The purpose of this research review was to examine current scientific literature on COVID-19 vaccine-induced side effects in older adults. We reviewed studies focusing on side effects categorized into cardiologic, imm...The purpose of this research review was to examine current scientific literature on COVID-19 vaccine-induced side effects in older adults. We reviewed studies focusing on side effects categorized into cardiologic, immunologic, neurologic, and ocular groups. Cardiologic side effects included myocarditis, pericarditis, and myocardial infarction. Immunologic conditions examined were anaphylaxis and vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia. Neurologic side effects included Guillain-Barré syndrome and Bell’s Palsy. Ocular side effects covered ocular swelling, submacular hemorrhage, and corneal graft rejection after keratoplasty and Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty. Additionally, less common side effects in older adults were reviewed but found to be statistically rare. Overall, COVID-19 vaccine-induced side effects in elderly populations were rare. We concluded that the vaccine’s efficacy in preventing excess deaths due to COVID-19 is significant, and the risk of these rare side effects does not justify foregoing vaccination in at-risk individuals. Patients at higher risk for these side effects should be informed, and additional considerations should be made by their treating physician. This review aims to increase awareness of rare vaccine-induced side effects to encourage further studies, enhancing understanding of their etiology and prevalence in at-risk older adult populations.展开更多
[Objectives]To investigate the acute toxicity and hepatoprotective effect of Jinchuan formula plum wine extract on mice,determine its safety range,and evaluate its hepatoprotective effect.[Methods]The median lethal do...[Objectives]To investigate the acute toxicity and hepatoprotective effect of Jinchuan formula plum wine extract on mice,determine its safety range,and evaluate its hepatoprotective effect.[Methods]The median lethal dose(LD_(50))was determined by acute toxicity test with the toxic reaction and mortality of mice as indexes.Sixty Kunming mice were randomly divided into 6 groups:normal control group,model group(ConA-induced liver injury model),Jinchuan formula plum wine high,medium and low dose groups(1.0,0.5,0.25 g/kg)and silybin group(0.1 g/kg).The levels of ALT,AST,LDH in serum and TG,VLDL in liver were measured.After HE staining,the pathological changes of liver tissue in mice were observed,and the liver protective effect of Jinchuan formula plum wine extract was analyzed and evaluated.[Results]LD_(50)was 11.18 g/kg,and the 95%confidence limit of LD_(50)was 10.31-12.05 g/kg.The high-dose group of Jinchuan formula plum wine extract could significantly reduce the serum ALT and AST activities of ConA-induced liver injury mice(P<0.05).[Conclusions]Jinchuan formula plum wine extract is relatively safe,and also has a protective effect on liver injury.展开更多
Immunotherapy is rapidly evolving secondary to the advent of newer immunotherapeutic agents and increasing approval of the current agents by the United States Food and Drug Administration to treat a wide spectrum of c...Immunotherapy is rapidly evolving secondary to the advent of newer immunotherapeutic agents and increasing approval of the current agents by the United States Food and Drug Administration to treat a wide spectrum of cancers.Immunotherapeutic agents have gained immense popularity due to their tumorspecific action.Immunotherapy is slowly transforming into a separate therapeutic entity,and the fifth pillar of management for cancers alongside surgery,radiotherapy,chemotherapy,and targeted therapy.However,like any therapeutic entity it has its own adverse effects.With the increasing use of immunotherapeutic agents,it is vital for physicians to acquaint themselves with these adverse effects.The aim of this review is to investigate the common systemic adverse effects and toxicities associated with the use of different classes of immunotherapeutic agents.We provide an overview of potential adverse effects and toxicities associated with different classes of immunotherapeutic agents organized by organ systems,as well as an extensive discussion of the current recommendations for treatment and clinical trial data.As we continue to see increasing usage of these agents in clinical practice,it is vital for physicians to familiarize themselves with these effects.展开更多
[ Objective] The toxicity effect of Hg^2+ and Cr(Ⅵ) on alga growth in eutrophic water was studied to provide reference for biomonitoring and bioremediation of eutrophic water. [ Method ] The mother liquid of alga,...[ Objective] The toxicity effect of Hg^2+ and Cr(Ⅵ) on alga growth in eutrophic water was studied to provide reference for biomonitoring and bioremediation of eutrophic water. [ Method ] The mother liquid of alga, which was separated from the eutrophic water, were put into the solutions of Hg^2+ and Cr(Ⅵ) with different concentrations and their mixture solution, respectively. And the toxicity effect of Hg^2+ and Cr(Ⅵ) on the growth and propagation of alga in eutrophic water was observed. [ Result] The alga in eutrophic water performed rather sensitive to Cr(Ⅵ) and when its concentration was over 1 mg/L, threre was obvious effect on alga growth. The alga was not very sensitive to Hg^2+ when its concentration was lower, but its toxicity became stronger and stronger when its concentration increased to some extent and the toxicity effect of Cr(Ⅵ) on alga growth was just on the contrary. When the ion concentration was lower than 10 mg/L, the toxicity of Hg^2+ on alga was lower than that of Cr(Ⅵ). When the concentration was over 10 mg/L, the toxicity of Hg^2+ exceeded that of Cr(Ⅵ). The toxicity of ion mixture solution of Hg^2+ and Cr(Ⅵ) had synergism inhibition on alga, which could be performed only when the concentration was over 4 mg/L. [ Conclusion] The toxicity of heavy metal on alga not only related to the alga cell, but also related to the concentration of heavy metal ion.展开更多
Gastrectomy with radical lymph node dissection is the most promising treatment avenue for patients with gastric cancer. However, this procedure sometimes induces excessive intraoperative blood loss and requires periop...Gastrectomy with radical lymph node dissection is the most promising treatment avenue for patients with gastric cancer. However, this procedure sometimes induces excessive intraoperative blood loss and requires perioperative allogeneic blood transfusion. There are lasting discussions and controversies about whether intraoperative blood loss or perioperative blood transfusion has adverse effects on the prognosis in patients with gastric cancer. We reviewed laboratory and clinical evidence of these associations in patients with gastric cancer. A large amount of clinical evidence supports the correlation between excessive intraoperative blood loss and adverse effects on the prognosis. The laboratory evidence revealed three possible causes of such adverse effects: anti-tumor immunosuppression, unfavorable postoperative conditions, and peritoneal recurrence by spillage of cancer cells into the pelvis. Several systematic reviews and meta-analyses have suggested the adverse effects of perioperative blood transfusions on prognostic parameters such as all-cause mortality, recurrence, and postoperative complications. There are two possible causes of adverse effects of blood transfusions on the prognosis: Anti-tumor immunosuppression and patient-related confounding factors (e.g., preoperative anemia). These factors are associated with a worse prognosis and higher requirement for perioperative blood transfusions. Surgeons should make efforts to minimize intraoperative blood loss and transfusions during gastric cancer surgery to improve patients’ prognosis.展开更多
