In this paper, the principle to determine the atmospheric columnar Mie optical depth from downward total solar radiative flux is theoretically studied, and the effect on Mie optical depth solution of the errors in sur...In this paper, the principle to determine the atmospheric columnar Mie optical depth from downward total solar radiative flux is theoretically studied, and the effect on Mie optical depth solution of the errors in surface albedo, sin-gle scattering albedo, asymmetrical factor of scattering phase function, instrumental constant and the approximate expression of diffusion flux is analy/ed, and then a method for determining surface albedo in shorter wavelength range is presented.展开更多
The diurnal variability of precipitation depth over the Tibetan Plateau and its surrounding regions is investigated using nine years of Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission （TRMM） precipitation radar （PR） measureme...The diurnal variability of precipitation depth over the Tibetan Plateau and its surrounding regions is investigated using nine years of Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission （TRMM） precipitation radar （PR） measurements. The Tibetan Plateau, the plains area, and the East China Sea are selected as the focus regions in this study. The average precipitation depths （PD） are about 4.6 km, 5.8 km, and 5.6 km, while convective （stratiform） PDs are about 6.6 （4.5） km, 7.5 （5.7） km, and 6.0 （5.6） km over the plateau, the plains, and the ocean region, respectively. Results demonstrate a prominent PD diurnal cycle, and its diurnal phase is generally a few hours behind the surface precipitation. The spatial variation of the PD diurnal magnitude is weaker near the coastal areas than that of surface precipitation. The height of the PD diurnal peak is around 6 7 km for convective systems and 5-6 km for stratifrom systems. The dominant afternoon diurnal peak for convective PD and the flat diurnal peak for stratiform PD over the Tibetan Plateau indicate that solar diurnal forcing is the key mechanism of the PD diurnal cycle over land. In addition, the diurnal variation is obvious for shallow and deep convective systems, but not for shallow and deep stratiform systems.展开更多
It is demonstrated that two kinds of soft X-ray spectroscopy are useful as nondestructive methods to in- vestigate multilayer structures modified by interdiffusion or by chemical reaction of adjoining layers in depth ...It is demonstrated that two kinds of soft X-ray spectroscopy are useful as nondestructive methods to in- vestigate multilayer structures modified by interdiffusion or by chemical reaction of adjoining layers in depth direc- tion. One is the total electron yield (TEY) spectroscopy involving angular dependence measurement. Using this method, it was found that in LiF/Si/LiF trilayers, the Si layers exhibited a characteristic similar to porous Si, and in CaF2/Si/CaF2 trilayers, it was found that CaF2 segregated through the Si layer. Moreover, it has been shown that the thickness of the top layer of a Mo/Si X-ray multilayer can be determined by analyzing TEY signals generated by the standing wave. The other is the soft X-ray emission spectroscopy involving spectral shape analysis. Using this method, it was found that in Mo/Si X-ray multilayers, the interdiffusion or chemical reaction giving rise to deterioration of re- flectance character occurs in as-deposited samples as well as in heated samples. In antiferromagnetic Fe/Si multilay- ers, it was confirmed that there was no existence of pure Si layers, but insulating FeSi2 layers were present. This result suggests that the source of antiferromagnetic coupling is not conduction electrons but quantum wave interference.展开更多
The combined application of organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer is an effective measure to increase nutrient content of soil plough layer, which must have a profound impact on the deep soil nutrients, especiall...The combined application of organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer is an effective measure to increase nutrient content of soil plough layer, which must have a profound impact on the deep soil nutrients, especially the contents of nitrogen forms. The purpose of this study was to explore the characteristics of soil nitrogen forms in plough layer and along depth gradient in different fertilization treatments, so as to evaluate the soil quality in spatial dimension, further provid</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">ing</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> a theoretical basis for scientific fertilization and improvement of paddy soil fertility. Here, a 34-year field experiment was conducted with three treatments: without any fertilizer (CK), pure chemical fertilizer (NPK) and chemical fertilizer combined with organic fertilizer (NPKM). We analyzed the content of nitrogen forms in 0 - 100 cm soil depth and their ratios to total nitrogen (TN), and discussed the correlation between nitrogen forms contents and pH, CEC. Results showed that, compared with CK, both NPK and NPKM significantly increased the contents of nitrogen forms in topsoil (soil layer of 0 - 20 cm), especially nitrate nitrogen (NO<sub>3</sub><sup style="margin-left:-6px;">-</sup>-N) content increased by 70% (NPK) and 111% (NPKM), respectively. Although the contents of different nitrogen forms decreased gradually along soil depth gradient, NPKS slowed down the decline rate of TN and alkali-hydrolysable nitrogen (AN) in 0 - 60 cm soil layer, compared to CK. Compared to