The value of toxicological analysis in acute poisoning patients with uncertain exposure histories:a retrospective and descriptive study from an institute of poisoning

BACKGROUND:In clinical practice,some patients might not be able or unwilling to provide a thorough history of medication and poison exposure.The aim of this study was to use toxicological analysis to examine the clinical characteristics of patients with acute poisoning whose exposure history was uncertain from a toxicological analysis perspective.METHODS:This was a retrospective and descriptive study from an institute of poisoning.Patient registration information and test reports spanning the period from April 1,2020 to March 31,2022,were obtained.Patients with uncertain exposure histories and who underwent toxicological analysis were included.Clinical manifestations and categories of toxics were analyzed.RESULTS:Among the 195 patients with positive toxicological analysis results,the main causes of uncertain exposure history was disturbance of consciousness(62.6%),unawareness(23.6%)and unwillingness or lack of cooperation(13.8%).The predominant clinical manifestations were disturbed consciousness(62.6%),followed by vomiting and nausea(14.4%)and liver function abnormalities(8.7%).A comparison of clinical manifestations between patients with positive and negative(n=99)toxicological analyses results revealed significantly different proportions of disturbances in consciousness(63%vs.21%),dizziness(1.5%vs.5.1%),multi-organ failure(1.5%vs.7.1%),and local pain(0 vs 4%).The main categories of substances involved were psychiatric medications(23.1%),sedatives(20.5%),insecticides(13.8%),and herbicides(12.8%).CONCLUSION:The clinical manifestations of acute poisoning in patients with an uncertain exposure history are diverse and nonspecific,and toxicological analysis plays a pivotal role in the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of such patients.

Quality-adjusted time without symptoms or toxicity analysis of haploidentical-related donor vs.identical sibling donor hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in acute myeloid leukemia

Objective:We aimed to compare the quality-adjusted time without symptoms or toxicity(Q-TWiST)in acute myeloid leukemia(AML)patients who received haploidentical-related donor(HID)and identical sibling donor(ISD)hematopoietic stem cell transplantation(HSCT).Methods:Five clinical health states were defined:toxicity(TOX),acute graft-versus-host disease(GVHD),chronic GVHD(cGVHD),time without symptoms and toxicity(TWiST)and relapse(REL).The equation used in this study was as follows:Q-TWiST=UTOX×TOX+UTWiST×TWiST+UREL×REL+UaGVHD×aGVHD+UcGVHD×cGVHD.Results:A total of 239 AML patients were enrolled.We established a mathematical model,i.e.,Q-TWiST HID HSCT>Q-TWiST ISD HSCT,to explore the range of utility coefficients satisfying the inequality.Based on the raw data,the utility coefficient is equivalent to the following inequality:10.57067UTOX-46.27733UREL+105.9374+3.388078UaGVHD-210.8198UcGVHD>0.The model showed that when UTOX,UREL,and UaGVHD were within the range of 0-1,as well as when UcGVHD was within the range of 0-0.569,the inequality Q-TWiST HID HSCT>Q-TWiST ISD HSCT was valid.According to the results of the ChiCTR1800016972 study,the median coefficients of TOX,acute GVHD(aGVHD),and cGVHD were 0.56(0.41-0.76),0.56(0.47-0.72),and 0.54(0.37-0.79),respectively.We selected a series of specific examples of the coefficients,i.e.,UTOX=0.5,UREL=0.05,UaGVHD-0.5,and UcGVHD-0.5.The Q-TWiST values of ISD and HID HSCT were 896 and 900 d,respectively(P=0.470).Conclusions:We first observed that Q-TWiST was comparable between AML patients receiving HID HSCT and those receiving ISD HSCT.

Acute Single and Joint Toxicity Effects of Deltamethrin and Lambda-cyhalothrin on Zebrafish(Danio rerio)

In this research,the single and combined toxicity effects of two commonly used pesticides,lambda-cyhalothrin and deltamethrin,were investigated on zebrafish at 20℃,with a weight of(1±0.1)g and a length of(3.5±0.35)cm.The study revealed that lambda-cyhalothrin exhibited higher toxicity compared to deltamethrin.Additionally,when used together,these pesticides showed significantly increased toxic effects on zebrafish.The 96-h LC 50 values were determined to be 3.059μg/L(confidence limits 0.077-0.351μg/L)for lambda-cyhalothrin and 1.304μg/L(confidence limits;0.046-0.228μg/L)for deltamethrin,both demonstrating a significant positive correlation(P<0.05).These results underscore the importance of regulating and managing pesticide use to safeguard aquatic organisms and uphold environmental sustainability.

