Study on Tourism Decision-making Pattern of European Tourists in China——With European Tourists in Xi’an City as a Study Case

With the inbound tourism market data supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China as the basis, this study through researching the tourism decision-making behaviors of inbound tourists, adopting questionnaire survey among European tourists in Xi'an City, analyzed their tourism decision behaviors and influencing factors, and aimed to propose pertinent suggestions for the expansion of European tourist market for Xi'an City.

Analysis of Influencing Factors Tourists1 Purchase Decision-making Behavior in Kunming

Based on the theory of consumer behavior,this paper analyzes the current situation of tourism shopping market in Kunming,and analyzes the decision-making behavior of tourists shopping in Kunming with the questionnaire survey,and clarifies the influencing factors of the decision-making behavior of visitors to Kunming.In the future,the influencing factors of Kunming tourists'shopping decision-making behavior are combined with the current situation of Kunming's tourism shopping market.The problems of cheating-induced shopping,the high price of shopping products,the low level of tourism shopping experience and the imperfect after-sales service are analyzed.Finally,the corresponding countermeasures and suggestions are proposed from four aspects:rectifying the tourism shopping market,establishing a sound price supervision mechanism,strengthening the tourism shopping experience,and improving after-sales service.

Emancipatory reflection on a nursing practice-based ethical issue about nurses' paternalistic decision-making for patients

Objective: This study aimed to demonstrate and promote the skill of critical emancipatory reflection through reflecting on a nursing practice-based ethical issue about nurses' paternalistic decision-making for patients. Meanwhile, critical awareness will be developed and the underlying issues of paternalism in nursing decision-making will be analyzed. Then, by applying the procedure, improvement in nursing decision-making practice will be expected.Methods: Taylor's model of emancipatory reflection with four steps, including construction, deconstruction, confrontation, and reconstruction, is utilized to guide the author's reflection.Results: Guided by the socialization theory, the author's personal and professional socialization is seen to be associated with the formation of the value of paternalism. The theory of reflexivity is applied to unearth the related issues, including deeper personal value,work environment, as well as historical and cultural contexts. Moreover, the power derived from policy, work relationship, and nursing administration, which could induce paternalism in the author's nursing decision-making practice, was critically debated using the hegemony theory. Finally, new insights into paternalism will be achieved, which enable change in terms of how to facilitate patients' autonomous decision-making.Conclusions: The process of refection makes it clear that respecting patients' right and performing patient-centered caring are the bases to change the paternalism existing in the nursing decision-making practice currently. The reconstruction step assists the author in terms of how to value the patients' autonomy and balance patients' safety and choice, rather than being overprotective; carry out risk assessment, and search for strong evidence to counterbalance the positive and negative aspects of risk-taking; communicate with patients appropriately in a manner that they can comprehend; spend more time to explore patients' preference and choice; make every effort to elevate the patients' decision-making capacity; implement patient-centered care and shared decision-making in nursing practice; consult with other colleagues and obtain the required support when limitations or challenges exist; try to justify and avoid hidden paternalism behind policy or guidelines; deal with the power in hand well and fairly; and also positively face the powers that constrain the author.

Study of Product Quality Information and Construction of Its Decision-Making Support System and Measures to Improve People's Quality Concept

The 21th century is a "quality century". Facing the s evere challenge about quality, all the developed industry countries attach impor tance to the research and education about quality project. With the deepening of the reform of China and it’s joining to WTO, many industries and enterprises wi ll be confronted with severe challenge while being offered the opportunity to wa lk up to the world. The arrival of knowledge economy and web time has provided t he space for the innovation on enterprise management. It has also provided new m ethod and model for enterprise management, that is online management based on th e internet. The online management use an enterprise model including the goal of the enterprise and the scheme to carry out it to represent the whole operational of all the work. The online management is constructed on the integration of exp ert system, database, software and other technical models. How to scientifically manage the entire system of product, precisely master the condition of quantity and quality and analyze the rules of the change of produc t quality in order to carry out the overall control of quality, guarantee the go od condition of product as well as improve product quality and prolong it’s se rvice life was discussed in this thesis. Based on the above research the thesis also discussed how to develop the study on product quality information and const ruct it’s decision making support system. The concrete measures to improve peopl e’s concept of quality are also raised. Based on the type analysis, scientific management of product quality information should start from dynamic information of quality, instruction information as we ll as the information about the use, maintain, management and conservation of pr oduct, and induce them and further propose a design scheme of feedback system on product quality information, and then set up the blueprint of the information s ystem of product quality. This thesis included 7 chapters:1.the type of quality information;2.the content of quality information;3.the construction of the se nsitive web for transfering information, and collecting and transfering quality information rapidly and effectively;4.the way and procedure to transfer informa tion;5.the construction of quality information library for all phases; 6.the d isposal of quality information;7.the decision making support system of the mana gement of quality information;8.attach importance to three key factors on impro ving quality concept.