NPK, NPKM significantly increased the NO<sub>3</sub><sup style="margin-left:-6px;">-</sup>-N/TN ratio in 0 - 20 cm soil layer, but also decreased the content of </span><span><span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-N in 20 - 40 cm, which was beneficial to reduce the risk of nitrogen leaching caused by nitrate leaching into deep layer. The increase of soil pH in NPKM treatment obviously alleviated the problem of soil acidification caused by long-term application of chemical fertilizer. Correlation analysis showed that there was a significant positive correlation between soil nitrogen forms and cation exchange capacity (CEC), but no significant correlation with soil pH. In conclusion, NPKM ensured the nutrients of soil plough layer (0 - 20 cm), also reduced the risk of nitrogen infiltration and nitrogen loss, thus ensur</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">ing</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> the fertility of soil profile.展开更多
The Hercynian massif of the central Jebilet (Morocco) is characterized by the outcrop of many gossans with great economic importance. This work focuses on interpreting gravity data of Benslimane gossan, located about ...The Hercynian massif of the central Jebilet (Morocco) is characterized by the outcrop of many gossans with great economic importance. This work focuses on interpreting gravity data of Benslimane gossan, located about thirty kilometres to the North-West of Marrakech. The residual gravity map of the study area highlights several anomalies which coincide with the mining and geological contexts. Applying edge detection methods, for example, tilt angle derivative (TDR), the total horizontal derivative of the tilt angle derivative (HDR_TDR) and the 3D Euler deconvolution, allowed us to estimate the depth of the Benslimane deposit. As a result, the average depth of the ore deposit was estimated to exceed 200 m. The results are promising, and the processing methods must be applied to the other gossan in the Jebilet massif for further exploration studies.展开更多
The area covered by this study is the county of Kakobola and its surroundings. Previous studies show that those related to the study of depths by the gravity method, using other techniques, are not always carried out ...The area covered by this study is the county of Kakobola and its surroundings. Previous studies show that those related to the study of depths by the gravity method, using other techniques, are not always carried out until now. The main goal of this article is the gravimetric characterization of our area by other approach. The interest is not only to map the lineaments and to know their dip, but also to estimate the depths of these different anomalies. The methods used for this study are the first total horizontal derivative (FTHDT), tilt angle (TA), analytical signal (AS) and horizontal gradient magnitude (HGM). The processing of the complete Bouguer anomalies (CBA) data was done mainly through software. Data analysis using the semi-finished body depth method shows depths ranging from 7.49 m to 224.6 m. Data analysis using the AS method shows values ranging from 41.7 mGal/m to 510 mGal/m. The fractures and/or geological contacts in our study area show dips ranging from -73.73° to 68.16° and North-South orientation according to the tilt angle method. The FTHDT shows several lineaments, a NE oriented fracture of Kakobola and low dip values which suggest a tabular structure of the subsurface in our study area. According to the HGM, the study area shows several preferential directions of fractures and/or geological contacts whose the most frequent directions are the NNE-SSW and WNW.展开更多
文摘In this paper, the principle to determine the atmospheric columnar Mie optical depth from downward total solar radiative flux is theoretically studied, and the effect on Mie optical depth solution of the errors in surface albedo, sin-gle scattering albedo, asymmetrical factor of scattering phase function, instrumental constant and the approximate expression of diffusion flux is analy/ed, and then a method for determining surface albedo in shorter wavelength range is presented.
基金supportedby the National Natural Science Foundation of China with research Grant Nos.40428002,40633018,and 40775058
文摘The diurnal variability of precipitation depth over the Tibetan Plateau and its surrounding regions is investigated using nine years of Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission （TRMM） precipitation radar （PR） measurements. The Tibetan Plateau, the plains area, and the East China Sea are selected as the focus regions in this study. The average precipitation depths （PD） are about 4.6 km, 5.8 km, and 5.6 km, while convective （stratiform） PDs are about 6.6 （4.5） km, 7.5 （5.7） km, and 6.0 （5.6） km over the plateau, the plains, and the ocean region, respectively. Results demonstrate a prominent PD diurnal cycle, and its diurnal phase is generally a few hours behind the surface precipitation. The spatial variation of the PD diurnal magnitude is weaker near the coastal areas than that of surface precipitation. The height of the PD diurnal peak is around 6 7 km for convective systems and 5-6 km for stratifrom systems. The dominant afternoon diurnal peak for convective PD and the flat diurnal peak for stratiform PD over the Tibetan Plateau indicate that solar diurnal forcing is the key mechanism of the PD diurnal cycle over land. In addition, the diurnal variation is obvious for shallow and deep convective systems, but not for shallow and deep stratiform systems.
