Synergistic effects of ginseng stem and leaf-extracted ginsenoside and choline on improving learning and memory in rats Association verification experiment in animals with multiple learning and memory disorders

BACKGROUND： Ginsenoside extracted from the stem and leaf of ginseng （GSL） and choline have both been shown to improve learning and memory functions; however, further studies are needed to understand the synergistic effects of a combination of both. OBJECTIVE： To verify the combined improved synergistic effects of GSL and choline on learning and memory disorders in rats. DESIGN： Control observation. SETTING： Taishan Medical College. MATERIALS： A total of 150 male Kunming mice weighing （204-2） g and 40 healthy male Wistar rats weighing （2204-20） g were provided by the Experimental Animal Department of Jilin University. Animal experimentation received confirmed consent from the local ethic committee. GSL was provided by the Department of Chemistry, Norman Bethune Medical University, and choline was provided by the Third Experiment Factory, Shanghai. METHODS： This study was performed at the Life Science Institute, Taishan Medical College from October 2006 to February 2007. ① Scopolamine-induced learning and memory disorders in rats： Forty rats were randomly divided into control group, model group, combination group （400 mg/kg GSL ＋ 200 mg/kg choline）, GSL （400 mg/kg） group, and choline （200 mg/kg） group, 8 rats/group. Rats were perfused and administrated in the morning, once a day for 14 successive days. Rats in the control group and model group were perfused with 20 mL/kg distilled water and underwent Morris water maze spatial resolution test 1 hour after perfusion on the 10m, 11m, and 12m days after administration. Rats also underwent passive step-down avoidance test 1 hour after reperfusion on the 13m and 14m days after administration. Thirty minutes prior to experimentation, rats in the remaining three groups were intraperitoneally （i.p） injected with 2 mg/kg scopolamine, and rats in the control group were i.p. injected with 2 mL/kg saline. ② Scopolamine-induced learning disorder and memory acquired disorder in mice： Fifty mice were randomly divided into control group, model group, combination group （400 mg/kg GSL ＋200 mg/kg choline）, GSL （400 mg/kg） group, and choline （200 mg/kg） group, with 10 mice/group. Mice were perfused and administrated in the morning, once a day for 9 successive days. Mice in the control group and model group were perfused with 20 mL/kg distilled water and underwent passive step down avoidance test 1 hour after reperfusion on the 8th and 9th day after administration. Twenty minutes prior to training, mice in the remaining three groups were i.p. injected with 2 mg/kg scopolamine, and mice in the control group were i.p. injected with 10 mL/kg saline. ③ Sodium nitrite-induced memory consolidation disorder in mice： Grouping, administration, and testing were the same as mentioned above. After training, mice in the remaining three groups were immediately subcutaneously injected with 120 mg/kg sodium nitrite, and mice in the control group were subcutaneously injected with 20 mL/kg saline. ④ Ethanol-induced memory reconsolidation disorder in mice： Grouping, administration, and testing were the same as mentioned above. At 24 hours after training and 20 minutes before retraining, mice in the remaining four groups were perfused with 10 mL/kg ethanol （0.3 volume fraction）, and mice in the control group were perfused with 10 mL/kg saline. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： Synergistic effects of GSL and choline on learning and memory deficits induced by scopolamine, sodium nitrite, and ethanol in experimental animals. RESULTS： All 40 rats and 150 mice were included in the final analysis. ① Synergistic effects of GSL and choline on learning and memory disorders induced by scopolamine in rats： During passive step-down avoidance and Morris water maze spatial resolution tests, the number of error responses and length of maze training in the model group were significantly greater than in the control group （P 〈 0.01）; while the number of error responses and length of maze training in the combination group were significantly less than in the model group, GSL group, and choline group （P 〈 0.05-0.01）. The Q value was 〉 1 after combining administration, which suggests that the combination of GSL and choline had synergistic effects. ② Synergistic effects of GSL and choline on learning disorder and memory-acquired disorder induced by scopolamine in mice： During passive step-down avoidance test, the number of error responses in the model group were significantly greater than in the control group （P 〈 0.01 ）; while the number of error responses in the combination group were significantly less than in the model group, GSL group, and choline group （P 〈 0.05-0.01）. The Q value was 〉 1 after combining administration, which suggests GSL and choline had synergistic effects. ③ Synergistic effects of GSL and choline on memory sodium nitrate-induced consolidation disorder in mice： During passive step down avoidance test, the number of error responses in the model group were significantly less than in the control group （P 〈 0.01 ）; while the number of error responses in the combination group were significantly less than in the model group, GSL group, and choline group （P 〈 0.05-0.01）. The Q value was 〉 1 after combined administration, which suggests GSL and choline had synergistic effects. ④ Synergistic effects of GSL and choline on ethanol-induced memory reconsolidation disorder in mice： During passive step down avoidance test, the number of error responses in the model group were significantly greater than in the control group （P 〈 0.01）; while the number of error responses in the combination group were significantly less than in the model group, GSL group, and choline group （P 〈 0.05-0.01）. The Q value was 〉 1 after combined administration, which suggests GSL and choline had synergistic effects. CONCLUSION： GSL and choline have synergistic effects on learning and memory functions.