How Much Are Women Involved in Decision-Making in Family in Iran？

Studying the process of the decision-making in family is a necessity. The main aim of this study is to recognize the factors affecting decision-making in family. This investigation has been performed by using the survey method and 200 people were studied, emphasizing the approaches of Collins, Ingellhart, Weber, and Watt. The present study attempts to probe the role of women in power relationships in family. To analyze the data, the multivariable regression has been used. The result from the multivariable regression statistical analysis of participation in family decision-making equals R2 = .3. It can be concluded that the duration of marriage life, age, and men＇s age of marriage have affected the women＇s family participation. The comparison of regression quotient shows that marriage duration has the most share in dependent variable changes.

Order Out of Chaos: Nudging Tourists’ Behaviours at a Time of Disruption?

A set of major disruptive political,socio-economic,technological,and ecological trends presents serious issues for tourism policy makers,regulators,and operators alike.In this turbulent context,how best to attempt to predict tourist behaviours?In tourism research the dominant rationalistic approach to decision-making does provide some useful insights across tourism choice.However,it seems increasingly less suited to the often relatively unplanned,hedonic,opportunistic,and impulsive decision-making that often characterises tourists’behaviours on-site within a destination,and more generally to the behaviours of Generation Y and Generation Z.More generally,it is arguable that rational models of motivation and decision-making systematically underestimate the importance of affective processes in tourists’behaviours.In this paper,we explore the implications of employing a much more naturalistic approach to decision-making at both the policy level and at the frontline of tourism operations.

Empirical Research on Tourists' After-trip Perception of Landscape Preference in the Confucius Temple in Nanjing City

Thurstone’s Comparative Judgment Model was applied to measure characteristics of tourists’after-trip perception of landscape preference in the Confucius Temple,a famous historical block in Nanjing City.The results show that(a)as time goes by,the tourists’time perception differentiation has continuously sublimated from the general experience into the peak experience,and gradually evolved into the core experience element in the overall perception.In terms of content,perceptional contents of tourists decrease in sequence of the Confucian culture,the commercial culture and the culture of refined scholars.As a whole,tourists’after-trip perception differentiation has 3 sections:halo zone,sub-halo zone,and gray zone.(b)Because of tourism development,the Confucian culture is influenced by other cultures,and the commercial culture shows the trend of"over-generalization",and the culture of refined scholars has weakening carriers and modes of inheritance.Inheritance of its unique cultural connotations deserves increasing attention.

Digital Disparities:How Artificial Intelligence Can Facilitate Anti-Black Racism in the U.S.Healthcare Sector

This paper delves into the intricate interplay between artificial intelligence(AI)systems and the perpetuation of Anti-Black racism within the United States medical industry.Despite the promising potential of AI to enhance healthcare outcomes and reduce disparities,there is a growing concern that these technologies may inadvertently/advertently exacerbate existing racial inequalities.Focusing specifically on the experiences of Black patients,this research investigates how the following AI components:medical algorithms,machine learning,and natural learning processes are contributing to the unequal distribution of medical resources,diagnosis,and health care treatment of those classified as Black.Furthermore,this review employs a multidisciplinary approach,combining insights from computer science,medical ethics,and social justice theory to analyze the mechanisms through which AI systems may encode and reinforce racial biases.By dissecting the three primary components of AI,this paper aims to present a clear understanding of how these technologies work,how they intersect,and how they may inherently perpetuate harmful stereotypes resulting in negligent outcomes for Black patients.Furthermore,this paper explores the ethical implications of deploying AI in healthcare settings and calls for increased transparency,accountability,and diversity in the development and implementation of these technologies.Finally,it is important that I prefer the following paper with a clear and concise definition of what I refer to as Anti-Black racism throughout the text.Therefore,I assert the following:Anti-Black racism refers to prejudice,discrimination,or antagonism directed against individuals or communities of African descent based on their race.It involves the belief in the inherent superiority of one race over another and the systemic and institutional practices that perpetuate inequality and disadvantage for Black people.Furthermore,I proclaim that this form of racism can be manifested in various ways,such as unequal access to opportunities,resources,education,employment,and fair treatment within social,economic,and political systems.It is also pertinent to acknowledge that Anti-Black racism is deeply rooted in historical and societal structures throughout the U.S.borders and beyond,leading to systemic disadvantages and disparities that impact the well-being and life chances of Black individuals and communities.Addressing Anti-Black racism involves recognizing and challenging both individual attitudes and systemic structures that contribute to discrimination and inequality.Efforts to combat Anti-Black racism include promoting awareness,education,advocacy for policy changes,and fostering a culture of inclusivity and equality.