Oral nucleoside/nucleotide analogues(NAs) are currently the backbone of chronic hepatitis B(CHB) infection treatment. They are generally well-tolerated by patients and safe to use. To date, a significant number of pat...Oral nucleoside/nucleotide analogues(NAs) are currently the backbone of chronic hepatitis B(CHB) infection treatment. They are generally well-tolerated by patients and safe to use. To date, a significant number of patients have been treated with NAs. Safety data has accumulated over the years. The aim of this article is to review and update the adverse effects of oral NAs. NAs can cause class adverse effects(i.e., myopathy, neuropathy, lactic acidosis) and dissimilar adverse effects. All NAs carry a "Black Box" warning because of the potential risk for mitochondrial dysfunction. However, these adverse effects are rarely reported. The majority of cases are associated with lamivudine and telbivudine. Adefovir can lead to dose- and time-dependent nephrotoxicity, even at low doses. Tenofovir has significant renal and bone toxicity in patients with human immunodeficiency virus(HIV) infection. However, bone and renal toxicity in patients with CHB are not as prominent as in HIV infection. Entecavir and lamivudine are not generally associated with renal adverse events. Entecavir has been claimed to increase the risk of lactic acidosis in decompensated liver disease and high Model for End-Stage Liver Disease scores. However, current studies reported that entecavir could be safely used in decompensated cirrhosis. An increase in fetal adverse events has not been reported with lamivudine, telbivudine and tenofovir use in pregnant women, while there is no adequate data regarding entecavir and adefovir. Further long-term experience is required to highlight the adverse effects of NAs, especially in special patient populations, including pregnant women, elderly and patients with renal impairment.展开更多
Importance/Objective: Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) are unavoidable, but recognizing and addressing ADRs early can improve wellness and prevent permanent injury. We suggest that available medical information and digit...Importance/Objective: Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) are unavoidable, but recognizing and addressing ADRs early can improve wellness and prevent permanent injury. We suggest that available medical information and digital/electronic methods could be used to manage this major healthcare problem for individual patients in real time. Methods: We searched the available digital applications and three literature databases using the medical subject heading terms, adverse drug reaction reporting systems or management, filtered by clinical trial or systemic reviews, to detect publications with data about ADR identification and management approaches. We reviewed the reports that had abstract or summary data or proposed or implemented methods or systems with potential to identify or manage ADRs in clinical settings. Results: The vast majority of the 481 reports used retrospectively collected data for groups of patients or were limited to surveying one population group or class of medication. The reports showed potential and definite associations of ADRs for specific drugs and problems, mostly, but not exclusively, for patients in hospitals and nursing homes. No reports described complete methods to collect comprehensive data on ADRs for individual patients in a healthcare system. The digital applications have ADR information, but all are too cumbersome or incomplete for use in active clinical settings. Several studies suggested that providing information about potential ADRs to clinicians can reduce these problems. Conclusion and Relevance: Although investigators and government agencies agree with the need, there is no comprehensive ADR management program in current use. Informing the patient’s healthcare practitioners of potential ADRs at the point of service has the potential for reduction of these complications, which should improve healthcare and reduce unneeded costs.展开更多
Laboratory cultures of freshwater cyanobacterium (blue-green alga) Microcystis aeruginosa PCC 7806 was cvaluated for its hepatotoxic effects in rats. The lyophilized cell extract injected intraperitoneally at 1 and 2 ...Laboratory cultures of freshwater cyanobacterium (blue-green alga) Microcystis aeruginosa PCC 7806 was cvaluated for its hepatotoxic effects in rats. The lyophilized cell extract injected intraperitoneally at 1 and 2 LD50 (15.8 and 31.6 mg/kg, respectively) produced significant increase in liver-specific enzymes viz. plasma alkaline phosphatase,γ-glutamyl transferase, lactate dehydrogenase with a concomitant decrease in hepatic glutamic pyruvic transaminase. A corresponding increase in liver body weight index and histopathological changes in liver (degeneration of hepatocytes, congestion and hemorrhage etc.) are indicative of a dose and time dependent hepatotoxic nature of the algal extract展开更多
<span style="font-family:Verdana;">A simple method for assessment of the toxicity and antidote effect of selenium nanoparticles with </span><i><i><span style="font-family:Verd...<span style="font-family:Verdana;">A simple method for assessment of the toxicity and antidote effect of selenium nanoparticles with </span><i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Paramecium</span></i><span> <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">caudatum</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> is presented. Light microscopy in combination with computerized video tracking is employed for </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">the </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">determination of </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">the </span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">survival time of <i></i></span><i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">P.</span></i><span> <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">caudatum</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></span></i></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. Up to 800 mg/L, selenium nanoparticles are not acutely toxic. </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">With</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> respect to a potential antidote effect, the lethality of silver nanoparticles, silver nitrate, sodium hydrogen selenite, and sodium selenite to <i></i></span><i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">P.</span></i><span> <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">caudatum</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></span></i></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> was decreased and survival time was extend</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">ed upon pre-treatment with selenium nanoparticles. Taken together, these findings suggest that administration of selenium nanoparticles attenuates</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> exposure </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">to</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> toxicants. Selenium nanoparticles could be a good functional additive for food management in animals.</span>展开更多
