Technical barriers to trade,as a non-tariff barrier,have an increasing impact on the international market.As a major province in toy exports,Zhejiang Province’s toy export trade is therefore greatly hindered.This art...Technical barriers to trade,as a non-tariff barrier,have an increasing impact on the international market.As a major province in toy exports,Zhejiang Province’s toy export trade is therefore greatly hindered.This article aims to explore the impact of technical trade barriers on toy exports in Zhejiang Province and analyze countermeasures.Through literature review and some empirical analysis,it is found that technical trade barriers have greatly promoted the development of Zhejiang’s toy industry;however,they have also subjected it to impacts and pressures such as cost and technology.In response to the impact of technical trade barriers on toy exports,this article proposes corresponding countermeasures to avoid such barriers:firstly,establish a quality management system that complies with export product regulations to ensure that the products produced can meet international requirements and standards;secondly,reduce dependence on overseas markets;then enhance one’s own technology,and strengthen product innovation,in order to enhance the international competitiveness of the product and oneself;in addition,we should also explore diversified markets and expand the sales channels and coverage of our products.展开更多
Based on the analysis of the 2544 alert cases from “Safety Gate” (the EU rapid alert system for dangerous non-food products) of toys exported to the EU market from China in the past five years (2017-2021), this stud...Based on the analysis of the 2544 alert cases from “Safety Gate” (the EU rapid alert system for dangerous non-food products) of toys exported to the EU market from China in the past five years (2017-2021), this study focuses on the chemical hazards as the key research object, investigates and identifies categories of toy products and related chemicals with high notification rate. The research results have shown that the most seriously and frequently alerted toy products due to chemical hazards from China exported to the EU are plastic dolls, slimes, rubber toy balloons, toy guns and squeezable toys, while the high failure rate of chemicals in sequence are phthalates, boron element, N-Nitrosamines and N-Nitrosatable substances, and bis(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl) ether. This study aims to improve the efficiency of inspection and test of export toys, and provide decision-making references for Chinese toy export enterprises to respond to EU technical trade measures.展开更多
The residual levels and migration behavior of volatile substances were detected using HS-GC/MS for acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer (ABS) toys, thermoplastic elastomer toys, and rubber toys made from 1,3-buta...The residual levels and migration behavior of volatile substances were detected using HS-GC/MS for acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer (ABS) toys, thermoplastic elastomer toys, and rubber toys made from 1,3-butadiene and styrene found on the Japanese market. The maximum residual level of these volatile substances was 2600 μg/g of styrene in ABS toys. In particular, the levels of known carcinogens 1,3-butadiene, benzene, and acrylonitrile are 5.3, 2.5 and 55 μg/g, which are much lower than the EU limit of 0.1%. Furthermore, some volatile substances migrated from ABS toys into water in amounts of 3 -40 ng/mL. Thermoplastic elastomer toys and rubber toys contained these volatile substances at significantly lower levels than ABS toys.展开更多
The main aim of this study is to assess the quality of inexpensive plastic toys imported to Palestinian Markets. The content of heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Cr, Hg, As, Se, Ba, and Zn) was analyzed in 50 plastic toys purchas...The main aim of this study is to assess the quality of inexpensive plastic toys imported to Palestinian Markets. The content of heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Cr, Hg, As, Se, Ba, and Zn) was analyzed in 50 plastic toys purchased from local markets in Palestine and 17 plastic toys purchased from Israeli markets for comparison. After the digestion of samples with concentrated nitric acids and hydrogen peroxide using a microwave digester, the concentrations of the selected heavy metals were determined by ICP-MS Agilent 7500 in Al-Quds University. Results revealed that 40% of the Palestinian toy samples had high concentration (above international limits) of Pb, 30% of Cd, 34% of Cr, 6% of Hg, 42% of As, 32% of Se, 20% of Ba, and 40% of Zn. On the other hand, 95% of the Israeli samples were safe, and their concentrations were less than the maximum internationally allowable limits. In the same context, ten toy samples (2.5 gm each) had been crushed and dipped for 8 hours in a solution of artificial saliva. The solution was acidified and tested for heavy metal concentrations, but none of the migration concentrations exceeded the international maximum allowable limit. High levels of heavy metal concentrations, found in the plastic toys from the Palestinian markets could form a health hazard to children and put their lives at risk. It could be also an indirect source for environmental pollution.展开更多