S-O-R理论框架下传统村落品牌“商品化”路径探析——以张谷英村为例

打造传统村落地方品牌并将其转化为实际效益,是实现乡村旅游活化的有效途径。基于S-O-R理论,构建研究理论框架,以湖南岳阳张谷英村为例,运用结构方程模型进行定量实证分析,结果表明:传统村落品牌“商品化”进程涵盖了品牌价值提升、文化价值延伸、经济效益转化三部分;传统村落地方品牌建构对游客消费行为起间接影响作用,地方依恋是沟通地方品牌建构与游客消费行为的“桥梁”,其中介效应得到了验证;为实现地方品牌价值向经济效益的有效转化,应当深度挖掘传统村落文化内涵,注重保护乡土景观,完善食宿消费服务体系,使单一产业转向多产业模式发展。

Measuring Recreational Value of World Heritage Sites Based on Contingent Valuation Method:A Case Study of Jiuzhaigou

World heritage possesses various kinds of use value and non-use value. Measuring the recreational value of world heritage sites is a key issue in the heritage tourism. This paper employs Contingent Valuation Method (CVM), which is an evaluation instrument on the basis of tourists′ attitude and preference, to measure the recreational value of Jiuzhaigou, one of the World Natural Heritage sites in China, and analyzes the biases in the survey. The results show that: 1) In 2009, Jiuzhaigou′s recreational value was 3.46×108 yuan (RMB), and the per capita Willingness to Pay (WTP) was 137.31 yuan by CVM. Compared with the results of other methods, this result is significantly low. 2) Among the factors that influence Jiuzhaigou tourists′ WTP, psychological perception factors have the greatest effect while demographic and socio-economic characteristics have a small effect on WTP. 3) The virtuality in CVM creates biases both from CVM itself and in the procedures that CVM was implemented. The former includes hypothetical bias, information bias, protest response bias, and strategic bias; and the latter includes the questionnaire design, population and sample definition, sampling and data processing. The paper analyses those biases and illustrates their potential in-fluences on the accuracy of CVM measurement. 4) Although there are various defects in CVM measurement, it is still an effective valuation method.

An Approach to Resolving Two Paradoxes in Probability Theory

A new mathematical expectation formula with some hypotheses, notions and propositions was given to get rid of the challenge of St. Petersburg paradox and Pascal's wager. Relevant results show that it is very effective to apply the model to solve the expected revenue problems containing random events with low proba-bility but high revenue. This work also provides the probability theory with a more widely applied perspective in group decision-making.

基于B/S架构的山西省红色遗址通览系统

通过实地走访、资料查阅等方式,搜集了2128个山西省红色遗址,其中85.2%百度、高德等地图没有标注,在地图上无法搜索到。基于此设计了基于B/S架构的山西省红色遗址通览系统,数据库采用MySQL,主要包括用户登录模块、显示模块、路径规划模块,填补了山西省红色遗址在电子软件方面的空白。同时系统依托山西省5A、4A景点,以旅游景点的名气提升红色遗址的知名度,带领读者找到旅行路线周边不易发觉的红色遗址,了解先辈们曾经在这片土地上奋斗的足迹,更加方便党史学习教育的开展。