Protective effects of calcium antagonists, chlorpromazine (CPZ) and nimodepine (NI-MO), on cadmium-induced toxicity were investigated. After giving CdCl2 (0. 44mg Cd/kg,ip), CPZ (5mg/kg, ip) or NIMO (8mg/kg, po) were ...Protective effects of calcium antagonists, chlorpromazine (CPZ) and nimodepine (NI-MO), on cadmium-induced toxicity were investigated. After giving CdCl2 (0. 44mg Cd/kg,ip), CPZ (5mg/kg, ip) or NIMO (8mg/kg, po) were administered every day to Sprague-Dawley (S. D. ) rats for a week. Then, urinary N- acetyl-β-D- glucosaminidase (NAG ), uri -nary cadmium and bloocl cadmium were measured. The accumulation of cadmium in the kid-ney cortex, content of renal calmodulin, hemoglobin and the ultrastructural damage of proxi-mal convoluted tubules of rats were examined three weeks after the last administration. Re-sults indicated that the calcium antagonists partly protected against toxic effects induced bycadmium in different manners. These data provide further evidence for the new hypothesisthat the cross effect of cadmium and calcium in calmodulin regulated systems may be responsi-ble for the mechanism of cadmium intoxication. 'The results suggested that the calcium antag-onists could be a new and promising approach in the therapy of heavy metaLinduced diseases展开更多
Objective:To compare the characteristics of patients between adverse event(AE)group and non-AE group,and to assess the causes,preventability,and severity of AE.Methods:A retrospective triple-phase medical record study...Objective:To compare the characteristics of patients between adverse event(AE)group and non-AE group,and to assess the causes,preventability,and severity of AE.Methods:A retrospective triple-phase medical record study was conducted at a Spanish tertiary hospital.Data was collected over a 6-month period,including all patients with an unplanned intensive care admission.Demographic characteristics,APACHEⅡ,length of ICU stay,mortality were compare between AE and non-AE group causes,preventability and severity were analyzed in AE cases.Results:597 Patients were included in the study.The overall incidence of AEs was 17.3%(n=103),of which 83.5%were considered preventable.Mortality within the AE group was higher than in the non-AE group(23.3%vs.13.6%),making it 1.7 times more frequent in the AE group(95%CI:1.143-2.071).The primary cause of AE was associated with surgical procedures(43.7%).Of the AEs,18.4%were classified as mild,58.3%as moderate,and 23.3%as severe.Conclusions:The incidence of unplanned intensive care admissions due to AE is high and potentially preventable.This is concerning given the high mortality observed in patients admitted to the intensive care unit because of an AE,although direct causality cannot always be established.The findings emphasize the importance of patient safety and underscore the need for improved quality and management of care resources.They also indicate where efforts should be directed to enhance care risk management.展开更多
Objective:To compare the differences in adverse effects and efficacy profile between bacillus Calmette-Guerin(BCG)Danish 1331 and BCG Moscow-I strain in management of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer.Methods:Clinica...Objective:To compare the differences in adverse effects and efficacy profile between bacillus Calmette-Guerin(BCG)Danish 1331 and BCG Moscow-I strain in management of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer.Methods:Clinical data of 188 cases of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer treated with BCG between January 2008 and December 2018 in our institute were collected prospectively and analysed retrospectively,and 114 patients who completed a minimum of 12 months of follow-up were analysed.Patient and tumor characteristics,strain of BCG,adverse effects,and tumor progression were included for analysis.Intravesical BCG was instilled in intermediate-and high-risk patients.Six weeks of induction BCG,followed by three weekly maintenance BCG at 3,6,12,18,and 24 months was advised in high-risk patients.Results:Overall 68 patients received BCG Danish 1331 strain and 46 patients received Moscow-I strain.Patient and tumor characteristics were well balanced between the two groups.The median follow-up period was 42.5 months and 34.5 months in Danish 1331 and Moscow-I groups,respectively.Adverse events like dropout rate,antitubercular treatment requirement,and need of cystectomy were higher in Moscow-I group(n=31,67.4%)when compared to Danish 1331 strain(n=33,48.5%)(p=0.046).On direct comparison between Danish 1331 and Moscow-I strain,there was similar 3-year recurrence-free survival(80.0%vs.72.9%)and 3-year progression-free survival(96.5%vs.97.8%).Conclusion:Study results suggest no significant differences between Danish 1331 and Moscow-I strain in recurrence-free survival and progression-free survival,but a significantly higher incidence of moderate to severe adverse events in BCG Moscow-I strain.展开更多
There were very few reports of adverse effects in patients treated by liver resection in combination with sorafenib. We present 5 cases of hepatocellular carcinoma treated with liver resection plus sorafenib, trying t...There were very few reports of adverse effects in patients treated by liver resection in combination with sorafenib. We present 5 cases of hepatocellular carcinoma treated with liver resection plus sorafenib, trying to observing the adverse effects and seeking the nursing options to the adverse effects. The 5 patients were all males, and the mean age was (38.6-a:13.4) years. Tumor sizes were (6.7+2.2) cm, and liver function was Child-Pugh class A. Diagnosis of Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) was confwmed by postoperative pathology. During the follow-ups, all the 5 patients had different degrees of adverse effects, of which 5 patients had diarrhea, 3 had hand-foot skin reaction, 1 had hypertension and 1 had alopecie. Diarrhea seems common in these patients, and it appeared early after treatment. For those patients with adverse effects, management measures were given immediately, including nursing interventions and some medicines. Psychological and symptomatic nursing guidance can help patients overcome the adverse effects. No patients suffered dose reduction or treatment discontinuation.展开更多
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an infectious and sometimes fatal viral disease that affects cloven-hoofed animals, and Chinese government adopts compulsory immunization measures for FMD. The adverse effects of FMD va...Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an infectious and sometimes fatal viral disease that affects cloven-hoofed animals, and Chinese government adopts compulsory immunization measures for FMD. The adverse effects of FMD vaccine to pigs, cattle and goats have been reported increasingly frequent during the spring and autumn seasons when large numbers of farm livestock are vaccinated. The financial losses caused by vaccine adverse effects have been a serious concern for both farmers and primary prevention personnel. There are various causative factors reported to involve into adverse effect of FMD vaccine, including the inappropriate vaccine production, transportation and storage, livestock poor tolerance, and unqualified vaccinating manipulations. Symptomatic treatment and early drug prevention have a certain effect on the adverse effects. To analyze causes and propose countermeasures, in the current study possible reasons during the production and processing procedures of inactivated FMD vaccine were reviewed and corresponding countermeasures were recommended. The review may provide references for better use of vaccine to prevent FMD.展开更多
