1000 W)。在此条件下,测得问荆营养茎、繁殖茎时期总黄酮含量分别为13.32、6.92 mg/g。结论本实验所建立的总黄酮含量测定方法及提取工艺,操作简捷易行,提取效率高,稳定性好,适用于问荆总黄酮的提取和含量测定。

双丹膏中总酚的含量测定

以没食子酸为对照,采用福林酚比色法在761 nm波长下测定6个不同批次双丹膏中总酚的含量。研究发现,没食子酸在1.76~4.40μg/mL范围内线性关系良好,平均加样回收率为99.19%,RSD为1.22%。6批次双丹膏总酚含量由低到高依次为18.44、18.62、18.72、18.73、18.76、18.95 mg/g。结果表明,该方法简便、准确,具有良好的精密度、稳定性、重复性,可用于双丹膏中总酚的含量测定,为双丹膏的质量控制提供理论依据。

广西产火炭母总黄酮提取工艺优化及含量测定

采用紫外可见分光光度法测定火炭母(Polygonum chinense L.)中总黄酮的含量,以总黄酮含量为考察指标,以提取方式、提取溶剂、料液比、提取时间、提取次数为考察因素,在单因素试验的基础上,采用L9(33)正交设计优化火炭母中总黄酮的提取工艺。最优提取工艺:70%乙醇为提取溶剂,料液比1∶70(m/V),超声波提取45 min,提取2次。以芦丁为对照品,在500 nm波长处测定其吸光度,平均加样回收率为98.76%,相对标准偏差为1.72%。结果表明,13个产地火炭母药材的总黄酮含量为22.205 4~52.173 7 mg/g,相对标准偏差(RSD)为1.07%~2.81%。13个产地总黄酮含量由高到低依次为桂林市、南宁市、玉林市、百色市、贺州市、河池市、贵港市、防城港市、钦州市、梧州市、来宾市、崇左市、柳州市。该方法精密度、稳定性、重复性良好,可作为广西产火炭母药材质量评价的依据。

牡丹叶提取物的含量测定及其协同羧甲基壳聚糖的抗菌活性研究

目的牡丹(Paeonia suffruticosa Andr.)是毛茛科芍药属的多年生落叶灌木,其根皮被称为“牡丹皮”,药用历史悠久,其传统非药用部位“叶”在民族地区应用广泛,研究牡丹叶的药用价值是提高中药资源综合利用的有益尝试。牡丹叶含有的多酚、黄酮类活性成分,在抑菌、抗氧化和抑制酪氨酸酶等方面作用显著。方法采用甲醇提取法获取牡丹叶提取物,建立同时测定牡丹叶提取物中5种活性成分(没食子酸、芍药苷、山奈素、槲皮素和异鼠李素)含量的高效液相色谱(HPLC)法。同时,采用Folin-Ciocalteu法和硝酸铝-亚硝酸钠比色法测定了牡丹叶提取物中总黄酮和总多酚的含量。立足羧甲基壳聚糖(CMCS)抗菌活性和良好的载药特性,研究其与牡丹叶提取叶的协同机制。结果含量测定结果显示,牡丹叶中没食子酸、芍药苷、山奈素、槲皮素和异鼠李素的含量分别为17.780%、0.470%、1.150%、1.920%和3.160%,其线性关系、稳定性、重复性和精密度等均良好。体外抗菌活性结果显示,牡丹叶提取物(PLE)与CMCS联用的FICI系数均小于0.500,其对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠埃希菌的抑菌效果均表现为协同作用。结论牡丹叶提取物中含有较高的多酚类和黄酮类成分,并且与CMCS具有较强的协同作用。为进一步开发牡丹叶与羧甲基壳聚糖相关抗菌制剂的研制提供联用数据支撑,为牡丹药用资源的综合利用奠定基础。

杜马斯燃烧法与凯氏定氮法在肥料总氮测定中的比较

为评价杜马斯燃烧法与凯氏定氮法测定不同类型肥料总氮含量的适用性,选用20种不同类型的含氮肥料和4种标准品作为试验对象,分别采用杜马斯燃烧法和凯氏定氮法进行总氮含量测定,并对2种方法测定结果的精密度、准确度、相关性及优缺点进行比较。结果表明,2种方法在测定不含硝态氮肥料时,测定结果没有显著性差异,但杜马斯燃烧法测定结果的精密度更高;在测定含硝态氮肥料时,2种方法测定结果差异显著,杜马斯燃烧法测定结果更接近真实含量,且重复性良好,凯氏定氮法的测定值偏低,且重复性较差;对于氮含量较高的尿素氮肥,凯氏定氮法测定结果精密度略高于杜马斯燃烧法。结合环境友好度、工作效率、试验成本及测定结果的精密度和准确度等因素,杜马斯燃烧法更适用于肥料总氮含量的测定。

桦褐孔菌总多糖的含量测定及不同部位含量比较

目的:评价桦褐孔菌药材质量,建立桦褐孔菌药材总多糖含量测定方法,并比较桦褐孔菌不同部位中总多糖含量的差异。方法:采用紫外-可见分光光度法测定桦褐孔菌中总多糖的含量,并对桦褐孔菌药材黑褐色外壳和内部黄色菌肉中总多糖含量进行比较。结果:无水葡萄糖质量浓度在18.03~108.19μg/mL范围内,线性关系良好(r=0.999 1);总多糖含量测定精密度、重复性、稳定性的RSD均小于3%(n=6),平均加样回收率为100.97%(RSD=2.86%);23批桦褐孔菌药材总多糖含量为24.71~90.33 mg/g,桦褐孔菌黑褐色外壳中的总多糖含量明显高于内部菌肉,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:所建立的含量测定方法简便,重复性、稳定性、可操作性良好,可为桦褐孔菌药材的质量控制和质量标准提高提供参考。

蒙药复方沙棘颗粒剂中甘草酸单铵盐、总黄酮的含量测定

目的:建立蒙药复方沙棘颗粒剂中甘草酸单铵盐、总黄酮的含量测定方法。方法:采用高效液相色谱法,C_(18)(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm)为色谱柱,以乙腈-0.05%磷酸溶液(38∶62)为流动相,体积流量为1.0 mL/min,进样量为10μL,在252 nm波长下测定甘草酸单铵盐含量;利用紫外可见分光光度法,以芦丁为对照品,在510 nm波长下检测蒙药复方沙棘颗粒剂总黄酮含量。结果:甘草酸单铵盐对照品在0.053~0.530μg范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系,Y=11.003X+0.0031,r=1,平均回收率为105.9%,RSD=1.22%(n=6);芦丁对照品在2.0~80.0μg/mL范围内与吸光度值呈良好的线性关系,线性回归方程为Y=11.537X+0.0014,r=0.9999,平均回收率为99.20%,RSD值为0.54%(n=6)。结论:该方法操作简便,准确,具有良好的精密度、重复性和稳定性,适用于蒙药复方沙棘颗粒剂的质量控制。

复合肥料中总氮含量的测定方法探讨

通过凯氏定氮法对复合肥料进行精密度试验和加标回收率试验,将复合肥料中总氮含量测定结果与蒸馏后滴定法(仲裁法)测定结果进行比较。实验表明,凯氏定氮法操作简单、耗时少、节约试验成本,并且准确率和重复率高,数据准确可靠。