文摘It is demonstrated that two kinds of soft X-ray spectroscopy are useful as nondestructive methods to in- vestigate multilayer structures modified by interdiffusion or by chemical reaction of adjoining layers in depth direc- tion. One is the total electron yield (TEY) spectroscopy involving angular dependence measurement. Using this method, it was found that in LiF/Si/LiF trilayers, the Si layers exhibited a characteristic similar to porous Si, and in CaF2/Si/CaF2 trilayers, it was found that CaF2 segregated through the Si layer. Moreover, it has been shown that the thickness of the top layer of a Mo/Si X-ray multilayer can be determined by analyzing TEY signals generated by the standing wave. The other is the soft X-ray emission spectroscopy involving spectral shape analysis. Using this method, it was found that in Mo/Si X-ray multilayers, the interdiffusion or chemical reaction giving rise to deterioration of re- flectance character occurs in as-deposited samples as well as in heated samples. In antiferromagnetic Fe/Si multilay- ers, it was confirmed that there was no existence of pure Si layers, but insulating FeSi2 layers were present. This result suggests that the source of antiferromagnetic coupling is not conduction electrons but quantum wave interference.
文摘The combined application of organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer is an effective measure to increase nutrient content of soil plough layer, which must have a profound impact on the deep soil nutrients, especially the contents of nitrogen forms. The purpose of this study was to explore the characteristics of soil nitrogen forms in plough layer and along depth gradient in different fertilization treatments, so as to evaluate the soil quality in spatial dimension, further provid</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">ing</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> a theoretical basis for scientific fertilization and improvement of paddy soil fertility. Here, a 34-year field experiment was conducted with three treatments: without any fertilizer (CK), pure chemical fertilizer (NPK) and chemical fertilizer combined with organic fertilizer (NPKM). We analyzed the content of nitrogen forms in 0 - 100 cm soil depth and their ratios to total nitrogen (TN), and discussed the correlation between nitrogen forms contents and pH, CEC. Results showed that, compared with CK, both NPK and NPKM significantly increased the contents of nitrogen forms in topsoil (soil layer of 0 - 20 cm), especially nitrate nitrogen (NO<sub>3</sub><sup style="margin-left:-6px;">-</sup>-N) content increased by 70% (NPK) and 111% (NPKM), respectively. Although the contents of different nitrogen forms decreased gradually along soil depth gradient, NPKS slowed down the decline rate of TN and alkali-hydrolysable nitrogen (AN) in 0 - 60 cm soil layer, compared to CK. Compared to NPK, NPKM significantly increased the NO<sub>3</sub><sup style="margin-left:-6px;">-</sup>-N/TN ratio in 0 - 20 cm soil layer, but also decreased the content of </span><span><span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-N in 20 - 40 cm, which was beneficial to reduce the risk of nitrogen leaching caused by nitrate leaching into deep layer. The increase of soil pH in NPKM treatment obviously alleviated the problem of soil acidification caused by long-term application of chemical fertilizer. Correlation analysis showed that there was a significant positive correlation between soil nitrogen forms and cation exchange capacity (CEC), but no significant correlation with soil pH. In conclusion, NPKM ensured the nutrients of soil plough layer (0 - 20 cm), also reduced the risk of nitrogen infiltration and nitrogen loss, thus ensur</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">ing</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> the fertility of soil profile.
文摘The Hercynian massif of the central Jebilet (Morocco) is characterized by the outcrop of many gossans with great economic importance. This work focuses on interpreting gravity data of Benslimane gossan, located about thirty kilometres to the North-West of Marrakech. The residual gravity map of the study area highlights several anomalies which coincide with the mining and geological contexts. Applying edge detection methods, for example, tilt angle derivative (TDR), the total horizontal derivative of the tilt angle derivative (HDR_TDR) and the 3D Euler deconvolution, allowed us to estimate the depth of the Benslimane deposit. As a result, the average depth of the ore deposit was estimated to exceed 200 m. The results are promising, and the processing methods must be applied to the other gossan in the Jebilet massif for further exploration studies.
文摘The area covered by this study is the county of Kakobola and its surroundings. Previous studies show that those related to the study of depths by the gravity method, using other techniques, are not always carried out until now. The main goal of this article is the gravimetric characterization of our area by other approach. The interest is not only to map the lineaments and to know their dip, but also to estimate the depths of these different anomalies. The methods used for this study are the first total horizontal derivative (FTHDT), tilt angle (TA), analytical signal (AS) and horizontal gradient magnitude (HGM). The processing of the complete Bouguer anomalies (CBA) data was done mainly through software. Data analysis using the semi-finished body depth method shows depths ranging from 7.49 m to 224.6 m. Data analysis using the AS method shows values ranging from 41.7 mGal/m to 510 mGal/m. The fractures and/or geological contacts in our study area show dips ranging from -73.73° to 68.16° and North-South orientation according to the tilt angle method. The FTHDT shows several lineaments, a NE oriented fracture of Kakobola and low dip values which suggest a tabular structure of the subsurface in our study area. According to the HGM, the study area shows several preferential directions of fractures and/or geological contacts whose the most frequent directions are the NNE-SSW and WNW.
