Unraveling the significance of cobalt on transformation kinetics,crystallography and impact toughness in high-strength steels

This work reveals the significant effects of cobalt(Co)on the microstructure and impact toughness of as-quenched highstrength steels by experimental characterizations and thermo-kinetic analyses.The results show that the Co-bearing steel exhibits finer blocks and a lower ductile-brittle transition temperature than the steel without Co.Moreover,the Co-bearing steel reveals higher transformation rates at the intermediate stage with bainite volume fraction ranging from around 0.1 to 0.6.The improved impact toughness of the Co-bearing steel results from the higher dense block boundaries dominated by the V1/V2 variant pair.Furthermore,the addition of Co induces a larger transformation driving force and a lower bainite start temperature(BS),thereby contributing to the refinement of blocks and the increase of the V1/V2 variant pair.These findings would be instructive for the composition,microstructure design,and property optimization of high-strength steels.

Constructing high-toughness polyimide binder with robust polarity and ion-conductive mechanisms ensuring long-term operational stability of silicon-based anodes

Silicon-based materials have demonstrated remarkable potential in high-energy-density batteries owing to their high theoretical capacity.However,the significant volume expansion of silicon seriously hinders its utilization as a lithium-ion anode.Herein,a functionalized high-toughness polyimide(PDMI) is synthesized by copolymerizing the 4,4'-Oxydiphthalic anhydride(ODPA) with 4,4'-oxydianiline(ODA),2,3-diaminobenzoic acid(DABA),and 1,3-bis(3-aminopropyl)-tetramethyl disiloxane(DMS).The combination of rigid benzene rings and flexible oxygen groups(-O-) in the PDMI molecular chain via a rigidness/softness coupling mechanism contributes to high toughness.The plentiful polar carboxyl(-COOH) groups establish robust bonding strength.Rapid ionic transport is achieved by incorporating the flexible siloxane segment(Si-O-Si),which imparts high molecular chain motility and augments free volume holes to facilitate lithium-ion transport(9.8 × 10^(-10) cm^(2) s^(-1) vs.16 × 10^(-10) cm^(2) s~(-1)).As expected,the SiO_x@PDMI-1.5 electrode delivers brilliant long-term cycle performance with a remarkable capacity retention of 85% over 500 cycles at 1.3 A g^(-1).The well-designed functionalized polyimide also significantly enhances the electrochemical properties of Si nanoparticles electrode.Meanwhile,the assembled SiO_x@PDMI-1.5/NCM811 full cell delivers a high retention of 80% after 100 cycles.The perspective of the binder design strategy based on polyimide modification delivers a novel path toward high-capacity electrodes for high-energy-density batteries.

Effects of multimodal microstructure on fracture toughness and its anisotropy of LPSO-type extruded Mg-1Zn-2Y alloys

The fracture toughness of extruded Mg-1Zn-2Y(at.%)alloys,featuring a multimodal microstructure containing fine dynamically recrystallized(DRXed)grains with random crystallographic orientation and coarse-worked grains with a strong fiber texture,was investigated.The DRXed grains comprised randomly oriented equiaxedα-Mg grains.In contrast,the worked grains includedα-Mg and long-period stacking ordered(LPSO)phases that extended in the extrusion direction(ED).Both types displayed a strong texture,aligning the(10.10)direction parallel to the ED.The volume fractions of the DRXed and worked grains were controlled by adjusting the extrusion temperature.In the longitudinal-transverse(L-T)orientation,where the loading direction was aligned parallel to the ED,there was a tendency for the conditional fracture toughness,KQ,tended to increase as the volume fraction of the worked grains increased.However,the KQ values in the T-L orientation,where the loading direction was perpendicular to the ED,decreased with an increase in the volume fraction of the worked grains.This suggests strong anisotropy in the fracture toughness of the specimen with a high volume fraction of the worked grains,relative to the test direction.The worked grains,which included the LPSO phase and were elongated perpendicular to the initial crack plane,suppressed the straight crack extension,causing crack deflection,and generating secondary cracks.Thus,these worked grains significantly contributed to the fracture toughness of the extruded Mg-1Zn-2Y alloys in the L-T orientation.

Instrumented oscillographic study on impact toughness of an axle steel DZ2 with different tempering temperatures

Compared with the conventional Charpy impact test method,the oscillographic impact test can help in the behavioral analysis of materials during the fracture process.In this study,the trade-off relationship between the strength and toughness of a DZ2 axle steel at various tempering temperatures and the cause of the improvement in impact toughness was evaluated.The tempering process dramatically influenced carbide precipitation behavior,which resulted in different aspect ratios of carbides.Impact toughness improved along with the rise in tempering temperature mainly due to the increase in energy required in impact crack propagation.The characteristics of the impact crack propagation process were studied through a comprehensive analysis of stress distribution,oscilloscopic impact statistics,fracture morphology,and carbide morphology.The poor impact toughness of low-tempering-temperature specimens was attributed to the increased number of stress concentration points caused by carbide morphology in the small plastic zone during the propagation process,which resulted in a mixed distribution of brittle and ductile fractures on the fracture surface.