Non-coding RNAs in acute ischemic stroke:from brain to periphery

Acute ischemic stroke is a clinical emergency and a condition with high morbidity,mortality,and disability.Accurate predictive,diagnostic,and prognostic biomarkers and effective therapeutic targets for acute ischemic stroke remain undetermined.With innovations in high-throughput gene sequencing analysis,many aberrantly expressed non-coding RNAs(ncRNAs)in the brain and peripheral blood after acute ischemic stroke have been found in clinical samples and experimental models.Differentially expressed ncRNAs in the post-stroke brain were demonstrated to play vital roles in pathological processes,leading to neuroprotection or deterioration,thus ncRNAs can serve as therapeutic targets in acute ischemic stroke.Moreover,distinctly expressed ncRNAs in the peripheral blood can be used as biomarkers for acute ischemic stroke prediction,diagnosis,and prognosis.In particular,ncRNAs in peripheral immune cells were recently shown to be involved in the peripheral and brain immune response after acute ischemic stroke.In this review,we consolidate the latest progress of research into the roles of ncRNAs(microRNAs,long ncRNAs,and circular RNAs)in the pathological processes of acute ischemic stroke–induced brain damage,as well as the potential of these ncRNAs to act as biomarkers for acute ischemic stroke prediction,diagnosis,and prognosis.Findings from this review will provide novel ideas for the clinical application of ncRNAs in acute ischemic stroke.

Determination of the Mineral Composition of the Pulp and Evaluation of the Acute Toxicity of the Seeds of Carica papaya L. Consumed in Lubumbashi and Kinshasa in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

This work aimed, on the one hand, to determine the mineral and phytochemical composition of Carica papaya in order to guarantee the food safety of consumers and on the other hand, to evaluate the acute toxicity of papaya seeds. The papayas were bought at the Mzée market in Lubumbashi and Selembao in Kinshasa. Fruit sampling was done according to the ISO 7002 standard on agricultural and food products;the papayas were firm, mature, and without stains or physical damage. The analysis results of the papaya pulp showed both for the samples from the city of Lubumbashi and for the city province of Kinshasa that it contains respectively 85.87% and 84.46% water, 0.59% and 0.53% ash content. The mineral evaluation of our two samples presented a potassium content of 200 ± 8 mg, magnesium 13.12 ± 3 mg, calcium 22.15 ± 2 mg, sodium 3 mg ± 0.5 for the sample from Lubumbashi and 192.32 ± 8 mg of potassium, 14.458 ± 3 mg of magnesium, 20.58 ± 2 mg of calcium and 3.58 ± 0.5 mg of sodium for the sample from Kinshasa in macroelements. Concerning the trace elements, after analysis, we found zinc content (0.29 ± 0.1 mg and 0.12 ± 0.1 mg), copper (0.02 ± 0.01 mg and 0.14 ± 0.01 mg), and iron (2.22 ± 0.5 mg and 2.04 ± 0.5 mg) respectively for Lubumbashi and Kinshasa. The chemical screening indicates the presence of alkaloids, saponosides, tannins catechics, flavonoids and anthocyanins in the palm wine and ethanolic extract of the seeds of Carica papaya and an absence of cyanogenic glycosides and gallic tannins. With mild toxicity, the seeds of the fruit of Carica papaya L. can be used with moderate risk by the population.

