FUZZY SYNTHETIC EVALUATION ON RESIDENT'S PERCEPTIONS OF TOURISM IMPACTS——Case of Jiuzhaigou National Park, Sichuan Province, China

Tourism can have both positive and negative outcomes for residents in tourism destinations, It is a good method to analyze the status of tourism impact by means of investigating residents＇ perceptions of it. Various methods have been used in previous authoritative studies. However, owing to inherent imprecision, difficulties always exist in some conventional methodologies when describing the interpretation of linguistic or measured uncertainties for real-world randoln phenomena. The purpose of this research is to present the fuzzy synthetic evaluation method to investigate residents＇ perceptions of tourisln impacts. At first, basic attributes and a hierarchical framework of tourism impacts are defined and formed. Secondly, the weighted vectors are determined according to the knowledge and experience of experts. Thirdly, the weighted evaluation matrices are aggregated to get the fuzzy sets of tourism impacts. In the last stage, the final fuzzy sets are defuzzified to get the rank of the residents＇ perceptions of tourism impacts. A case study in Jiuzhaigou National Park of China is provided to demonstrate the application of this method.

COMPARATIVE STUDY ON RESIDENTS′ PERCEPTION OF TOURISM IMPACT AT TOURIST PLACES——A Case Study of Xidi, Zhouzhuang and Jiuhua Mountain

Based on the questionnaire investigation, the authors make a comparative study on local residents′ perception of tourism impacts in Xidi, Zhouzhuang and Jiuhua Mountain. The result shows that residents of the three places tend to have strong and consistent perception of its positive economic, socio-cultural and environmental impacts, but distinctly diverse ones of its negative impacts. Residents in Xidi and Zhouzhuang also have noticeable perception of its negative environmental impacts while those in Jiuhua Mountain have weaker perception of them. The research confirms the fact that residents are more liable to have positive perceptions at the early stage of the life cycle of the tourist places. The authors conclude that there exists a nonlinear relationship between residents′ perception and tourism development stages, and that tourism socio-cultural impact may appear at an early stage of tourism development instead of being no universal.

Spatial Differentiation of Tourism Impact Based on the Perception of Residents in Mountainous Valley Resorts

Valley economy is a type of economy that comprehensively utilizes the natural economic and social resources of the region based on environmental protection. This economy utilizes the basic role of the market in disposing resources and achieving regional development and social progress. In this paper we studied the town of Yanqi, a valley resort that has developed tourism-based valley economy for several years in the mountainous area of Beijing. This research identifies the spatial differentiation of tourism-related economic, socio-cultural, and environmental impact and level of support for tourism according to the perception and attitude of residents of Yanqi. The research area was divided into three zones(i.e., core, transition, and peripheral)according to the standard proposed by Jaakson. The residents in all three zones showed a positive attitude toward the tourism industry, and the residents in the core zone had a stronger perception toward the impact of tourism. However, several items indicated the converse. Correlation analysis and analysis of variance were used to explore the correlative factors associated with the attitudes of residents toward the tourism industry. Results indicated major differences among the three zones. Multiple factors, including natural conditions, policies, scenic spots, dependence on the tourism industry, and external investment in the three zones resulted in the spatial differentiation of the perception and attitude of residents toward the impact of tourism.

Residents’ Perceptions of the Tourism Impacts on a Mature Destination: The Case of Madeira Island

Residents play a fundamental role in the quality of tourists’experiences and satisfaction derived from a visit and,thus,in the success of a tourism destination.This paper addresses the perceptions that residents have the impacts of tourism on Madeira Island,a mature tourism destination.Based on data extracted from a survey administered to residents during August and September 2018,we inquired on the extent to which they maintain a positive perception of the impacts of the tourist industry.The survey tried to address the residents’perceptions of economic,cultural,social,or environmental impacts.In the analysis of the data,both descriptive and multivariable statistical methods were used.The empirical results attained indicate that residents feel that there is no excess of tourism on the island.They do not fail to realize that there are a few negative consequences,but the positive ones got better scores on average.Being an inhabitant of an urban or a rural site did not seem to influence differently the perceptions gathered on the contribution of tourism to the overall development of Madeira Island.This type of analysis can serve as a useful tool for tourism planners and managers in order to prevent or minimize eventual negative impacts of the tourism industry as felt by the local inhabitants and,thus,for creating the required policies.