A modified 3D mean strain energy density criterion for predicting shale mixed-mode Ⅰ/Ⅲ fracture toughness

The fracture toughness of rocks is a critical fracturing parameter in geo-energy exploitation playing a significant role in fracture mechanics and hydraulic fracturing.The edge-notched disk bending(ENDB)specimens are employed to measure the entire range of mixed-modeⅠ/Ⅲfracture toughness of Longmaxi shale.To theoretically interpret the fracture mechanisms,this research first introduces the detailed derivations of three established fracture criteria.By distinguishing the volumetric and distortional strain energy densities,an improved three-dimensional mean strain energy density(MSED)criterion is proposed.As the critical volumetric to distortional MSED ratio decreases,the transition from tensiondominated fracture to shear-dominated fracture is observed.Our results indicate that both peak load and applied energy increase significantly with the transition from pure mode I(i.e.,tension)to pure modeⅢ(i.e.,torsion or tearing)since mode-Ⅲcracking happens in a twisted manner and mode-Ⅰcracking occurs in a coplanar manner.The macroscopic fracture signatures are consistent with those of triaxial hydraulic fracturing.The average ratio of pure mode-Ⅲfracture toughness to pure mode-Ⅰfracture toughness is 0.68,indicating that the obtained mode-Ⅲfracture resistance for a tensionbased loading system is apparent rather than true.Compared to the three mainstream fracture criteria,the present fracture criterion exhibits greater competitiveness and can successfully evaluate and predict mixed-modeⅠ/Ⅲfracture toughness of distinct materials and loading methods.

Effects of heterogeneous microstructure evolution on the tensile and fracture toughness properties of extruded AZ31B alloys

This study aims to investigate the extrusion temperature effects on the development of heterogeneous microstructures and mechanical properties,focusing on their impact on the fracture toughness of AZ31B alloys.Magnesium AZ31B(Mg-3wt%Al-1wt%Zn)alloys with high strength and reasonable fracture toughness,featuring heterogeneous microstructures,were fabricated via warm/hot extrusion at temperatures ranging from 523 to 723 K.The AZ31B alloy extruded at 523 K was bimodally grained into coarse worked grains with high Kernel average misorientation(KAM)values and fine dynamically recrystallized(DRXed)grains(<10μm)with intermediate KAM values.The 523 K-extruded alloy exhibited a high tensile yield strength of∼280 MPa and fracture toughness KJIC of∼26 MPa·m^(1/2).Conversely,the 723 K-extruded AZ31B alloy was trimodally grained into a small amount of worked grains,fine DRXed grains,and coarse DRXed grains(>10μm)with low KAM values.The 723 K-extruded alloy exhibited low tensile yield strength but a high KJIC value of∼36 MPa·m^(1/2)owing to the high energy dissipation for crack extension in the coarse DRXed grains.

Product Development of High Strength and Toughness Spring Flat Steel

With the continuous development of mechanical industry,higher requirements are put forward for the comprehensive properties of spring steel.The chemical composition and production process of spring flat steel are designed to meet the requirements of high strength and high toughness of spring flat steel,through the test,the product surface quality and internal quality all meet the national standards,the performance indicators to meet user requirements.

Effect of heat treatment on stress corrosion cracking, fracture toughness and strength of 7085 aluminum alloy

The influences of heat treatment on stress corrosion cracking （SCC）, fracture toughness and strength of 7085 aluminum alloy were investigated by slow strain rate testing, Kahn tear testing combined with scanning electron microscopy （SEM） and transmission electron microscopy （TEM）. The results show that the fracture toughness of T74 overaging is increased by 22.9% at the expense of 13.6% strength, and retrogression and reaging （RRA） enhances fracture toughness 14.2% without reducing the strength compared with T6 temper. The fracture toughness of dual-retrogression and reaging （DRRA） is equivalent to that of T74 with an increased strength of 14.6%. The SCC resistance increases in the order： T6〈RRA〈DRRA≈T74. The differences of fracture toughness and SCC were explained on the basis of the role of matrix precipitates and grain boundary orecioitates.