Organophosphorus flame retardants(OPFRs) are gradually replacing brominated flame retardants(BFRs), which are widely used in the world. The increasing output of OPFRs and the increasing detection of OPFRs in environme...Organophosphorus flame retardants(OPFRs) are gradually replacing brominated flame retardants(BFRs), which are widely used in the world. The increasing output of OPFRs and the increasing detection of OPFRs in environmental media have attracted wide attention of scholars at home and abroad. OPFRs are generally semi-volatile, easy to enter the environment and accumulate in organisms,causing potential hazards to the environment and human health. In this paper, the pollution status and toxic effects of OPFRs in aquatic environment were introduced,and the research progress of human health risk caused by them was summarized.The existing problems were pointed out, and the future research was prospected. In the future, the analytical methods of various environmental and biological media should be improved, and comprehensive and in-depth environmental investigation and ecological and health risk assessment should be carried out. Attention should be paid to the effects of combined pollution on organisms and the study of biological acceptability.展开更多
BACKGROUND Metoclopramide may be used to treat people suffering from acute migraine.However,no comprehensive investigation on this issue has been recorded.This review will provide more solid evidence for the use of me...BACKGROUND Metoclopramide may be used to treat people suffering from acute migraine.However,no comprehensive investigation on this issue has been recorded.This review will provide more solid evidence for the use of metoclopramide in treating acute migraine.AIM To compare the efficacy of intravenous metoclopramide with other therapies in migraine attack treatment in an emergency department(ED).METHODS We included randomized controlled trials of participants older than 18 years with acute migraine headaches,which included at least one arm that received intravenous(IV)metoclopramide at the ED.A literature search of PubMed,Web of Science,Cochrane Collaboration,and Reference Citation Analysis on December 31,2021 retrieved other drugs or placebo-controlled studies without language limitation.The risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane risk of bias tool.The primary endpoint was pain reduction at 60 min or closest to 1 h after treatment,as measured by the pain scale.Secondary endpoints included adverse effects or reactions resulting from metoclopramide or comparisons.RESULTS Fourteen trials with a total of 1661 individuals were eligible for review.The risk of bias ranged from low to intermediate.IV metoclopramide administration was not associated with higher pain reduction at 1 h(Standard mean difference[SMD]=-0.03,95%confidence interval[CI]:-0.33-0.28,P=0.87).However,metoclopramide was associated with better pain reduction than placebo(SMD=1.04,95%CI:0.50-1.58,P=0.0002).In addition,side effects were not significantly different between IV metoclopramide and other drugs or placebo(odds ratio[OR]=0.76,95%CI:0.48-1.19,P=0.09 and OR=0.92,95%CI:0.31-2.74,P=0.54,respectively).CONCLUSION Metoclopramide is more effective than placebo in treating migraine in the ED.Despite the observed tendency of decreased side effects,its effectiveness compared to other regimens is poorly understood.More research on this area is needed to treat migraine in acute care settings effectively.展开更多
Recently, novel anti-androgens and inhibitors of androgen biosynthesis have been developed through the elucidation of mechanisms of castration resistance of prostate cancer. We believe that these new developments will...Recently, novel anti-androgens and inhibitors of androgen biosynthesis have been developed through the elucidation of mechanisms of castration resistance of prostate cancer. We believe that these new developments will improve hormonal therapy. On the other hand, there has been an increase in criticism of hormonal therapy, because hormonal therapy is supposed to induce adverse effects such as cardiovascular disease. In this review, we have introduced the Japanese experience of hormonal therapy, because we believe that there may be ethnic differences between Caucasians and Asian people in the efficacy and adverse effects of hormonal therapy. First, we showed that primary hormonal therapy can achieve long-term control of localized prostate cancer in some cases and that quality of life of patients receiving hormonal therapy is rather better than previously thought. Neoadjuvant and adjuvant hormonal therapy in cases undergoing radical prostatectomy or radiotherapy are very useful for high-risk or locally advanced prostate cancer. Further clinical trials are required to confirm the efficacy of neoadjuvant or adjuvant hormonal therapy. We showed that the death from cardiovascular dis- eases in Japanese patients receiving hormonal therapy was not higher than that in the general population. However; efforts should be made to decrease the adverse effects of hormonal therapy, because life-style change may increase the susceptibility to adverse effects by hormonal therapy even in Japan. Managements of endocrine and metabolic dysfunction, such as diabetes mellitus, are essential. New hormonal compounds such as selective androgen receptor modulators capable of specifically targeting prostate cancer are expected to be developed.展开更多
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the acute toxicity and sedative effect of the ethylic extract of Thymelaea lythroides (Tl) on Wistar rats. The study was based on the gavage administration of the ethylic extr...The purpose of this study was to evaluate the acute toxicity and sedative effect of the ethylic extract of Thymelaea lythroides (Tl) on Wistar rats. The study was based on the gavage administration of the ethylic extract of Tl with different doses (i.e. 200, 400, 500 and 5000 mg/kg), where the toxicity and the sedative activity of the plant were observed and the obtained results were analyzed using the ANOVA test followed by the Bonferroni test. The main results of this study showed that the lethal dose of the ethylic extract of Tl was higher than the 5000 mg/kg dose. Moreover, when compared to the control rats, the animals treated with 5000 mg/kg of the extract exhibited significant reduction in appetite for food and water in the first week. Furthermore, results of the psychotropic test conducted during this study showed visible effects on the exploratory activity of the rats. The dose of 5000 mg/kg was also found to have a significant central nervous system effect;the locomotor activities of the animals decreased in a manner similar to those administered with Zepam as control.展开更多