A study on the tourism practitioners' perception of tourism impact:a case study of Hainan,China

This study examines the urban population of tourism practitioners' perceptions of economic, environmental, and social impacts on cultural, convention, and sport tourism may have in Haikou and Sanya, Hainan, China. The study uses a modif ied Urban Tourism Impact (UTI) to examine economic, environmental, and social perceived impacts. Analysis of the data includes testing three models of structural relationships between tourism impacts and support for development in each of the tourism market sub-divisions through a confirmatory factor analysis. The results of this study show that the positive economic impacts consistently exert influence on predicting support for tourism development in all three models. However, the social impacts play a greater explanatory role with all three market segment, the negative environmental impacts play a role in determining support for sport tourism only. Differences have been found with those with a higher education level in predicting support for cultural tourism, but not convention or sport tourism.

The Mediating Effect of Quality of Life on Tourism Impact and Support Attitude in Alishan Tribes

The purpose of this study was aimed to analyze the effect of indigenous people’s perceived impact of tourism development on tribal quality of life and the support attitude toward tourism development. The research subjects were indigenous people who were at least 20 years old and came from one of eight Alishan tribes in Taiwan. This study conducted an investigation by random sampling, a total of 850 questionnaires were distributed and obtained 827 valid questionnaires. The valid return rate was 97.29%. Statistical analysis was performed on the valid questionnaires using descriptive statistics and partial least squares (PLS). According to the analytical result, Alishan indigenous people feel the negative environmental impact brought by tourism is the highest, but in terms of quality of life, they also maintain of nature and culture. When the positive economic, environmental, and sociocultural impact of tourism is higher, tribal quality of life and indigenous people’s support attitude toward tourism development will be more significant;however, when the negative economic, environmental, and sociocultural tourism impact is higher, tribal quality of life will be lower and indigenous people will tend to resist tourism development. Quality of life was found to be a moderator between tourism impact and support attitude toward development. This study proposed suggestions for indigenous tribes and the government to develop the tourism sector and introduced specific research directions for future tribal tourism researchers.

The impact of tourism on soils in Zhangjiajie World Geopark

The soil hardness, soil water content and soil bulk density along the trails of six scenic spots in the Zhangjiajie World Geopark were measured and analyzed, and the integrated effects of tourism trampling on soils were evaluated for each scenic spots by calculating its soil impact indexes （SII） in the park. The results indicated that visitors＇ activities caused a serious influence on the soil in the park, especially in the two most used scenic spots-- Yellowstone Village and Gold Whip Stream. The impact of tourism on soil mainly occurred within 3 m along the trails. The impact shapes are classified into six type as single-sided node type, double-sided node type, cross node type, single-sided linkage type, double-sided linkage type and short-cut linkage type. Of six types of impact shapes, the single-sided node type and double-sided type were dominant. The average water contents of soil for six scenic spots at sample areas of 1 m, 2 m and 3 m from trial is 36.6%, 24.5% and 2.2% lower than that of the control area, respectively. The average soil hardness for six scenic spots at 1m, 2 m, and 3m from the trails tramped increased 167.9%, and 122.2%, and 15.8%, respectively, compared with the control area. Soil bulk density increased 26.5% at 1 m and 20.9% at 2 m from the trails. The main countermeasures for reducing the range and extent of tourism impact on soil are discussed.

Impacts of tourism and developmental potential of ecotourism in and around the Changbaishan Biosphere Reserve

Ecotourism has been suggested as the altemative for the conflicts between tourism development and nature conservation especially for the protected area, such as biosphere reserve. Based on investigation of tourism resources of The Changbaishan Biosphere Reserve (CBR) and tourism impacts on environment, economy and society, the potential of ecotourism development is analyzed in and around CBR. The results showed that the conditions in the study area are suitable for development of ecotourism, which is an effective approach for sustainable development of CBR.