Effects of cubic carbides and La additions on WC grain morphology,hardness and toughness of WC-Co alloys

Effects of Cr3C2,VC and La2O3 additions on the WC grain morphology,hardness and toughness of WC-10Co alloys were investigated.To intensify the grain growth driving force,nano W and nano C,instead of the conventionally used WC,were used as the starting materials.To obtain a three-dimensional WC grain morphology,the natural sinter skins of the alloys were observed directly by scanning electron microscopy.It is shown that the additions have a strong ability in regulating the WC grain morphological and grain size distribution characteristics and the combinations of hardness and toughness.Due to the formation of regular and homogeneous triangular platelet WC grains,WC-10Co-0.6Cr3C2-0.06La2O3 alloy shows an excellent combination of hardness and toughness.The morphological regulation mechanism,the relationship between the WC grain morphology and the properties were discussed.

Microstructure and fracture toughness of a TiAl-Nb composite consolidated by spark plasma sintering

A TiAl-Nb composite was prepared by spark plasma sintering （SPS） at 1250 °C and 50 MPa for 5 min from prealloyed TiAl powder and elemental Nb powder in a molar ratio of 9：1 for improving the fracture toughness of TiAl alloy at room temperature. The microstructure, phase constitute, fracture surface and fracture toughness were determined by X-ray diffractometry, electron probe micro-analysis, scanning and transmission electron microscopy and mechanical testing. The results show that the sintered samples mainly consist of γ phase, O phase, niobium solid solution （Nbss） phase and B2 phase. The fracture toughness is as high as 28.7 MPa？m1/2 at room temperature. The ductile Nbss phase plays an important role in absorbing the fracture energy in front of the cracks. Moreover, B2 phase can branch the propagation of the cracks. The microhardness of each phase of the composite was also tested.

Microstructure and indentation toughness of Cr/CrN multilayer coatings by arc ion plating

Cr/CrN multilayer coatings with bilayer periods in the range from 1351 to 260 nm were prepared on 304 stainless steel substrates by arc ion plating to study the microstructure and properties of multilayer coatings and stimulate their application.SEM results confirm the clear periodicity of the Cr/CrN multilayer coatings and the clear interface between individual layers.XRD patterns reveal that these multilayer coatings contain Cr,CrN and Cr_2N phases.Because Cr layer is softer than its nitride layer,the hardness decreases with the shortening of the bilayer period(or increasing volume fraction of Cr layer).The Cr/CrN multilayer coating with 862 nm period possesses the highest indentation toughness due to a proper individual Cr and nitride layer thickness.However,for the Cr/CrN multilayer with the bilayer period of 1351 nm,it possesses the lowest toughness due to more nitride phase.The indentation toughness of Cr/CrN multilayer coatings is related with their bilayer period.A coating with a proper individual Cr and nitride layer thickness possesses the highest indentation toughness.

一起蒸汽供热管道爆管事故的技术分析

本文对一起用螺旋焊管制作的蒸汽供热管线的爆管事故进行分析,着重探究爆破口呈现脆性断裂特征的原因,得出爆管为水击及爆破管段母材冲击韧性差共同导致,指出制造过程中材料验收环节存在的缺陷。建议用于公用管道等重要管道的螺旋焊管,在制造过程中应加强材料复验环节的控制,明确冲击试验的要求,同时建议GB/T700—2006《碳素结构钢》对冲击试样的取样方向进行修改。

Effect of microstructure on impact toughness of magnesium alloys

Microstructures of as-cast and extruded ZK60-xRE （RE=Dy, Ho and Gd, x=0-5, mass fraction） alloys were investigated. Meanwhile, the impact toughness was tested and then the relationship was discussed. The results show that as-cast microstructure is refined gradually with increasing the RE content. Mg-Zn-RE new phase increases gradually, while MgZn2 phase decreases gradually to disappear. Second phase tends to distribute along grain boundary in continuous network. Extruded microstructure is refined obviously to reach the micron level. Broken second phase tends to distribute along the extrusion direction in zonal shape. Impact toughness value -nK increases from 9-17 J/cm2 for as-cast state to 26-54 J/cm2 for extruded state. With increasing the value of -nK, fracture macro-morphology changes from a rough plane via multi-plane with step to V-type plane; and from single radiation zone to two zones of fiber and shear lip, respectively. Fracture micro-morphology changes from the brittle fracture to the ductile fracture. Fine grain and few fine dispersed second phase can enhance the impact toughness of magnesium alloys effectively.