Background: Intravenous methylprednisolone pulse therapy has been used since the late 1960s for acute transplant rejection or severe renal involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus and primary glomerulonephritis. Ho...Background: Intravenous methylprednisolone pulse therapy has been used since the late 1960s for acute transplant rejection or severe renal involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus and primary glomerulonephritis. However, reports of serious adverse effects such as life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias and sudden death raise questions about its safety. Objective: To investigate the incidence of significant adverse effects associated with low-dose methylprednisolone pulse therapy (LDMPT) in pediatric patients. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed adverse effects during and after LDMPT in 68 patients (median age: 11.4 years;43% male) with various glomerular diseases who were admitted to Saitama Children’s Medical Center between April 2007 and December 2010. LDMPT consisted of pulse methylprednisolone (15-20 mg/kg;maximum 600 mg/d) for 3 consecutive days weekly for 2-3 weeks. Results: Although adverse effects occurred in 54 of 68 patients (79%), most were mild and transient. Transient glycosuria was noted in 46 patients (68%), hypertension in 6 (9%), elevated intraocular pressure in 6 (9%), hypokalemia in 5 (7%), and liver damage in 2 (3%). No late-onset adverse effects such as osteoporotic fractures, steroid diabetes mellitus, or short stature were observed. Conclusion: LDMPT appears to be relatively safe and well tolerated in children with various glomerular diseases.展开更多
The significant effect that scheduling has upon the severity and types of drug toxicity has been known for many years. Evidence is available demonstrating that the schedule chosen will substantially effect the relativ...The significant effect that scheduling has upon the severity and types of drug toxicity has been known for many years. Evidence is available demonstrating that the schedule chosen will substantially effect the relative distribution of drug to various target organs. It has been shown that a likely cause for this with doxorubicin is that the efficiency of the various enzyme complexes responsible for disposing of the drug can be affected by scheduling. We believe a similar process can explain the marked effect that scheduling has on the pattern of 5-fluorouracil toxicity and present both clinical and computer data to illustrate this.展开更多
文摘The purpose of this research review was to examine current scientific literature on COVID-19 vaccine-induced side effects in older adults. We reviewed studies focusing on side effects categorized into cardiologic, immunologic, neurologic, and ocular groups. Cardiologic side effects included myocarditis, pericarditis, and myocardial infarction. Immunologic conditions examined were anaphylaxis and vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia. Neurologic side effects included Guillain-Barré syndrome and Bell’s Palsy. Ocular side effects covered ocular swelling, submacular hemorrhage, and corneal graft rejection after keratoplasty and Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty. Additionally, less common side effects in older adults were reviewed but found to be statistically rare. Overall, COVID-19 vaccine-induced side effects in elderly populations were rare. We concluded that the vaccine’s efficacy in preventing excess deaths due to COVID-19 is significant, and the risk of these rare side effects does not justify foregoing vaccination in at-risk individuals. Patients at higher risk for these side effects should be informed, and additional considerations should be made by their treating physician. This review aims to increase awareness of rare vaccine-induced side effects to encourage further studies, enhancing understanding of their etiology and prevalence in at-risk older adult populations.
文摘[Objectives]To investigate the acute toxicity and hepatoprotective effect of Jinchuan formula plum wine extract on mice,determine its safety range,and evaluate its hepatoprotective effect.[Methods]The median lethal dose(LD_(50))was determined by acute toxicity test with the toxic reaction and mortality of mice as indexes.Sixty Kunming mice were randomly divided into 6 groups:normal control group,model group(ConA-induced liver injury model),Jinchuan formula plum wine high,medium and low dose groups(1.0,0.5,0.25 g/kg)and silybin group(0.1 g/kg).The levels of ALT,AST,LDH in serum and TG,VLDL in liver were measured.After HE staining,the pathological changes of liver tissue in mice were observed,and the liver protective effect of Jinchuan formula plum wine extract was analyzed and evaluated.[Results]LD_(50)was 11.18 g/kg,and the 95%confidence limit of LD_(50)was 10.31-12.05 g/kg.The high-dose group of Jinchuan formula plum wine extract could significantly reduce the serum ALT and AST activities of ConA-induced liver injury mice(P<0.05).[Conclusions]Jinchuan formula plum wine extract is relatively safe,and also has a protective effect on liver injury.
文摘Immunotherapy is rapidly evolving secondary to the advent of newer immunotherapeutic agents and increasing approval of the current agents by the United States Food and Drug Administration to treat a wide spectrum of cancers.Immunotherapeutic agents have gained immense popularity due to their tumorspecific action.Immunotherapy is slowly transforming into a separate therapeutic entity,and the fifth pillar of management for cancers alongside surgery,radiotherapy,chemotherapy,and targeted therapy.However,like any therapeutic entity it has its own adverse effects.With the increasing use of immunotherapeutic agents,it is vital for physicians to acquaint themselves with these adverse effects.The aim of this review is to investigate the common systemic adverse effects and toxicities associated with the use of different classes of immunotherapeutic agents.We provide an overview of potential adverse effects and toxicities associated with different classes of immunotherapeutic agents organized by organ systems,as well as an extensive discussion of the current recommendations for treatment and clinical trial data.As we continue to see increasing usage of these agents in clinical practice,it is vital for physicians to familiarize themselves with these effects.
文摘[ Objective] The toxicity effect of Hg^2+ and Cr(Ⅵ) on alga growth in eutrophic water was studied to provide reference for biomonitoring and bioremediation of eutrophic water. [ Method ] The mother liquid of alga, which was separated from the eutrophic water, were put into the solutions of Hg^2+ and Cr(Ⅵ) with different concentrations and their mixture solution, respectively. And the toxicity effect of Hg^2+ and Cr(Ⅵ) on the growth and propagation of alga in eutrophic water was observed. [ Result] The alga in eutrophic water performed rather sensitive to Cr(Ⅵ) and when its concentration was over 1 mg/L, threre was obvious effect on alga growth. The alga was not very sensitive to Hg^2+ when its concentration was lower, but its toxicity became stronger and stronger when its concentration increased to some extent and the toxicity effect of Cr(Ⅵ) on alga growth was just on the contrary. When the ion concentration was lower than 10 mg/L, the toxicity of Hg^2+ on alga was lower than that of Cr(Ⅵ). When the concentration was over 10 mg/L, the toxicity of Hg^2+ exceeded that of Cr(Ⅵ). The toxicity of ion mixture solution of Hg^2+ and Cr(Ⅵ) had synergism inhibition on alga, which could be performed only when the concentration was over 4 mg/L. [ Conclusion] The toxicity of heavy metal on alga not only related to the alga cell, but also related to the concentration of heavy metal ion.