Effects of ginsenoside of stem and leaf combined with choline on learning and memory ability of rat models with Alzheimer diseases

BACKGROUND： Central adrenergic nerve and 5-serotonergic nerve can influence central cholinergic nerve on learning and memory and make easy for study; however, ginsenoside of stem and leaf （GSL） can improve functions of central adrenergic nerve; moreover, 5-serotonergic nerve and the combination with choline can produce synergistic effect and enhance learning and memory ability so as to improve learning and memory disorder of patients with Alzheimer disease （AD）. OBJECTIVE ： To observe the effects of GSL combining with choline on learning and memory of AD model rats DESIGN ： Randomized grouping design and controlled animal study SETIING ： Department of Pharmacology, Taishan Medical College MATERIALS ： The experiment was carried out in the Pharmacological Department of Medical College of Jilin University from October 1996 to January 1997. Forty healthy male Wistar rats of clean grade were randomly divided into 5 groups, including sham-injury group, model group, GSL group, choline group and combination group, with 8 rats in each group. Main medications： GSL with the volume more than 92.8% was provided by Department of Chemistry, Norman Bethune Medical College of Jilin University. Panaxatriol, the main component, was detected with thin layer scanning technique and regarded as the index of GSL quality [（55±1）%, CV= 2%, n = 5]. Choline was provided by the Third Shanghai Laboratory Factory. METHODS ： 150 nmol quinolinic acid was used to damage bilateral Meynert basal nuclei of adult rats so as to establish AD models. Rats in GSL, choline and combination groups were intragastric administrated with 400 mg/kg GSL, 200 mg/kg choline （20 mL/kg）, and both respectively last for 17 days starting from two days before operation. Rats in sham-injury group and model group were perfused with the same volume of distilled water once in each morning for the same days. （1） Passive avoidance step-down test： Five minutes later, rats jumped up safe platform when they were shocked with 36 V alternating current. If rats jumped down from the platform and the feet touched railings, the response was wrong. Numbers of wrong response were recorded within 3 minutes, and then the test was redone after 24 hours. （2） Morris water-maze spatial localization task： Swimming from jumping-off to platform directly was regarded as right response. Additionally, 4 successively right responses were regarded as the standard. Each rat was trained 10 times a day with 120 s per time for 3 successive days. The interval was 30 s. Three days later, numbers of right response were recorded. The training times were increased to 30 for unlearned rats. （3） Measurement of activity of choline acetylase in cerebral cortex： Rats were sacrificed at 17 days after operation to obtain cerebral cortex to measure activity of choline acetylase with radiochemistry technique. （4） Synergistic effect： It was expressed as Q value： Q value = factual incorporative effect/anticipant incorporative effect; Q ≥ 1 was regarded as synergistic effect. Anticipant incorporative effect = （EA＋EB-EA·EB）, EA and EB were single timing effect, respectively in GSL group and choline group. E（step-down test and Morris water maze test） = （x in model group - factual value in medicine groups）/x in model group; E （activity of choline acetylase） = （factual value in medicine groups -xin model group）/xin model group. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES ： （1） Passive avoidance step-down test and Morris water-maze spatial localization task in the study of learning and memory; （2） activity of choline acetylase. RESULTS ： All 40 rats were involved in the final analysis. （1） Passive avoidance response： At learning phase on first day and retesting phase on the next day, numbers of wrong responses within 3 minutes were more in model group than sham operation group, and there was significant difference [（5.88±1.46）, （2.25±0.87） times; （2.63±1.06）, （0.50±0.53） times; P 〈 0.01]; numbers of wrong responses within 3 minutes were less in combination group than model group, and there was significant difference [learning phase： （1.12±0.83）, （5.88±1.46） times; retesting phase： （0.38±0.74）, （2.63±1.06）times, P 〈 0.01]; moreover, effect was stronger than that in GSL group and choline group. The Q value was 1.07 and 1.59, respectively and it showed synergistic effect. Spatial localization task： Training times were more in model group than sham operation group, and there was significant difference [（2.9±2.5）, （12.6±3.5） times; P 〈 0.01]. Training times were less in combination group than model group, and there was significant difference [（11.8±2.4）, （27.9±2.5） times, P 〈 0.01]; moreover, effect was stronger than that in GSL group and choline group. The Q value was 1.07 and it showed synergistic effect. （3） Activity of choline acetylase： Activity was lower in model group than sham operation group, and there was significant difference [（30.56±8.33）, （61.11 ±8.33） nkat/g; P 〈 0.01]. Activity was higher in combination group than model group and there was significant difference [（50.00±8.33）, （30.56±8.33） nkat/g, P 〈 0.01];moreover, effect was stronger than that in GSL group and choline group. The Q value was 1.5 and it showed synergistic effect. CONCLUSZON： GSL in combination with choline can synergically improve the disorder of learning and memory of AD model rats. Its mechanism may be involved in enhancing the function of central cholinergic system.