Acute Toxicity of Jinchuan Formula Plum Wine Extract and Its Protective Effect on Mice with Liver Injury

[Objectives]To investigate the acute toxicity and hepatoprotective effect of Jinchuan formula plum wine extract on mice,determine its safety range,and evaluate its hepatoprotective effect.[Methods]The median lethal dose(LD_(50))was determined by acute toxicity test with the toxic reaction and mortality of mice as indexes.Sixty Kunming mice were randomly divided into 6 groups:normal control group,model group(ConA-induced liver injury model),Jinchuan formula plum wine high,medium and low dose groups(1.0,0.5,0.25 g/kg)and silybin group(0.1 g/kg).The levels of ALT,AST,LDH in serum and TG,VLDL in liver were measured.After HE staining,the pathological changes of liver tissue in mice were observed,and the liver protective effect of Jinchuan formula plum wine extract was analyzed and evaluated.[Results]LD_(50)was 11.18 g/kg,and the 95%confidence limit of LD_(50)was 10.31-12.05 g/kg.The high-dose group of Jinchuan formula plum wine extract could significantly reduce the serum ALT and AST activities of ConA-induced liver injury mice(P<0.05).[Conclusions]Jinchuan formula plum wine extract is relatively safe,and also has a protective effect on liver injury.

Acute phase reaction and acute phase proteins

A review of the systemic acute phase reaction with major cytokines involved, and the hepatic metabolic changes, negative and positive acute phase proteins (APPs) with function and associated pathology is given. It appears that APPs represent appropriate analytes for assessment of animal health. Whereas they represent non-specific markers as biological effect reactants, they can be used for assessing nutritional deficits and reactive processes, especially when positive and negative acute phase variables are combined in an index. When such acute phase index is applied to separate healthy animals from animals with some disease, much better results are obtained than with single analytes and statistically acceptable results for culling individual animals may be reached. Unfortunately at present no cheap, comprehensive and easy to use system is available for assessing various acute phase proteins in serum or blood samples at the same time. Protein microarray or fluid phase microchip technology may satisfy this need; and permit simultaneous analysis of numerous analytes in the same small volume sample and enable integration of information derived from systemic reactivity and nutrition with disease specific variables. Applying such technology may help to solve health problems in various countries not only in animal husbandry but also in human populations.

Evaluation of Acute and Sub-Acute Oral Toxicities of Momordica foetida Schumach. (Cucurbitaceae) Leaves Methanol Extract in Wistar Rats

Momordica foetida is a plant widely used in tropical Africa to manage gastroenteric diseases. Previous studies demonstrated interesting antibacterial activity against human pathogenic bacteria. However, the security or toxicity of methanol leaf extract has not been determined yet. The aim of this study was to evaluate the acute and sub-acute toxicity of the leaf extract of Momordica foetida. In the acute toxicity study, a single oral dose of 5000 mg/kg body weight was administered to rats which were observed for 14 days in order to identify signs of toxicity or death. In the sub-acute toxicity, the animals were treated with 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg of the extract for 28 consecutive days. Body weights and behavior were noted throughout the experiment. Upon treatment, blood and urine were collected for hematological and biochemical analysis. Liver, lungs, heart, kidneys, testes and ovaries were analyzed for relative weights and histopathology. The acute toxicity study of M. foetida leaf extract revealed no signs of toxicity related to the treatment, indicating that the median-lethal-dose (LD50) value is greater than 5000 mg/Kg of body weight. In the sub-acute toxicity assay, the extract did not affect the general behavior of animals, meanwhile, it led to a significant increase in the levels of red blood cells, platelets, hemoglobin, granulocytes and Mid-Cells (MIDs). Biochemical parameters showed an increase in total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, serum urea, serum and urinary glucose and a decrease in urinary proteins, serum creatinine, urinary urea levels, serum activities of AST, ALT and proteins levels, as well as increases in lung, spleen and ovaries relative weight were noticed, all compared to control animals. Histological analysis revealed a normal architecture of kidneys, liver, heart, lung, ovaries and testes. This study provides valuable data on the safety of per os administration of Momordica foetida leaf methanol extract that could be very useful for future assays.

Rapid detection of sepsis complicating acute necrotizing pancreatitis using polymerase chain reaction

INTRODUCTIONAcute narcotizing pancreatitis usually takes a severe clinical course and is associated with multiple organ dysfunction .With the further understanding of pathophysiological events of acute pancreatisis and the therapeutic measuses taken by the clinicians ,the patients can pass through the critical carry stages ,and then the septic complication caused by rtanslocated bacteria, mostly gram-negative microbes from the intestines ensues[1].