The Impact of Tourism on Rural Areas: A Case Study (Moeil Village in Meshginshahr County)

This research explained how tourism activity influenced the society.The impact that was elaborated in this study was“economic,sociocultural,and environmental”aspects.The research method in this study is descriptive-analytical and correlational.Most of the data are based on field studies and sampling method(Cochran)to evaluate the effects of tourism development on rural settlements;384 villagers have been interviewed.Findings of the study show that in contrast to the survey of villagers and tourists who evaluated the highest effect in relation to the economic dependent variable with an average rank of 4.1752,in the stepwise regression study the most changes are related to the social and cultural and physical and environmental dimension dependent variable with a coefficient of 0.080.Finally,Pearson correlation test was used to test the hypothesis of this study,according to which it can be stated.Tourism development has provided positive changes in economic,socio-cultural,physical,and environmental dimensions in the village.

Impact of the Wenchuan Earthquake on Tourism in Sichuan,China

An intensive earthquake, the Wenchuan Earthquake of 8.0 on the Richter scale, struck western Sichuan, China on May 12, 2008. The earthquake has tremendously affected all industries in the quake-hit areas, with no exception of the local tourism. The study of the effect of the earthquake on tourism enriches the theory of tourism, and more importantly, it well serves as the foundation for policy making. The objective of this study is to outline for readers the empirical findings on the various ways that the earthquake affected the operations and viability of tourism in the quake-hit areas. This paper is mainly divided into 3 parts. The first part is to discuss the importance of tourism in the quake-hit areas. The second is to analyze the influencing factors of tourism. The third is to assess the impact of the earthquake on tourism in Sichuan in different seasons.

THE SOCIAL IMPACTS OF TOURISM──A Case Study in Dali,Yunnan Province,China

Ancient town Dali is located in northwest Yunnan Province. With its ancient history and natural scenery,it is preserved as one of the first 24 historical and cultural towns in China. Dali has become one of the most popular attractions for foreign tourists since it had its first foreign visitors in 1983.As a result,English came into the life of the local people.This paper presents and explains the results of questionnaires and interviews about Dan people’s attitude toward learning English.Three types of questionnaires were designed to local businessmen,local residents and foreign tourists.Interviews were also given whenever possible.In this study,businessmen in Dali were divided into two distinct groups. One group had their business in“Foreigners’Street”,which was in front of Hongshancha Hotel where many foreign tourists stayed. Another group had business in Fuxin Street, which was vertically across“Foreigners’Street”.The 41 shops and restaurants in“Foreigners’Street”served mainly foreign visitors,and most of them had English names and advertisements. The 353 shops and restaurants in Fuxin Street mainly catered for domestic visitors but also served more and more overseas ones.Subjects from local residents were mostly young people because aging ones were apparently not much affected by English. The results of the study showed that the oral English levels became lower from“Foreigners’Street”to Fuxin Street to local residents,due to declining frequency of contact with foreign people.There were also distinct differences in general English level, the understanding of the importance of English,the purposes of communicating with foreign tourists,the willingness and purposes of going on The project was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China.learning English between businessmen in“Foreigners’Street”and Fuxin Street:people in“Foreigners’Street”had more positive feedback than those in Fuxin Street because their constant contact with foreigners required them to speak better English which enabled them to exchange with foreigners in many aspects,which in turn help them to know more about other cultures. On the other hand,Fuxin Street businessmen would catch up with more and more prospective contact with overseas people.Though local residents had nothing to do with foreign tourists,they met them in the street every day and might have to talk with them in unexpected ways.They lived in a place where they saW English advertisement every day. Accordingly,study results showed that they were very much motivated to learn English. They showed even stronger desire to learn more English than businessmen in “Foreigners’Street”,though many of them were too young to tell why English was so important for them. This is an indication that English has become part of the necessary education for young people in Dan. With the development of tourism, Dali is gradually becoming a place where Chinese culture and western culture meet and coexist.