The pharmacokinetics of aspirin in combination with total ginsenoside of ginseng stems and leaves in rats

Objective:To investigate the effect of total ginsenoside of ginseng stems and leaves (TGSL) on the pharmacokinetics of aspirin in rats.Methods:Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into two groups (n =6),a combined group that received TGSL (625 mg/kg body weight) and aspirin (10 mg/kg body weight) by gavage,and an aspirin group that received aspirin (10 mg/kg body weight) by gavage.The concentration of salicylic acid,an important metabolite of aspirin,was determined by highperformance liquid chromatography in supernatant from blood obtained from the orbital sinus at various time points to examine the effect of TGSL on aspirin.Results:The results showed that the Tmax of salicylic acid was [0.92 (0.58)] hours in the aspirin group and [2.50 (1.22)] hours in the combined group,and was statistically significantly different between the groups (p <.05).Conclusions:TGSL can affect the pharmacokinetics of aspirin at Tmax in rats.

Effect of Rhizobium Inoculation and Supplementation with Phosphorus and Potassium on Growth and Total Leaf Chlorophyll (Chl) Content of Bush Bean <i>Phaseolus vulgaris</i>, L.

The study was conducted to investigate the effect of Rhizobium inoculation and supplementation of phosphorus and potassium on growth and total leaf chlorophyll content to the three released bush bean varieties in northern Tanzania. To achieve this aim, the glasshouse experiment was conducted at Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology while field experiment were carried out at Tanzania Coffee Research Institute, in Kilimanjaro, Tanzania between April-July 2014. The experiment was laid out in factorial arrangement. Factor I comprised of three bush bean varieties. Factor II involved two inoculation treatments viz 1) inoculation with Rhizobium spp. and 2) without inoculation. Factor III included four fertilizer levels (0 Kg·ha-1 20 Kg K ha-1, 30 Kg P ha-1 and 20 kg·K + 30 Kg P ha-1). Both screen house and field experiments were replicated four times. Plant growth parameters (plant height (cm), number leaves per plant, stem girth (mm)) were measured at 2, 4 and 6 weaks after planting (WAP). The chlorophyll was extracted by using Dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) and absorbance was determined at 645 and 663nm using UV/Visible spectrophotometer. Results showed that Rhizobium application significantly improved the number of leaves per plant, plant height, pant girth and total leaf chlorophyll content. Furthermore, compared with the zero treatment control, potassium fertilization significantly increased the number of leaves per plant, plant height, pant girth and total leaf chlorophyll content of the three varieties. In general, these parameters were significantly increased with phosphorus supplied at 30 kg/ha. The combination of these supplies at different levels resulted in significant interactions in some parameters and thus indicating need for these inputs in the study area.