文摘Gastrectomy with radical lymph node dissection is the most promising treatment avenue for patients with gastric cancer. However, this procedure sometimes induces excessive intraoperative blood loss and requires perioperative allogeneic blood transfusion. There are lasting discussions and controversies about whether intraoperative blood loss or perioperative blood transfusion has adverse effects on the prognosis in patients with gastric cancer. We reviewed laboratory and clinical evidence of these associations in patients with gastric cancer. A large amount of clinical evidence supports the correlation between excessive intraoperative blood loss and adverse effects on the prognosis. The laboratory evidence revealed three possible causes of such adverse effects: anti-tumor immunosuppression, unfavorable postoperative conditions, and peritoneal recurrence by spillage of cancer cells into the pelvis. Several systematic reviews and meta-analyses have suggested the adverse effects of perioperative blood transfusions on prognostic parameters such as all-cause mortality, recurrence, and postoperative complications. There are two possible causes of adverse effects of blood transfusions on the prognosis: Anti-tumor immunosuppression and patient-related confounding factors (e.g., preoperative anemia). These factors are associated with a worse prognosis and higher requirement for perioperative blood transfusions. Surgeons should make efforts to minimize intraoperative blood loss and transfusions during gastric cancer surgery to improve patients’ prognosis.
文摘Oral nucleoside/nucleotide analogues(NAs) are currently the backbone of chronic hepatitis B(CHB) infection treatment. They are generally well-tolerated by patients and safe to use. To date, a significant number of patients have been treated with NAs. Safety data has accumulated over the years. The aim of this article is to review and update the adverse effects of oral NAs. NAs can cause class adverse effects(i.e., myopathy, neuropathy, lactic acidosis) and dissimilar adverse effects. All NAs carry a "Black Box" warning because of the potential risk for mitochondrial dysfunction. However, these adverse effects are rarely reported. The majority of cases are associated with lamivudine and telbivudine. Adefovir can lead to dose- and time-dependent nephrotoxicity, even at low doses. Tenofovir has significant renal and bone toxicity in patients with human immunodeficiency virus(HIV) infection. However, bone and renal toxicity in patients with CHB are not as prominent as in HIV infection. Entecavir and lamivudine are not generally associated with renal adverse events. Entecavir has been claimed to increase the risk of lactic acidosis in decompensated liver disease and high Model for End-Stage Liver Disease scores. However, current studies reported that entecavir could be safely used in decompensated cirrhosis. An increase in fetal adverse events has not been reported with lamivudine, telbivudine and tenofovir use in pregnant women, while there is no adequate data regarding entecavir and adefovir. Further long-term experience is required to highlight the adverse effects of NAs, especially in special patient populations, including pregnant women, elderly and patients with renal impairment.
文摘Importance/Objective: Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) are unavoidable, but recognizing and addressing ADRs early can improve wellness and prevent permanent injury. We suggest that available medical information and digital/electronic methods could be used to manage this major healthcare problem for individual patients in real time. Methods: We searched the available digital applications and three literature databases using the medical subject heading terms, adverse drug reaction reporting systems or management, filtered by clinical trial or systemic reviews, to detect publications with data about ADR identification and management approaches. We reviewed the reports that had abstract or summary data or proposed or implemented methods or systems with potential to identify or manage ADRs in clinical settings. Results: The vast majority of the 481 reports used retrospectively collected data for groups of patients or were limited to surveying one population group or class of medication. The reports showed potential and definite associations of ADRs for specific drugs and problems, mostly, but not exclusively, for patients in hospitals and nursing homes. No reports described complete methods to collect comprehensive data on ADRs for individual patients in a healthcare system. The digital applications have ADR information, but all are too cumbersome or incomplete for use in active clinical settings. Several studies suggested that providing information about potential ADRs to clinicians can reduce these problems. Conclusion and Relevance: Although investigators and government agencies agree with the need, there is no comprehensive ADR management program in current use. Informing the patient’s healthcare practitioners of potential ADRs at the point of service has the potential for reduction of these complications, which should improve healthcare and reduce unneeded costs.
文摘Laboratory cultures of freshwater cyanobacterium (blue-green alga) Microcystis aeruginosa PCC 7806 was cvaluated for its hepatotoxic effects in rats. The lyophilized cell extract injected intraperitoneally at 1 and 2 LD50 (15.8 and 31.6 mg/kg, respectively) produced significant increase in liver-specific enzymes viz. plasma alkaline phosphatase,γ-glutamyl transferase, lactate dehydrogenase with a concomitant decrease in hepatic glutamic pyruvic transaminase. A corresponding increase in liver body weight index and histopathological changes in liver (degeneration of hepatocytes, congestion and hemorrhage etc.) are indicative of a dose and time dependent hepatotoxic nature of the algal extract
文摘<span style="font-family:Verdana;">A simple method for assessment of the toxicity and antidote effect of selenium nanoparticles with </span><i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Paramecium</span></i><span> <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">caudatum</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> is presented. Light microscopy in combination with computerized video tracking is employed for </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">the </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">determination of </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">the </span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">survival time of <i></i></span><i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">P.</span></i><span> <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">caudatum</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></span></i></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. Up to 800 mg/L, selenium nanoparticles are not acutely toxic. </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">With</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> respect to a potential antidote effect, the lethality of silver nanoparticles, silver nitrate, sodium hydrogen selenite, and sodium selenite to <i></i></span><i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">P.</span></i><span> <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">caudatum</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></span></i></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> was decreased and survival time was extend</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">ed upon pre-treatment with selenium nanoparticles. Taken together, these findings suggest that administration of selenium nanoparticles attenuates</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> exposure </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">to</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> toxicants. Selenium nanoparticles could be a good functional additive for food management in animals.</span>