热输入对高锰钢模拟焊接热影响区显微组织和低温韧性的影响

作为一种新型低温用材料,高锰钢具有低成本及优异的低温力学性能等优势,在液化天然气(LNG)储罐等领域具有广阔的应用前景.然而在实际焊接过程中,高锰钢焊接热影响区中距熔合线3 mm处的特定亚区(FL+3亚区)会出现低温韧性恶化的问题.针对这一问题,采用焊接热模拟技术再现了不同热输入下的FL+3亚区,通过扫描电子显微镜、电子探针X射线显微分析仪和透射电子显微镜观察晶界比例、偏析及析出相.结果表明,模拟FL+3亚区具有较好的低温韧性,其冲击断口形貌均为大量的韧窝.然而随着热输入增加,其冲击吸收功降低,10 kJ/cm、15 kJ/cm、30 kJ/cm和45 kJ/cm不同热输入下的-196℃冲击吸收功分别为177 J、172 J、138 J和112J.FL+3亚区的显微组织为单相奥氏体组织,随着热输入增加,晶粒尺寸无明显变化,而小角度晶界比例升高.热输入增加会加剧FL+3亚区的C、Cu晶界偏析和Mn带状偏析,提高偏析区域的层错能以及临界剪切孪晶应力,使得孪生机制难以激活,进而减弱了形变孪晶的韧化作用,降低低温韧性.当热输入增大到15 kJ/cm时,FL+3亚区开始析出尺寸约为200 nm的颗粒状和块状Cr_(23)C_(6)碳化物,且析出相的尺寸和数量随着热输入增加而进一步增加.碳化物析出易引起应力集中而产生裂纹萌生,降低了FL+3亚区的低温韧性.

数字化转型赋能制造业新质生产力发展——基于资源基础理论与动态能力理论的实证研究

通过数字化转型引领新质生产力的发展,是数字经济赋能制造强国建设的重要课题。本文基于资源基础论与动态能力理论,剖析数字化转型驱动制造企业新质生产力发展的影响机理,为赋能新质生产力提供参考。结果发现:(1)数字化转型对制造企业新质生产力的长期与短期影响存在差异,短期表现为提升整合、配置及运用资源能力,长期表现为增强其创新变革的感知、抓取与转化能力;(2)实证结果表明,数字化转型对新质生产力的影响显著为正。其中,短期影响的正向作用显著,长期影响不显著。不仅如此,市场竞争强度的正向调节作用不容忽视;(3)根据异质性效应结果,东部地区影响显著为正,中部与西部地区则较为微弱;国有企业的驱动效应明显高于非国有企业样本。研究结论为提升制造业新质生产力水平提供了新的赋能方向。

Effect of lamellarization on the microstructure and mechanical properties of marine 10Ni5CrMoV steel

Multistage heat treatment involving quenching(Q),lamellarizing(L),and tempering(T)is applied to marine 10Ni5CrMoV steel.The microstructure and mechanical properties were studied by multiscale characterizations,and the kinetics of reverse austenite transformation,strain hardening behavior,and toughening mechanism were further investigated.The lamellarized specimens possess low yield strength but high toughness,especially cryogenic toughness.Lamellarization leads to the development of film-like reversed austenite at the martensite block and lath boundaries,refining the martensite structure and lowering the equivalent grain size.Kinetic analysis of austenite reversion based on the JMAK model shows that the isothermal transformation is dominated by the growth of reversed austenite,and the maximum transformation of reversed austenite is reached at the peak temperature(750℃).The strain hardening behavior based on the modified Crussard-Jaoul analysis indicates that the reversed austenite obtained from lamellarization reduces the proportion of martensite,significantly hindering crack propagation via martensitic transformation during the deformation.As a consequence,the QLT specimens exhibit high machinability and low yield strength.Compared with the QT specimen,the ductile-brittle transition temperature of the QLT specimens decreases from-116 to-130℃due to the low equivalent grain size and reversed austenite,which increases the cleavage force required for crack propagation and absorbs the energy of external load,respectively.This work provides an idea to improve the cryogenic toughness of marine 10Ni5CrMoV steel and lays a theoretical foundation for its industrial application and comprehensive performance improvement.

3D Printing of Tough Hydrogel Scaffolds with Functional Surface Structures for Tissue Regeneration