Efficacy of stool multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay in adult patients with acute infectious diarrhea

BACKGROUND Recently,stool multiplex polymerase chain reaction(PCR)tests have been developed for identifying diarrhea-causing bacterial pathogens.Furthermore,fecal calprotectin is a well-known effective marker for intestinal mucosal inflammation.AIM To evaluate the efficacy of stool multiplex PCR and fecal calprotectin in acute infectious diarrhea.METHODS Overall,400 patients with acute infectious diarrhea were enrolled from Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital(January 2016 to December 2018).Multiplex PCR detected 7 enteropathogenic bacteria including Salmonella,Campylobacter,Shigella,Escherichia coli O157:H7,Aeromonas,Vibrio,and Clostridium difficile.We reviewed clinical and laboratory findings using stool multiplex PCR.RESULTS Stool multiplex PCR test detected considerably more bacterial pathogens than stool culture(49.2%vs 5.2%),with Campylobacter as the most common pathogen(54%).Patients with positive stool PCR showed elevated fecal calprotectin expression compared to patients with negative stool PCR(1124.5±816.9 mg/kg vs 609±713.2 mg/kg,P=0.001).C-reactive protein(OR=1.01,95%CI:1.001-1.027,P=0.034)and sigmoidoscopy-detected colitis(OR=4.76,95%CI:1.101-20.551,P=0.037)were independent factors in stool PCR-based detection of bacterial pathogens.Sensitivity and specificity of calprotectin were evaluated to be 70.5%and 60.9%,respectively(adjusted cut-off value=388 mg/kg).CONCLUSION Stool multiplex PCR test has increased sensitivity in detecting pathogens than conventional culture,and it is correlated with calprotectin expression.Stool multiplex PCR and calprotectin may be effective in predicting clinical severity of infectious diarrhea.

Exploring the regulatory mechanism of tRNA-derived fragments 36 in acute pancreatitis based on small RNA sequencing and experiments

BACKGROUND Acute pancreatitis(AP)is a disease featuring acute inflammation of the pancreas and histological destruction of acinar cells.Approximately 20%of AP patients progress to moderately severe or severe pancreatitis,with a case fatality rate of up to 30%.However,a single indicator that can serve as the gold standard for prognostic prediction has not been discovered.Therefore,gaining deeper insights into the underlying mechanism of AP progression and the evolution of the disease and exploring effective biomarkers are important for early diagnosis,progression evaluation,and precise treatment of AP.AIM To determine the regulatory mechanisms of tRNA-derived fragments(tRFs)in AP based on small RNA sequencing and experiments.METHODS Small RNA sequencing and functional enrichment analyses were performed to identify key tRFs and the potential mechanisms in AP.Reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction(RT-qPCR)was conducted to determine tRF expression.AP cell and mouse models were created to investigate the role of tRF36 in AP progression.Lipase,amylase,and cytokine levels were assayed to examine AP progression.Ferritin expression,reactive oxygen species,malondialdehyde,and ferric ion levels were assayed to evaluate cellular ferroptosis.RNA pull down assays and methylated RNA immunoprecipitation were performed to explore the molecular mechanisms.RESULTS RT-qPCR results showed that tRF36 was significantly upregulated in the serum of AP patients,compared to healthy controls.Functional enrichment analysis indicated that target genes of tRF36 were involved in ferroptosisrelated pathways,including the Hippo signaling pathway and ion transport.Moreover,the occurrence of pancreatic cell ferroptosis was detected in AP cells and mouse models.The results of interference experiments and AP cell models suggested that tRF-36 could promote AP progression through the regulation of ferroptosis.Furthermore,ferroptosis gene microarray,database prediction,and immunoprecipitation suggested that tRF-36 accelerated the progression of AP by recruiting insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA binding protein 3(IGF2BP3)to the p53 mRNA m6A modification site by binding to IGF2BP3,which enhanced p53 mRNA stability and promoted the ferroptosis of pancreatic follicle cells.CONCLUSION In conclusion,regulation of nuclear pre-mRNA domain-containing protein 1B promoted AP development by regulating the ferroptosis of pancreatic cells,thereby acting as a prospective therapeutic target for AP.In addition,this study provided a basis for understanding the regulatory mechanisms of tRFs in AP.