Pretreatment with scutellaria baicalensis stem-leaf total flavonoid prevents cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury

Pretreatment with scutellaria baicalensis stem-leaf total flavonoid has protective effects against ischemia and attenuates myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. In this study, rats were given scutellaria baicalensis stem-leaf total flavonoid intragastrically at 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg per day for 7 days before focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury models were established using the suture method. We then determined the protective effects of scutellaria baicalensis stem-leaf total flavon- oid pretreatment on focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Results showed that neurological deficit scores increased, infarct volumes enlarged, apoptosis increased and Bcl-2 and Bax protein expression were upregulated at 24 hours after reperfusion. Pretreatment with scutellaria baicalensis stem-leaf total flavonoid at any dose lowered the neurological deficit scores, reduced the infarct volume, prevented apoptosis in hippocampal cells, attenuated neuronal and blood-brain barrier damage and upregulated Bcl-2 protein expression but inhibited Bax protein expression. Doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg were the most efficacious. Our findings indicate that pretreatment with scutel- laria baicalensis stem-leaf total flavonoid at 100 and 200 mg/kg can improve the neurological func- tions and have preventive and protective roles after focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury.

Pretreatment with scutellaria baicalensis stem-leaf total flavonoid protects against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in hippocampal neurons

Previous experimental studies have shown that cerebral infarction can be effectively reduced following treatment with scutellaria baicalensis stem-leaf total flavonoid （SSTF）. However, the mechanism of action of SSTF as a preventive drug to treat cerebral infarction remains unclear. In this study, Sprague-Dawley rats were pretreated with 50, 100, 200 mg/kg SSTF via intragastric ad- ministration for 1 week prior to the establishment of focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. The results showed that pretreatment with SSTF effectively improved neurological function, reduced brain water content and the permeability of blood vessels, ameliorated ischemia-induced morphology changes in hippocampal microvessels, down-regulated Fas and FasL protein expression, elevated the activity of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase, and decreased malondialdehyde content. In contrast to low-dose SSTF pretreatment, the above changes were most obvious after pretreatment with moderateand high-doses of SSTF. Experimental findings indicate that SSTF pretreatment can exert protective effects on the brain against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. The underlying mechanisms may involve reducing brain water content, increasing microvascular recanalization, inhibiting the apoptosis of hippocampal neurons, and attenuating free radical damage.

Scutellaria baicalensis stem-leaf total flavonoid reduces neuronal apoptosis induced by amyloid beta-peptide (25-35)

Scutellaria baicalensis stem-leaf total flavonoid might attenuate learning/memory impairment and neuronal loss in rats induced by amyloid beta-peptide. This study aimed to explore the effects of Scutellaria baicalensis stem-leaf total flavonoid on amyloid beta-peptide-induced neuronal apoptosis and the expression of apoptosis-related proteins in the rat hippocampus. Male Wistar rats were given intragastric administration of Scutellaria baicalensis stem-leaf total flavonoid, 50 or 100 mg/kg, once per day. On day 8 after administration, 10 pg amyloid beta-peptide （25-35） was injected into the bilateral hippocampus of rats to induce neuronal apoptosis. On day 20, hippocampal tissue was harvested and probed with the terminal deoxyribonucleotidyl transferase-mediated biotin-16-dUTP nick-end labeling assay. Scutellaria baicalensis stem-leaf total flavonoid at 50 and 100 mg/kg reduced neuronal apoptosis induced by amyloid beta-peptide （25-35） in the rat hippocampus. Immunohistochemistry and western blot assay revealed that expression of the pro-apoptotic protein Bax, cytochrome c and caspase-3 was significantly diminished by 50 and 100 mg/kg Scutellaria baicalensis stem-leaf total flavonoid, while expression of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 was increased. Moreover, 100 mg/kg Scutellana baicalensis stem-leaf total flavonoid had a more dramatic effect than the lower dosage. These experimental findings indicate that Scutellaria baicalensis stem-leaf total flavonoid dose-dependently attenuates neuronal apoptosis induced by amyloid beta-peptide in the hippocampus, and it might mediate this by regulating the expression of Bax, cytochrome c, caspase-3 and Bcl-2.

UPLC-MS/MS测定心悦胶囊中6个皂苷类成分的含量

目的:采用超高效液相色谱-质谱法(UPLC-MS/MS)建立心悦胶囊中主要成分人参皂苷Rg_(1)、人参皂苷Re、人参皂苷Rb_(1)、拟人参皂苷F_(11)、人参皂苷Rd和20(S)-人参皂苷F1的含量测定方法。方法:使用Waters ACQUITY BEH C_(18)色谱柱(100 mm×2.1 mm,1.7μm),以乙腈-水为流动相,梯度洗脱,流速为0.5 mL·min^(–1),柱温为40℃,电喷雾电离源,多反应离子监测扫描方式进行检测。结果:6个成分分别在质量浓度为9.638~963.800、9.839~983.900、9.951~995.100、5.270~1054.000、9.608~960.800、4.905~981.000 ng·mL^(–1)时与峰面积线性关系良好(r>0.998),平均加样回收率(RSD)分别为96.9%(2.2%)、100.1%(1.5%)、97.2%(1.8%)、98.5%(2.3%)、96.6%(2.8%)、100.2%(3.5%)。结论:所建立的方法快速、准确、灵敏度高,可用于心悦胶囊中西洋参茎叶总皂苷的质量控制。