乡村性感知、旅游者幸福感与重游意愿

如何让游客在旅行中获得幸福感既是旅游业的重要使命,也是推动旅游业可持续发展的必然选择。随着乡村旅游的快速发展,探讨该情境下旅游者幸福感的前因后果显得尤为重要。文章基于刺激-机体-反应(S-O-R)理论,构建以乡村性感知为刺激因素,旅游者幸福感为积极情感,重游意愿为行为反应的模型,研究乡村性感知、旅游者幸福感与重游意愿之间的相互关系。实证检验发现乡村性感知对旅游者幸福感、重游意愿有正向影响;旅游者幸福感对重游意愿有正向影响;旅游者幸福感在乡村性感知对重游意愿的影响中有中介作用。这为乡村旅游地的营销对策和幸福管理提供了有力依据,对促进乡村旅游的高质量发展有重要的实践意义。

Chinese Rural Women's Decision-Making Status in Family

THE decision-making status of rural women in families is an important aspect which reflects the degree of their participation in development. Implementation of the Nairobi Forward-Looking Strategies for the Advancement of Women represent over the past 10 years has witnessed the gradual maturation of the production-related contract responsibility system in Chinese rural areas. Family functions have been further strengthened in both productive and social development in basic units such as production, consumption and trade. The period has been an important time for the rapid development of Chinese

户外音乐节对旅游地形象的影响探究——基于游客涉入度和满意度

在竞争愈加激烈的旅游环境中,举办节庆活动是城市强化目的地形象和加深游客旅游体验的有效营销手段。以2016年西安草莓音乐节和世园音乐节为例,通过对摇滚背包客进行问卷调查,构建了音乐节的游客涉入度、音乐节的游客满意度、旅游地形象与游客重游意愿四个因素之间的假设关系模型。研究发现:摇滚背包客对音乐节的涉入度和满意度正向影响旅游地形象,前者直接影响重游意愿,后者与重游意愿的关系未得到验证。研究结果表明,城市可将户外音乐节作为节庆活动中的重点项目,以助于塑造和提升目的地形象,形成品牌效应,推动城市旅游业发展。

旅游者地方感、自我效能感、社会责任感与满意度关系研究——以遗产旅游地为例

旅游者满意度是旅游地健康发展的重要指标,旅游者与旅游地的关系对旅游者满意度的影响是不容忽视的。通过引入自我效能感和社会责任感两个因素构建旅游者地方感与满意度关系模型,分析探讨了旅游者地方感、自我效能感、社会责任感和满意度的关系。在研究方法上,通过对世界遗产地苏州古典园林、黄山和三清山的问卷调查,利用AMOS软件进行结构方程模型分析。结果表明,旅游者地方感对旅游者自我效能感和旅游者社会责任感具有显著直接的正向影响,旅游者自我效能感和旅游者社会责任感分别对旅游者满意度具有显著直接的正向影响。这些为研究旅游者地方感与满意度之间的复杂心理关系提供了一种有效方法,这种复杂的心理关系对旅游目标的实现有着重要的影响。

世界文化遗产旅游深度开发研究——以曲阜为例

本文以旅游者问卷调查为基础,对曲阜世界文化遗产旅游深度开发进行了研究。认为文化遗产旅游的深度开发应该有两个纬度的内容基于遗产特性的产品体系的深化与扩展以及旅游产品质量的提升。用因子聚类归纳了曲阜文化遗产内涵的产品表现形式,分析了产品体系开发的路径;通过满意度分析,明确了完善旅游服务质量的对策,进而提出了文化遗产旅游深度开发的基本框架模型。

基于网络文本分析的国际青年旅舍感知价值研究

本文运用内容分析法,以国际青年旅舍中国官网、去哪儿网、到到网、艺龙网、携程旅行网等网络平台上发表的评论为样本,以阳朔花满楼国际青年旅舍为例,对国际青年旅舍的游客感知问题进行了研究,根据高频词汇统计结果得出游客较关注的内容有服务价值、功能价值、情感价值以及社会价值。

经营权出让中的景区类型与经营主体分析

文章就景区经营权出让中的景区类型、景区经营主体资格两个基础性问题展开论述,认为判断景区类型是否可以出让以及出让的程度应该以景区的目的与宗旨、景区的惟一性与级别为标准。针对企业经营景区中因经营主体引发的诸多问题,文章提出了确定景区经营主体资格的指标与方法。