Analysis on the Impact of Mountain Climate on Tourism Development of Ziyuan County,Guangxi

Ziyuan County is in the northeast mountainous area of Guangxi,with rich tourism resources. The research on tourism climate resources of Ziyuan County could provide reference for rational development of mountain tourism in the county. Through on-the-spot investigation,the local tourism and climate data were collected,and the evolution of climate data was analyzed,and the influence of climate on tourism development was studied. It can see snow in winter of Ziyuan County,and there is not high temperature in summer,where is the best place for summer vacation.Due to typical Danxia landform,beautiful mountain ecology and comfortable climate condition,Ziyuan has become the preferred leisure vacation destination of Guilin. It should rationally utilize meteorological service information to effectively avoid the meteorological disasters,and use the climate resource advantage of mountainous area to develop Ziyuan County's tourism.

非大众型旅游(Alternative tourism):起源、概念及特征

近年来，Alternativetourism频繁出现在有关学术刊物上，人们一般特Alternativetourism译为“选择性旅游”或“可替代旅游”。笔者认为这种译法并不能准确地表达Alternativetourism的涵义，而且人们也没有进一步说明Alternativetourism的内涵和特征。本文通过分析Alternativetourism的起源、概念及特征，探讨到底什么是Alternativetourism，并认为将Alternativetourismm译为‘唯大众型旅游”将能准确地表达其涵义。

近期国外旅游影响研究综述——《Annals of Tourism Research》文献分析

旅游影响研究是旅游学研究的重要领域,包括旅游的经济影响、社会文化影响、环境影响、居民对旅游影响的感知等内容。以1995年～2005年期间在《Annals of Tourism Research》上发表的有关旅游影响研究的76篇论文为样本,从研究内容、研究区域、研究方法与特点等方面对国外研究进行了系统综述,可以看出国外旅游影响研究非常注重模型的构建、运用和使用数理统计方法,并且对欠发达地区较为关注,但在旅游的环境影响以及对旅游影响的调控等方面的研究也存在不足。

Study on Residents′ Perception to Tourism Influence and Exploiting Countermeasures in "Beijing-Tianjin Passageway" Area——Taking Yangjiaying Village of Yongqing County in Hebei Province as an Example

[Objective] The study aims to put forward some countermeasures on rural tourism development in 'Beijing-tianjin Passageway' area, and make some planning, in order to improve the healthy development of rural tourism by investigating residents′ perception to tourism influence, participation level to tourism and the effects of rural tourism development on local economy, social culture and environment. [Method] Residents′ perception is established by questionnaire, it includes 33 perceptions, such as 10 economic perceptions, 11 tourism social culture perceptions, 7 tourism environment perceptions and 5 total tourism perceptions. Using 5 points system to make quantitative determination, 1 indicates extremely opposing, 2 indicates opposing, 3 indicates unknown, 4 indicates approving, 5 indicates extremely approving, questionnaire is analyzed by relative statistics. [Result] The results show that: ①the perception of positive influence of villagers is stronger than negative influence; ②the concern to economical influence of villagers is stronger than social cultural and environmental influence; ③villagers hold reasonable support to the integral development of tourism. [Conclusion] According to the conclusion and the suggestion that villagers offer, it proposes the following countermeasures: ①to pay attention to the villagers′ benefits and take part in tourism planning; ②to attach importance to the education of villagers′ and enhance the involvement; ③ to strengthen the reception management and standardize the industry standards; ④to step up publicity and expand the scale of tourism.

Tourism Development and Ecological Environment Protection

This paper defined tourism environment, analyzed the impact of tourism development on the water environment, soil, vegetation and landscape and proposed main measures for protecting tourism environment on this basis.