不同刈割高度对人工草地植物功能性状的影响

刈割是草地利用和管理中的一种重要方式,而刈割技术,包括刈割高度一直是草地生态学和草地管理学研究和关注的热点论题。研究刈割高度对于优化草地管理、提升牧草产量与品质、维护草原生态系统健康以及促进畜牧业可持续发展具有重要意义。本研究以混播人工草地为研究对象,开展了不同刈割高度(CK:不刈割;M14:留茬高度14 cm;M10:留茬高度10 cm;M6:留茬高度6 cm;M0:留茬高度0 cm)对羊草(Leymus chinensis)、无芒雀麦(Bromus inermis)和杂花苜蓿(Medicago varia)3种混播牧草植物功能性状影响的研究,旨在对混播人工草地的混播牧草组合进行选择,对草地的科学管理及其可持续利用具有理论意义和实践价值。结果表明:不同刈割高度对混播人工草地的禾本科牧草(羊草和无芒雀麦)功能性状有不同的显著影响,而对豆科牧草(杂花苜蓿)功能性状无显著影响。留茬高度10 cm下,羊草的植株高度显著增加(P<0.05),无芒雀麦植株地上生物量、茎质量、叶总长、总叶面积和总叶质量显著降低(P<0.05);羊草植株高度、地上生物量、茎质量、总叶质量、总叶面积和叶总长在留茬高度10 cm下显著高于留茬高度0 cm处理(P<0.05)。羊草和无芒雀麦的茎质量、总叶质量、地上生物量、总叶面积等性状在响应刈割处理时为敏感指标。羊草和无芒雀麦性状对刈割响应的可塑性指数与其变异性之间的关系随着响应程度增大,变异性先减后增;而杂花苜蓿随着刈割响应程度的增大,其变异性减小。3种牧草个体地上生物量与总叶面积、总叶质量、茎质量等性状之间均表现出极显著正相关关系(P<0.01)。总的来说,留茬6~10 cm对3种牧草多个功能性状有积极作用。针对内蒙古半干旱地区,羊草、无芒雀麦与草原2号杂花苜蓿的混播旱作人工草地中进行割草利用时,建议将留茬高度设定在6~10 cm。

黄芩茎叶总黄酮抗心律失常作用研究

目的 观察黄芩茎叶总黄酮 (以下简称总黄酮 )的抗心律失常作用。方法 采用乌头碱和冠状动脉结扎复灌诱发大鼠的室性心律失常、哇巴因诱发豚鼠的室性心律失常模型 ,记录总黄酮对乌头碱和哇巴因致室早 (VP)、室颤 (VF)、心脏停跳 (HS)的剂量和冠状动脉结扎复灌致 VP、VF及 HS发生率。结果 总黄酮 2 0 ,4 0 mg/kg显著增加乌头碱致 VP、VF及 HS的阈剂量 ,减少冠脉结扎复灌诱发大鼠 VP、VF及 HS的发生率 ;可提高哇巴因诱发豚鼠 VP、VF的阈剂量 ,但对致死剂量无明显影响。结论 总黄酮对实验性心律失常有显著的拮抗作用。

人参茎叶皂甙增强糖皮质激素受体转录激活效应的实验研究

目的探讨人参茎叶皂甙 (ginsenosides stem leaves ,GSL)对糖皮质激素受体 (glucocorticoidre ceptor,GR)转录激活效应的影响。 方法将糖皮质激素受体荧光素酶报告基因 pGRE tk Luc与内参照基因pRL SV4 0共同瞬时转染细胞 ,利用双荧光素酶报告基因检测方法 (Dual LuciferaseReporterAssay) ,观察地塞米松 (dexamethasone ,Dex)和GSL对报告基因表达的影响。结果Dex诱导HL770 2细胞内报告基因的表达呈剂量和时间依赖性 ,Dex的最大诱导倍数达 93倍。糖皮质激素受体的拮抗剂RU4 86可以阻断Dex对报告基因的诱导 ;GSL不能诱导报告基因的表达 ,但可使Dex对GR报告基因的诱导表达效应提高6 1 4 %。