Effects of dietary fiber in enteral nutrition on inflammatory reaction, immune response and intestinal mucosal barrier in patients with severe acute pancreatitis

Objective:To study the effects of dietary fiber in enteral nutrition on inflammatory reaction, immune response and intestinal mucosal barrier in patients with severe acute pancreatitis. Methods: The patients with severe acute pancreatitis treated in our hospital between February 2015 and February 2018 were selected and randomly divided into two groups. The observation group received basic treatment combined with enteral nutrition containing dietary fiber, and the control group received basic treatment combined with conventional enteral nutrition. The contents of inflammatory cytokines and intestinal mucosal barrier markers in serum, the number of immune cells in peripheral blood as well as the number of intestinal flora in feces were measured respectively before treatment and 7 d after treatment.Results: Interleukin-8 (IL-8), monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP-1), soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1), soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 (sTREM1), endotoxin, D-lactic acid and diamine oxidase (DAO) contents in serum, the number of CD8+T cells in peripheral blood as well as the number of enterococcus and enterobacterium in feces of both groups were significantly lower while the number of CD3+T cells, CD4+T cells, CD19+B cells and CD16+CD56+NK cells in peripheral blood as well as the number of bifidobacteria and lactobacillus in feces were significantly higher after treatment, and IL-8, MCP-1, sICAM-1, sTREM1, endotoxin, D-lactic acid and DAO contents in serum, the number of CD8+T cells in peripheral blood as well as the number of enterococcus and enterobacterium in feces of observation group after treatment were significantly lower than those of control group while the number of CD3+T cells, CD4+T cells, CD19+B cells and CD16+CD56+NK cells in peripheral blood as well as the number of bifidobacteria and lactobacillus in feces were significantly higher than those of control group.Conclusion: Dietary fiber in enteral nutrition can alleviate inflammatory reaction, improve immune response and correct intestinal mucosal barrier dysfunction in patients with severe acute pancreatitis.

Evaluation of the Nutritional Value and Acute Toxicity of the Seeds of the Fruit of Annona muricata L. (Sursop) Consumed in Kinshasa

In this paper, the author aimed to determine the nutritional value of soursop (Annona muricata L. fruit) consumed in Kinshasa as well as the study of the acute toxicity of its seeds. The fruit of Annona muricata L. was sampled according to the ISO 7002 standard for agricultural and food products. The selected fruits were ripe, without physical damage. The usual analytical methods allowed the determination of the nutritional value of the fruit pulp of Annona muricata L. The water content was measured by the method of loss of mass on drying. The total amount of ash was determined by incineration in the oven at 550°C. The mineral elements were determined by inductively coupled plasma spectrometry (ICP0). The determination of acute toxicity was carried out on 25 female mice of the NMRI SUISSE species according to OECD 425 guidelines. For 100 grams of fresh material from the fruit pulp, we noted a very high water content of 84% ± 6%. We also note a particularly high amount of carbohydrates with a rate of 12.2% ± 2%. Protein and lipid content were relatively low at 1% ± 0.01% and 0.7% ± 0.3% respectively. The dietary fiber content was 0.8% ± 0.2%. An energy value of 49.3 Kcal per 100 grams of pulp was determined. The LD 50 obtained was 3320 mg/kg, indicating slight toxicity of soursop seeds. The results of this study show that the white pulp of the fruit of Annona muricata L. consumed in Kinshasa is rich in carbohydrates when we compare it to others biomolecules. It also contains dietary fiber and mineral salts making soursop an excellent constituent of a weight loss diet with a low energy intake.