旅游影响下的地方饮食文化生产转向:特征与机制

饮食文化是地方文化生产的重要构成部分,旅游影响下,地方饮食文化生产发生了明显转向,基于文化生产逻辑的地方饮食文化生产从现象发生到机理分析亟须开展理论探索。文章从文化生产理论的视角,以淮扬菜主要发源地之一的扬州为例,运用访谈法、参与式观察法和文献分析法等方法,揭示了旅游影响下地方饮食文化生产转向的特征和机制。研究发现:1)地方饮食文化生产转向的特征体现在4个方面,生产要素更加关注文献典籍与乡土文化中的饮食元素的挖掘与利用,生产场域从传统的限定性场域向着规模化场域及多元化场域转变,生产模式在技术和流程两个层面呈现出由厨房生产技术向舞台化炫技表演以及多场景技术组合递进的特征,结构形态旨在实现内容生产、符号生产和媒介生产三者的协调统一;2)旅游对地方饮食文化生产转向形成重要影响,受到核心因素和辅助因素的共同作用,进而形成生产主体响应机制、地方文化创新发展机制、文旅消费提质牵引机制以及主客协商机制等四重驱动机制;3)在传统文化守正与创新博弈中,旅游影响下的地方饮食文化生产可以更有针对性地串联起各利益相关主体,有效利用生产资料,有机整合文化资源,这为文化生产理论提供另一种解释和分析框架。

Research on Cultural Tourism Issues of Trikala City, Greece

Cultural tourism in regional cities has grown rapidly in recent years. In order to be successful and sustainable, management of the local authorities is considered as an urgent need to investigate the views of the local community The purpose of this study was to investigate and interpret the residents＇ views of Trikala city, in Thessaly, for the benefits of cultural tourism and their attitude to the relevant bodies and local authorities. The empirical analysis is based on the use of cross section data, which were derived from a sample survey to 372 residents of the city. The empirical analysis shows that, generally, the benefits of cultural tourism are recognized, even if the region is at an early stage of development. The findings of logistic regression model show that the view that competent bodies ensure that the promotion of local culture and local heritage is determined by the abundance of events, festivals, and local museums in the city. From the proper utilization of architectural heritage attractions and local heritage, the knowledge of recent achievements concern cultural tourism and the appropriate infrastructure in the city.

边境旅游对国家安全的影响机理研究——基于韧性视角

作为“兴边富民”的重要方式,边境旅游带动经济发展的同时,也对边境地区国家安全产生深刻影响。在韧性视角下,边境旅游影响表现为边境社会文化韧性、边境生态环境韧性和边境经济发展韧性;边境旅游对国家安全的影响过程存在“边境地区开放—地方韧性损耗”的逻辑;在以去边界化、去边缘化和去地方化为主的边境地区开放作用下,边境旅游导致以吸收力、适应力和恢复力为主的地方韧性渐变,产生安全冗余、安全均衡和安全滞后3种安全态势。应从开放适度、韧性强化和态势评估3方面入手,以应对边境旅游产生的国家安全风险。

社区参与视角下国家公园居民的旅游影响感知和自然保护态度差异——以神农架国家公园试点区为例

以神农架国家公园体制试点区(以下简称“神农架国家公园”)为例,运用问卷调查和单因素方差分析等手段,基于对参与旅游和未参与旅游的居民群体差异的比较分析,研究了国家公园旅游对社区居民自然保护态度的影响。研究表明:(1)神农架国家公园居民对旅游的正面影响感知明显强于负面影响感知,参与旅游的居民对正面旅游影响的感知强于后者,未参与旅游的居民对部分负面旅游影响的感知强于参与旅游的居民;(2)神农架国家公园居民对自然保护整体上均持有较为强烈的积极态度,但参与旅游的居民和未参与旅游的居民在强度上存在显著差异,参与旅游的居民较之未参与旅游的居民更认同自然保护的意义,更认同神农架自然保护的必要性,更认同国家公园的自然保护功能,也更愿意遵守和支持国家公园关于自然保护的管理规定。研究揭示了国家公园旅游对当地居民自然保护态度的积极影响,深化了我国国家公园问题研究,为国家公园自然资源的游憩利用提供了科学依据,具有较为突出的学术价值和现实意义。鉴于旅游对当地居民自然保护态度的积极影响,我国在推进国家公园体制建设中,在不影响保护管理目标的前提下应通过科学、适度发展旅游来争取当地居民对国家公园体制建设和自然保护工作的支持。