文摘Protective effects of calcium antagonists, chlorpromazine (CPZ) and nimodepine (NI-MO), on cadmium-induced toxicity were investigated. After giving CdCl2 (0. 44mg Cd/kg,ip), CPZ (5mg/kg, ip) or NIMO (8mg/kg, po) were administered every day to Sprague-Dawley (S. D. ) rats for a week. Then, urinary N- acetyl-β-D- glucosaminidase (NAG ), uri -nary cadmium and bloocl cadmium were measured. The accumulation of cadmium in the kid-ney cortex, content of renal calmodulin, hemoglobin and the ultrastructural damage of proxi-mal convoluted tubules of rats were examined three weeks after the last administration. Re-sults indicated that the calcium antagonists partly protected against toxic effects induced bycadmium in different manners. These data provide further evidence for the new hypothesisthat the cross effect of cadmium and calcium in calmodulin regulated systems may be responsi-ble for the mechanism of cadmium intoxication. 'The results suggested that the calcium antag-onists could be a new and promising approach in the therapy of heavy metaLinduced diseases
文摘Objective:To compare the characteristics of patients between adverse event(AE)group and non-AE group,and to assess the causes,preventability,and severity of AE.Methods:A retrospective triple-phase medical record study was conducted at a Spanish tertiary hospital.Data was collected over a 6-month period,including all patients with an unplanned intensive care admission.Demographic characteristics,APACHEⅡ,length of ICU stay,mortality were compare between AE and non-AE group causes,preventability and severity were analyzed in AE cases.Results:597 Patients were included in the study.The overall incidence of AEs was 17.3%(n=103),of which 83.5%were considered preventable.Mortality within the AE group was higher than in the non-AE group(23.3%vs.13.6%),making it 1.7 times more frequent in the AE group(95%CI:1.143-2.071).The primary cause of AE was associated with surgical procedures(43.7%).Of the AEs,18.4%were classified as mild,58.3%as moderate,and 23.3%as severe.Conclusions:The incidence of unplanned intensive care admissions due to AE is high and potentially preventable.This is concerning given the high mortality observed in patients admitted to the intensive care unit because of an AE,although direct causality cannot always be established.The findings emphasize the importance of patient safety and underscore the need for improved quality and management of care resources.They also indicate where efforts should be directed to enhance care risk management.
基金We thank Dr. Neha Sanwalka for the support with the statisticalanalysis and Dr. Meenal Hastak and Dr. Bijal Kulkarnifor their continued support and in discussion of pathologicalaspects of disease.
文摘Objective:To compare the differences in adverse effects and efficacy profile between bacillus Calmette-Guerin(BCG)Danish 1331 and BCG Moscow-I strain in management of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer.Methods:Clinical data of 188 cases of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer treated with BCG between January 2008 and December 2018 in our institute were collected prospectively and analysed retrospectively,and 114 patients who completed a minimum of 12 months of follow-up were analysed.Patient and tumor characteristics,strain of BCG,adverse effects,and tumor progression were included for analysis.Intravesical BCG was instilled in intermediate-and high-risk patients.Six weeks of induction BCG,followed by three weekly maintenance BCG at 3,6,12,18,and 24 months was advised in high-risk patients.Results:Overall 68 patients received BCG Danish 1331 strain and 46 patients received Moscow-I strain.Patient and tumor characteristics were well balanced between the two groups.The median follow-up period was 42.5 months and 34.5 months in Danish 1331 and Moscow-I groups,respectively.Adverse events like dropout rate,antitubercular treatment requirement,and need of cystectomy were higher in Moscow-I group(n=31,67.4%)when compared to Danish 1331 strain(n=33,48.5%)(p=0.046).On direct comparison between Danish 1331 and Moscow-I strain,there was similar 3-year recurrence-free survival(80.0%vs.72.9%)and 3-year progression-free survival(96.5%vs.97.8%).Conclusion:Study results suggest no significant differences between Danish 1331 and Moscow-I strain in recurrence-free survival and progression-free survival,but a significantly higher incidence of moderate to severe adverse events in BCG Moscow-I strain.
基金Supported by the CSCO-Bayer Schering Research Foundation of Hepatocellular Carcinoma
文摘There were very few reports of adverse effects in patients treated by liver resection in combination with sorafenib. We present 5 cases of hepatocellular carcinoma treated with liver resection plus sorafenib, trying to observing the adverse effects and seeking the nursing options to the adverse effects. The 5 patients were all males, and the mean age was (38.6-a:13.4) years. Tumor sizes were (6.7+2.2) cm, and liver function was Child-Pugh class A. Diagnosis of Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) was confwmed by postoperative pathology. During the follow-ups, all the 5 patients had different degrees of adverse effects, of which 5 patients had diarrhea, 3 had hand-foot skin reaction, 1 had hypertension and 1 had alopecie. Diarrhea seems common in these patients, and it appeared early after treatment. For those patients with adverse effects, management measures were given immediately, including nursing interventions and some medicines. Psychological and symptomatic nursing guidance can help patients overcome the adverse effects. No patients suffered dose reduction or treatment discontinuation.
文摘Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an infectious and sometimes fatal viral disease that affects cloven-hoofed animals, and Chinese government adopts compulsory immunization measures for FMD. The adverse effects of FMD vaccine to pigs, cattle and goats have been reported increasingly frequent during the spring and autumn seasons when large numbers of farm livestock are vaccinated. The financial losses caused by vaccine adverse effects have been a serious concern for both farmers and primary prevention personnel. There are various causative factors reported to involve into adverse effect of FMD vaccine, including the inappropriate vaccine production, transportation and storage, livestock poor tolerance, and unqualified vaccinating manipulations. Symptomatic treatment and early drug prevention have a certain effect on the adverse effects. To analyze causes and propose countermeasures, in the current study possible reasons during the production and processing procedures of inactivated FMD vaccine were reviewed and corresponding countermeasures were recommended. The review may provide references for better use of vaccine to prevent FMD.
基金Supported by National Science and Technology Major Project of China(2017ZX07202004)~~
文摘Organophosphorus flame retardants(OPFRs) are gradually replacing brominated flame retardants(BFRs), which are widely used in the world. The increasing output of OPFRs and the increasing detection of OPFRs in environmental media have attracted wide attention of scholars at home and abroad. OPFRs are generally semi-volatile, easy to enter the environment and accumulate in organisms,causing potential hazards to the environment and human health. In this paper, the pollution status and toxic effects of OPFRs in aquatic environment were introduced,and the research progress of human health risk caused by them was summarized.The existing problems were pointed out, and the future research was prospected. In the future, the analytical methods of various environmental and biological media should be improved, and comprehensive and in-depth environmental investigation and ecological and health risk assessment should be carried out. Attention should be paid to the effects of combined pollution on organisms and the study of biological acceptability.