人参茎叶皂苷对小鼠脂肪肝的作用及机制研究

目的探讨人参茎叶皂苷对小鼠脂肪肝的作用及机制。方法小鼠分为正常对照组(NC)和模型组。喂高脂饲料复制脂肪肝模型,12 wk后证实造模成功后,模型组小鼠随机分为高脂组(HF);正常饮食治疗组(NT);人参茎叶皂苷小剂量组(GSL1);人参茎叶皂苷大剂量组(GSL2)。除HF组饲高脂饲料外,其余各组饲基础饲料。GSL1组给予GSL50 mg.kg-1.d-1灌胃,GSL2组给予GSL 100 mg.kg-1.d-1灌胃,其余各组以同等容积蒸馏水灌胃。灌胃2wk后处死所有动物,检测血清TC、TG、HDL-C、LDL-C、ALT含量;并观察肝指数和肝组织TC、TG、SOD、MDA含量,肝脏病理形态学改变及氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体α(PPARα)、细胞色素P450 2E1(CYP2E1)的表达。结果GSL2组可以明显降低肝指数、血脂、肝脂和MDA含量,增加SOD活性,改善小鼠肝脏病理形态学改变,增加肝组织PPARαmRNA水平、降低CYP2E1 mRNA水平。NT组脂肪肝有一定的改善作用,但效果不理想;GSL1组各项指标与NT组相比差异无显著性。结论人参茎叶皂苷可能通过增加肝组织PPARαmRNA表达,降低血脂和肝脂水平;并且通过降低CYP2E1 mRNA表达,抑制脂质过氧化反应,发挥治疗脂肪肝的作用。

苦荞茎叶粉中总黄酮酶法提取工艺研究

目的研究苦荞茎叶粉中总黄酮酶法提取工艺。方法苦荞茎叶粉经纤维素酶处理后用水提取总黄酮,研究酶加酶量、解温度、酶解时间和pH值对总黄酮得率的影响。结果酶法提取的最佳工艺条件为酶解温度55℃,加酶量3.0μL,pH值6.5,酶解90min,再在90℃下提取3次,每次30min,总黄酮得率可达1.47%。结论纤维素酶适用于苦荞茎叶粉中总黄酮的辅助提取。

人参茎叶皂甙和胆碱合用对喹啉酸损毁基底核大鼠学习记忆的影响

应用喹啉酸 (每侧 1 50 nmol,2 μL,给受试药后 d3注射 )损毁老年大鼠双侧 Meynert基底核制备阿尔茨海默病 (AD)动物模型 ,放射化学法测定胆碱乙酰基转移酶 (Ch AT)活性 ,一次性训练被动回避跳台实验和水迷宫空间分辨能力测试 ,观察人参茎叶皂甙 (GSL )和胆碱合用对 AD模型大鼠学习记忆的影响 .结果显示 :GSL(40 0 mg·kg-1·d-1)和胆碱 (2 0 0 mg·kg-1· d-1)合用 ig给药 ,大鼠在跳台中出现的错误反应次数 (给药 1 3d)和学会迷宫训练次数 (给药 1 6d)显著减少 ,大脑皮层 Ch AT活性明显升高 (给药 1 9d) ,且均比两药单用效应明显 ,呈协同作用 .表明 GSL和胆碱合用有协同改善 AD模型大鼠学习记忆障碍的作用 ,其机理与协同提高Ch AT活性 。

响应面设计法优化川贝母茎和叶中总生物碱的提取工艺

目的:对川贝母地上部分的总生物碱的提取工艺进行优化。方法:在单因素试验的基础上,筛选出具有显著效应的四因素进行响应面设计试验,以总生物碱得率为响应值进行响应面分析,优化总碱的提取工艺参数。结果:川贝母地上部分的最佳提取工艺为氨水浸泡时间4h、提取时间6.5h、液料比31:1、提取温度74℃,此条件下,人工种植川贝母茎中总碱的含量为2.785mg/g。结论:野生川贝母茎、叶中的总生物碱含量明显高于人工种植,野生川贝母叶中的总碱含量最高,为4.998mg/g。此方法可靠,提取率高,适于川贝母茎和叶的总碱提取。