Hydrogel scaffolds have numerous potential applications in the tissue engineering field.However,tough hydrogel scaffolds implanted in vivo are seldom reported because it is difficult to balance biocompatibility and high mechanical properties.Inspired by Chinese ramen,we propose a universal fabricating method(printing-P,training-T,cross-linking-C,PTC&PCT)for tough hydrogel scaffolds to fill this gap.First,3D printing fabricates a hydrogel scaffold with desired structures(P).Then,the scaffold could have extraordinarily high mechanical properties and functional surface structure by cycle mechanical training with salting-out assistance(T).Finally,the training results are fixed by photo-cross-linking processing(C).The tough gelatin hydrogel scaffolds exhibit excellent tensile strength of 6.66 MPa(622-fold untreated)and have excellent biocompatibility.Furthermore,this scaffold possesses functional surface structures from nanometer to micron to millimeter,which can efficiently induce directional cell growth.Interestingly,this strategy can produce bionic human tissue with mechanical properties of 10 kPa-10 MPa by changing the type of salt,and many hydrogels,such as gelatin and silk,could be improved with PTC or PCT strategies.Animal experiments show that this scaffold can effectively promote the new generation of muscle fibers,blood vessels,and nerves within 4 weeks,prompting the rapid regeneration of large-volume muscle loss injuries.

INTERLAMINAR FRACTURE TOUGHNESS OF MULTI-DIRECTIONAL LAMINATES

Based on the conventional compliance and area methods, a high precision method named the angle method is presented in this work. The interlaminar fracture toughness is determined by measurement of the load and the bending angle at the loading point without measurement of the crack length, and the improvement of the conventional compliance method is made, which is more precise and can be used to general DCB specimen with unequal flexural stiffness of the cantilevers. The interlaminar fracture toughness in 0/ θ(θ =0°,30°,60°,90°) interfaces of two epoxy composites, one being the carbon fibre reinforced brittle matrix T300/4211, the other the carbon fibre reinforced tough matrix T300/3261, is measured by both compliance and angle methods, and the relationship between fracture toughness and the ply angle θ is obtained. It is found that the interlaminar fracture toughness is correlated with the type of matrix and the ply angles near the crack front.

WC粒度配比对316L激光熔覆层耐磨/抗冲击性能的影响

目的通过调控熔覆层的凝固组织,在提升316L激光熔覆层耐磨性的同时,减小添加WC颗粒对冲击韧性的削弱。方法将316L粉末与WC颗粒球磨混合,采用激光熔覆技术,在316L钢基体表面制备3种质量分数为30%的不同WC粒度(75~150μm颗粒的WC(L)组,25~45μm颗粒的WC(S)组,混合粗细粒度颗粒的WC(L/S)组)增强的合金复合涂层。利用扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪等对复合涂层的微观组织和物相进行分析,并使用摩擦磨损试验机和冲击韧性试验机测试室温下的摩擦磨损和冲击韧性。结果混合粒度WC颗粒在316L熔覆层中的使用能有效减少大粒径WC颗粒在凝固过程中的沉降现象,提升了颗粒分布均匀性,平均自由粒子间距离(λ)从WC(L)组的230μm减至WC(L/S)组的160μm,降低了30.43%。根据电子背散射衍射(EBSD)结果可知,WC颗粒及其分解产物在凝固过程中能够阻碍晶粒长大,并提供非均质形核点,从而细化晶粒。熔覆层的摩擦磨损性能随着WC颗粒粒度的变化而变化,WC(L/S)组熔覆层的磨损体积仅为无WC组的3.33%,WC(L)组体积损失率的76.60%,WC(S)组体积损失率的73.02%。混合粒度WC的使用降低了WC颗粒对熔覆层韧性的削弱,在相同质量分数下,WC(L/S)组熔覆层的冲击功分别为WC(L)组的104.86%,为WC(S)组的117.97%。结论在使用微米尺寸WC颗粒且质量分数均为30%时,WC颗粒的粒度配比对熔覆层的摩擦磨损性能和冲击韧性均有显著影响,其中粗、细混合的粒度配比是一种较好的选择。

基于分子动力学研究纳米孔洞对多晶FeO/Fe中FeO断裂的影响

孔洞缺陷是影响表面氧化皮断裂失效的重要因素.本文结合分子动力学软件Lammps和Atomsk软件建立了半径相同位置不同(模型1)和孔洞位置相同半径不同(模型2)两种模型,为了探究两者对FeO/Fe多晶模型拉伸失效的影响,文章从抗拉强度、断裂韧性、中心对称参数(CSP)三方面进行了分析,模拟结果表明:1.当孔洞位于晶界和三叉点时,模型1和2的抗拉强度随着孔洞半径的增大而减小,断裂韧性在抗拉强度降低的同时增强.2.孔洞位于晶内时,模型2的抗拉强度呈现“先下降-后上升-再下降”的变化趋势,断裂韧性整体降低;模型1既增强了模型的抗拉强度,又降低了断裂韧性.3.裂纹扩展受孔洞半径影响较大,半径达到1 nm以上时,模型2的裂纹扩展速度加快,模型1的裂纹扩展速度减慢.本研究为进一步认识氧化皮的断裂过程提供了帮助.