文摘BACKGROUND Metoclopramide may be used to treat people suffering from acute migraine.However,no comprehensive investigation on this issue has been recorded.This review will provide more solid evidence for the use of metoclopramide in treating acute migraine.AIM To compare the efficacy of intravenous metoclopramide with other therapies in migraine attack treatment in an emergency department(ED).METHODS We included randomized controlled trials of participants older than 18 years with acute migraine headaches,which included at least one arm that received intravenous(IV)metoclopramide at the ED.A literature search of PubMed,Web of Science,Cochrane Collaboration,and Reference Citation Analysis on December 31,2021 retrieved other drugs or placebo-controlled studies without language limitation.The risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane risk of bias tool.The primary endpoint was pain reduction at 60 min or closest to 1 h after treatment,as measured by the pain scale.Secondary endpoints included adverse effects or reactions resulting from metoclopramide or comparisons.RESULTS Fourteen trials with a total of 1661 individuals were eligible for review.The risk of bias ranged from low to intermediate.IV metoclopramide administration was not associated with higher pain reduction at 1 h(Standard mean difference[SMD]=-0.03,95%confidence interval[CI]:-0.33-0.28,P=0.87).However,metoclopramide was associated with better pain reduction than placebo(SMD=1.04,95%CI:0.50-1.58,P=0.0002).In addition,side effects were not significantly different between IV metoclopramide and other drugs or placebo(odds ratio[OR]=0.76,95%CI:0.48-1.19,P=0.09 and OR=0.92,95%CI:0.31-2.74,P=0.54,respectively).CONCLUSION Metoclopramide is more effective than placebo in treating migraine in the ED.Despite the observed tendency of decreased side effects,its effectiveness compared to other regimens is poorly understood.More research on this area is needed to treat migraine in acute care settings effectively.
文摘Recently, novel anti-androgens and inhibitors of androgen biosynthesis have been developed through the elucidation of mechanisms of castration resistance of prostate cancer. We believe that these new developments will improve hormonal therapy. On the other hand, there has been an increase in criticism of hormonal therapy, because hormonal therapy is supposed to induce adverse effects such as cardiovascular disease. In this review, we have introduced the Japanese experience of hormonal therapy, because we believe that there may be ethnic differences between Caucasians and Asian people in the efficacy and adverse effects of hormonal therapy. First, we showed that primary hormonal therapy can achieve long-term control of localized prostate cancer in some cases and that quality of life of patients receiving hormonal therapy is rather better than previously thought. Neoadjuvant and adjuvant hormonal therapy in cases undergoing radical prostatectomy or radiotherapy are very useful for high-risk or locally advanced prostate cancer. Further clinical trials are required to confirm the efficacy of neoadjuvant or adjuvant hormonal therapy. We showed that the death from cardiovascular dis- eases in Japanese patients receiving hormonal therapy was not higher than that in the general population. However; efforts should be made to decrease the adverse effects of hormonal therapy, because life-style change may increase the susceptibility to adverse effects by hormonal therapy even in Japan. Managements of endocrine and metabolic dysfunction, such as diabetes mellitus, are essential. New hormonal compounds such as selective androgen receptor modulators capable of specifically targeting prostate cancer are expected to be developed.
文摘The purpose of this study was to evaluate the acute toxicity and sedative effect of the ethylic extract of Thymelaea lythroides (Tl) on Wistar rats. The study was based on the gavage administration of the ethylic extract of Tl with different doses (i.e. 200, 400, 500 and 5000 mg/kg), where the toxicity and the sedative activity of the plant were observed and the obtained results were analyzed using the ANOVA test followed by the Bonferroni test. The main results of this study showed that the lethal dose of the ethylic extract of Tl was higher than the 5000 mg/kg dose. Moreover, when compared to the control rats, the animals treated with 5000 mg/kg of the extract exhibited significant reduction in appetite for food and water in the first week. Furthermore, results of the psychotropic test conducted during this study showed visible effects on the exploratory activity of the rats. The dose of 5000 mg/kg was also found to have a significant central nervous system effect;the locomotor activities of the animals decreased in a manner similar to those administered with Zepam as control.
文摘Background: Intravenous methylprednisolone pulse therapy has been used since the late 1960s for acute transplant rejection or severe renal involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus and primary glomerulonephritis. However, reports of serious adverse effects such as life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias and sudden death raise questions about its safety. Objective: To investigate the incidence of significant adverse effects associated with low-dose methylprednisolone pulse therapy (LDMPT) in pediatric patients. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed adverse effects during and after LDMPT in 68 patients (median age: 11.4 years;43% male) with various glomerular diseases who were admitted to Saitama Children’s Medical Center between April 2007 and December 2010. LDMPT consisted of pulse methylprednisolone (15-20 mg/kg;maximum 600 mg/d) for 3 consecutive days weekly for 2-3 weeks. Results: Although adverse effects occurred in 54 of 68 patients (79%), most were mild and transient. Transient glycosuria was noted in 46 patients (68%), hypertension in 6 (9%), elevated intraocular pressure in 6 (9%), hypokalemia in 5 (7%), and liver damage in 2 (3%). No late-onset adverse effects such as osteoporotic fractures, steroid diabetes mellitus, or short stature were observed. Conclusion: LDMPT appears to be relatively safe and well tolerated in children with various glomerular diseases.
文摘The significant effect that scheduling has upon the severity and types of drug toxicity has been known for many years. Evidence is available demonstrating that the schedule chosen will substantially effect the relative distribution of drug to various target organs. It has been shown that a likely cause for this with doxorubicin is that the efficiency of the various enzyme complexes responsible for disposing of the drug can be affected by scheduling. We believe a similar process can explain the marked effect that scheduling has on the pattern of 5-fluorouracil toxicity and present both clinical and computer data to illustrate this.