黄芩茎叶总黄酮治疗2型糖尿病性高脂血症大鼠的实验研究

目的观察黄芩茎叶总黄酮(SSTF)对2型糖尿病性高脂血症大鼠血糖、血脂代谢及胰岛素抵抗的影响,探究其可能的作用机制。方法高脂饮食加小剂量链脲佐菌素(STZ)建立2型糖尿病合并高脂血症大鼠模型,观察SSTF对大鼠血糖、血脂、胰岛素敏感性指数、抗氧化能力等方面的影响。结果SSTF大、小剂量组(150,75mg·kg-1)能显著降低实验大鼠空腹血糖(FBG)、总胆固醇(TC)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)水平,不同程度的降低甘油三酯(TG)水平,显著升高高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)水平和胰岛素敏感性指数(ISI)。SSTF能显著降低血清和肝脏中丙二醛(MDA)的含量,显著增加血清超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性,不同程度地提高血清谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量。结论黄芩茎叶总黄酮降糖、降脂作用确切,并能改善胰岛素抵抗作用。SSTF的作用机制可能和其显著的抗氧化作用有关。

黄芪多糖、人参茎叶皂甙对手术病人细胞免疫功能的影响

手术病人术后２天和７天外周血单个核细胞（ＰＢＭＣ）的Ｔ淋巴细胞转化及白介素２（ＩＬ２）的生成均明显降低。５０～２５０μｇ／ｍｌ的黄芪多糖（ＡＰＳ）、０．１～１００μｇ／ｍｌ的人参茎叶皂甙（ＧＳＬ）在体外对术后７天ＰＢＭＣ的Ｔ淋巴细胞转化及ＩＬ２的生成均具有不同程度的升高作用，表明ＡＰＳ、ＧＳＬ对手术病人ＰＢＭＣ具有直接的刺激活性。

黄芩茎叶总黄酮预处理对缺血再灌注心肌脂质过氧化损伤的保护作用

目的：探讨黄芩茎叶总黄酮(SSTF)预处理对缺血再灌注心肌脂质过氧化损伤的保护作用。方法：雄性大鼠分为SSTF预处理组、缺血再灌组和假手术组,缺血再灌术前给SSTF组大鼠SSTF(50、100、200mg·kg^1·d^(-1))灌胃,制备缺血再灌模型,分别测定心肌组织超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量,血清乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、肌酸激酶(CK)水平。结果：SSTF预处理可不同程度显著降低缺血再灌注引起的MDA含量,提高SOD活性,降低LDH、CK水平。结论：SSTF预处理能通过保护心肌抗氧化酶的活性,抵制脂质过氧化反应,减轻自由基对心肌的损害,对缺血再灌注心肌产生保护作用。

黄芩茎叶总黄酮调血脂作用研究

黄芩茎叶总黄酮 (以下简称总黄酮 )是黄芩茎叶的主要有效部位。动物实验结果证明 ,在给大鼠喂以高脂饲料的同时 po总黄酮能明显抑制血清总胆固醇 (TC)、甘油三酯 (TG)和低密度脂蛋白 (L DL- C)的升高。对已经形成高脂血症的大鼠 ,也能明显降低血清 TC、TG、L DL- C的水平及动脉粥样硬化指数 (AI,AI=TC-HDL- C/ HDL- C)。

黄芩茎叶总黄酮对人宫颈癌Hela细胞株体外生长的影响

目的探讨黄芩茎叶总黄酮(SSTF)治疗人宫颈癌的可行性。方法配制含人宫颈癌细胞的细胞悬 液(4×105个／ml),取96孔板,每孔接种细胞悬液100μl,阴性对照组设6个孔均不点药,阳性对照药为5-氟尿嘧 啶(5-Fu),取0.01、0.1、1、10、100μg／ml5个浓度,SSTF选取浓度与5-Fu相同,每个浓度点3个孔,37℃5％CO2 培养48-72小时后采用MTT法在酶标仪上以570nm波长测定吸光度(A),计算SSTF和5-Fu抑制Hela细胞 株体外生长的抑制率和半数抑制浓度(IC50)。结果 SSTF、5-Fu均可明显抑制肿瘤细胞的生长,其IC50分别为 20.5、10.5μg／ml。结论SSTF能抑制人宫颈癌Hela细胞体外生长,具有一定细胞毒性作用,可作为临床治疗宫 颈癌的药物进一步深入研究。