Acute and Sub-Chronic Toxicity Evaluation of the Crude Methanolic Bark Extract of Bridelia micrantha (Hochst.) Baill. (Phyllanthaceae) and Its Fraction

Bridelia micrantha, commonly known as coastal golden leaf, is a member of the family Phyllanthaceae. In preliminary studies nine fractions, named F1 - F9, were obtained by fractionating the crude methanol extract of the stem bark of Bridelia micrantha using column chromatographic techniques. The fraction F6 was the most active when tested for antibacterial activity. Thus, toxicity of this fraction was investigated for further use. The present study evaluated the acute and sub-chronic toxicity of the crude methanolic bark extract of Bridelia micrantha and its fraction. The acute toxicity was carried out according to the experimental protocol of Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). The plant extract or the fraction F6 was administered orally to female mice at a single dose of 2000 mg/kg and the animals were observed for any behavioral changes or mortality for 14 days. In the sub-chronic toxicity study, the extract and fraction were administered orally at 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg bw/day for 28 days to healthy Wistar rats. The general behavior and body weight of the rats were recorded daily. At the end of the experimental period, hematological and biochemical analyses, changes in vital organ weight (liver, lung, heart, spleen and kidney), and histopathological examination of the liver and kidney were performed. No mortality or adverse effects were noted at the 2000 mg/kg dose during the oral acute toxicity test. In the sub-chronic study, the crude methanolic bark extract of Bridelia micrantha and the fraction F6 induced no mortality or treatment-related adverse effects on body weight, general behavior, relative organ weights, hematological and biochemical parameters. Histopathological examination of the liver and kidney showed normal architecture suggesting no morphological alterations. In conclusion, the oral administration of the crude methanolic bark extract of Bridelia micrantha and the fraction F6 for 28 days at a dosage of up to 800 mg/kg did not induce toxicological damage in rats. From acute toxicity study, the median lethal dose (LD50) of the crude methanolic bark extract of Bridelia micrantha and the fraction F6 was estimated to be more than 2000 mg/kg.

The Applications of Mitoxantrone and Its Liposome in Adult Acute Myeloid Leukemia

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML), a rapidly progressing hematopoietic malignancy, can only be cured hopefully by hematopoietic stem cells transplantation (HSCT). Before HSCT, we usually exert effects by attempting certain regimens to induce these tumor cells to death. Administered in AML patients, the classic “3 + 7” intensive induction regimen including anthracyclines and cytarabine is recommended by guidelines worldwide. However, conventional regimens consist of anthracyclines, a category of drug limited by cumulative, dose-related, progressive myocardial damage and congestive heart failure occurs when its total doses break through the cut-off. Based on this background, mitoxantrone (MIT), an anthraquinone, was developed to a new form to reduce cardiotoxicity. Meanwhile, the nanomedicine, mitoxantrone liposome (Lipo-MIT), was characterized by improved bioavailability and limited toxicity. This drug has great therapeutic potential, but different side effects. We conclude the overall history and development of MIT and Lipo-MIT, which show controversial efficacy of MIT compared to doxorubicin and therapeutic potential of Lipo-MIT. This article reviewed the application of MIT and liposome forms in adult AML patients. .

Clinical, Etiological and Progressive Aspects of Acute Tubular Necrosis of Toxic Origin at the Brazzaville University Hospital Center

Background and Objectives: Acute tubular necrosis (ATN) is the second cause of acute kidney injury (AKI) in an intra-hospital environment. The toxic origin is avoidable. Our objectives were to determine the toxic substances at the origin of ATN at the Brazzaville University Hospital and determine the evolving aspects and the factors associated with it. Patients and Methods: We carried out a 12-month from June 20, 2022 to June 30, 2023. It was a prospective observational study in the Nephrology Department of Brazzaville University Hospital Center. The diagnosis of ATN was done in the presence of AKI occurring in the context of taking nephrotoxic substances with negative albuminuria. Cases of ATN aggravating CKD were excluded. Data analysis was done with Epi-Info 7.2 software. Results: We identified 63 cases of AKI on toxic ATN. Their average age was 47 ± 19 years with a male predominance of 60.2%. The 3 main toxicants incriminated were: herbal medicine (49.2%), Gentamycin (17.5%) and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (14.3%). An indication for hemodialysis was made in 43 patients (68.2%), the evolution was marked by a cure in 29 patients (46.1%), 10 (15.9%) became chronic kidney failure, 19 (30.1%) died, 5 (7.9%) were lost to follow-up. The main factor for non-healing is anuria (p Conclusion: The main cause of toxic ATN at Brazzaville University Hospital is herbal medicine. The death rate is high there.

