Type I strain of Toxoplasma gondii from chicken induced different immune responses with that from human,cat and swine in chicken

In this study,four strains of Toxoplasma gondii with the same genetic type（Type I） originated from chicken,human,cat and swine were used to compare the immune responses in resistant chicken host to investigate the relationships between the parasite origins and the pathogenicity in certain host.A total of 300,10-day-old chickens were allocated randomly into five groups which named JS（from chicken）,CAT（from cat）,CN（from swine）,RH（from human） and a negative control group（—Ve） with 60 birds in each group.Tachyzoites of four different T.gondii strains（JS,CAT,CN and RH） were inoculated intraperitoneally with the dose of 1×10~7 in the four designed groups,respectively.The negative control（-Ve） group was mockly inoculated with phosphate-buffered saline（PBS） alone.Blood and spleen samples were obtained on the day of inoculation（day 0） and at days 4,11,25,39 and 53 post-infection to screen the immunopathological changes.The results demonstrated some different immune characters of T.gondii infected chickens with that of mice or swine previous reported.These differences included up-regulation of major histocompatibility complex class Ⅱ（MHC Ⅱ） molecules in the early stage of infection,early peak expressions of interleukin（IL）-12（IL-12） and-10（IL-10） and long keep of IL-17.These might partially contribute to the resistance of chicken to T.gondii infection.Comparisons to chickens infected with strains from human,cat and swine,chickens infected with strain from chicken showed significant high levels of CD4~＋ and CD8~＋ T cells,interferon gamma（IFN-γ）,IL-12 and IL-10.It suggested that the strain from chicken had different ability to stimulate cellular immunity in chicken.

The role of Toxoplasma gondii as a possible inflammatory agent in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus in humans

Type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)continues to be a major challenge for public health authorities worldwide.While potential causes such as obesity,physical inactivity,and dietary patterns have been proposed to explain the growing epidemic,there may also be unidentified environmental determinants.An emerging field of research is starting to examine the association of infectious and environmental pathogens with diabetes.In particular,the potential of these pathogens to cause low-grade inflammation that facilitates the risk and development of T2DM.An understudied pathogen of potential interest is the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii(T.gondii).There is limited clinical evidence supporting the association between chronic T.gondii infection and the development of many disorders,including T2DM,in both animals and humans.This review(1)addresses the exist-ing knowledge of the role of T.gondii in the inflammation process leading to T2DM,(2)examines the current studies describing the relationship between T.gondii and T2DM,and(3)makes recom-mendations for future studies to determine the role of T.gondii in the pathogenesis of T2DM.We believe that T.gondii may be an important target for T2DM intervention,and propose a new field of study,“toxoplasmic type 2 diabetes.”