Acute Oral Toxicity Test of Radix aconiti lateralis preparata in Kunmin Mice

[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the acute oral toxicity of crude monkshood （Radix aconiti lateralis preparata）. [Method] Monkshood alcohol extract was prepared using soxhlet extractor. The maximum drug dose, which was the minimum dose causing 100% lethally rate in the preliminary test, was diluted into seven con- centrations in formal test. Then every mouse was orally administrated with 0.04 ml/g of the monkshood solution at single time for 7 d. Median lethal dose （LD50） and 95% confidence limit were calculated by the improved Karber method formulas. [Result] LD50 of monkshood ethanol extract was 230.12 mg/kg and 95% confidence limit of LD50 was 80.39-658.57 mg/kg. [Conclusion] Crude monkshood alcohol extract can quickly induce acute toxicity in mice.

Study on the Acute Toxicity and Genetics Toxicity of Bensulfuronk-methyl on Danio rerio

[Objective] The aim was to study the effect of bensulfuron-methyl herbicide on acute toxicity and genetics toxicity of Danio redo. [ Method] Median lethal concentration was calculated by acute toxicity test, and analyzing the herbicide whether existing in potential toxicity to aquatic organisms or not. Based on the study of acute toxicity, genetics toxicity was carried out, by calculating the micronucleus rate to judge bensulfuron-methyl herbicide whether existing in potential toxicity or not. [ Result ] The LD5o （24 h and 48 h） of bensulfuron-methyl herbicide are 0.698 ml/L and 0.637 ml/L respectively, the safe concentration was 0.159 ml/L. The results on the effects of micronucleus （MN） in erythrocytes of Danio redo induced by bensulfuron-methyl at different times and different concentrations showed that the MN rate of control group was 0.010 3%, the highest MN rate of experimental group reached to 0. 372%, it also indicated that bensulfuron-methyl herbicide had genetics toxicity to Danio redo. At the same detection time, there was dose-effect relationship of MN rate in erythrocytes between treatment and control groups with different concentrations. In the same treatment group, the MN rate in erythrocytes reached to peak value at 24 h, and decreased at 48 h and 72 h with the infection time was prolonged. [ Conclusion ] The study provides some basis for scientifically selecting and reasonably using herbicide.

Acute Toxicity Test of Chinese Herbal Compound Tongmai Tangyanming Capsule

[Objective] This study was conducted to determine the safe dose of Tongmai Tangyanming capsule in clinic by evaluating its acute toxicity, so as to ensure clinical medication safety. [Method] The test was designed according to ＂Technique Requirements of Research of New Chinese Medicine＂ and ＂Guide for Research of New Chinese Medicine＂, mice were intragastrically administrated with Tongmai Tangyanming capsule at a maximum concentration and a maximum volume, and the acute toxic response of mice was observed, so as to determine medi- na lethal dose （LDso） and maximum administration dosage of Tongmai Tangyanming capsule. [Result] The LD^o could not be detected in the test, and the maximum administration dosage of mouse was calculated to be 112.104 g of dried herbs/（kg.d）, equivalent to 260 times of clinical dose of adult. [Conclusion] Chinese herbal compound Tongmai Tangyanming capsule has low acute toxicity, and its clinical dose is safe and reliable.

Acute Toxicity of Two Pyrethroids Insecticides on Brachionus calyciflorus

[ Objective] The paper was to study the 24 and 48 h acute toxicity of common pyrethroid insecticides of eypermethrin and deltamethrin on Brachionus calyciflorus. [ Method ] With Guangzhou strain of B. colyciflorus as test animal, the standard toxicity test method was used to carry out acute toxicity test, and LC50 of cypermethrin and deltamethrin on rotifer was determined using probit method. [ Result ] LC50 of cypermethrin on rotifer was 3 376.87 and 5.87 μg/L at 24 and 48 h, respectively, and those of deltamethrin on rotifer was 594.56 and 74.17 μg/L, respectively. [Condusion] Acute toxicity of cypermethrin and dehamethrin on rotifer at 24 and 48 h was different, LC50 of cypermethrin and deltamethrin on rotifer at 48 h was more sensitive to monitor the chemical pollutants in water body than LC50 at 24 h.