A half-harmonic oscillator, which gets its name because the position coordinate is strictly positive, has been quantized and determined that it was a physically correct quantization. This positive result was found usi...A half-harmonic oscillator, which gets its name because the position coordinate is strictly positive, has been quantized and determined that it was a physically correct quantization. This positive result was found using affine quantization (AQ). The main purpose of this paper is to compare results of this new quantization procedure with those of canonical quantization (CQ). Using Ashtekar-like classical variables and CQ, we quantize the same toy model. While these two quantizations lead to different results, they both would reduce to the same classical Hamiltonian if ħ→ 0. Since these two quantizations have differing results, only one of the quantizations can be physically correct. Two brief sections also illustrate how AQ can correctly help quantum gravity and the quantization of most field theory problems.展开更多
This paper is based on the author＇s work shop which provides educators with information on how to utilize ＂Soft Toy Theory＂. The workshop is based on a set of theoretical concepts taken from： psychology, play ther...This paper is based on the author＇s work shop which provides educators with information on how to utilize ＂Soft Toy Theory＂. The workshop is based on a set of theoretical concepts taken from： psychology, play therapy, and literacy theory which have been blended together to form a set of teaching approaches and lesson plan ideas that can be used in Literacy/English classes. The paper will also discuss the value of using ＂Story Sacks＂ to develop and raise levels of comprehension and understanding in extensive reading and reading programs. The application of ＂Soft Toy Theory＂ could also provide a positive social-psychological affect on the students. It is designed to creating bonding between teacher and student and student and student and to raise levels of self-esteem and enable the teachers to be able to access the thoughts and feelings of a child or young adu/t which can often be hard to discern from traditional direct question and answer sessions. ＂Soft Toy Theory＂ is a term that the author has adopted herself for using play, creativity, and art resources and soft toys to create dialogues in the Kindergarten and Elementary classroom： It is even possible to extend the use ＂Soft Toy Theory＂ to middle school, high school, and adult classrooms if the resources and topics and ＂tone＂ and tenor of teaching are appropriately adapted. Soft Toy Theory assumes that soft toys can include： actual soft toys, art resources, and other play resources： such as, sand, water, puppets, masks and clay. Story Sacks employ much of the theory that supports ＂soft toy usage＂ within the classroom. Story Sacks aim to provide inspiring resources whilst encouraging enjoyment and a greater comprehension of ＂real＂ books or ＂graded＂ readers. Additionally, Story Sacks can support extensive reading in the school and at home, and are a useful adjunct to Soft Toy Theory and supporting literacy activities in any classroom.展开更多
From Star Wars to My Little Pony,from Harry Potter to Bala Bala the little magic fairy,from building blocks to electric trains,the shopping list of toys is endless as there are always new products to come.As the gover...From Star Wars to My Little Pony,from Harry Potter to Bala Bala the little magic fairy,from building blocks to electric trains,the shopping list of toys is endless as there are always new products to come.As the government implements a nation-wide two-child policy,a consumption upgrade is underway,and toys become an important item展开更多
According to recent data from the General Administration of Customs,China's toy exports during January and February reached USD 5.02 billion,up 96.8% from last year and 41.2%from 20i9.CTJPA(China Toy 8 Juvenile Pr...According to recent data from the General Administration of Customs,China's toy exports during January and February reached USD 5.02 billion,up 96.8% from last year and 41.2%from 20i9.CTJPA(China Toy 8 Juvenile Products Association)said the export of toys and other products of the"stay-home economy"have shown strong momentum.展开更多
This article anlayzes the different requirements for electrical toys safety between GB 6675-2003 and GB19865-2005. This information is summed up in table form to make it easy for toy designers and manufacturers to gra...This article anlayzes the different requirements for electrical toys safety between GB 6675-2003 and GB19865-2005. This information is summed up in table form to make it easy for toy designers and manufacturers to grasp the new standard.展开更多
The Jing brand bubble-making toy, produced by Beijing Sanjing Technical Products Factory, is electrically-driven and shaped like a small torch. When the bubble liquid is placed on the cover mouth it quickly produces l...The Jing brand bubble-making toy, produced by Beijing Sanjing Technical Products Factory, is electrically-driven and shaped like a small torch. When the bubble liquid is placed on the cover mouth it quickly produces large bubbles. The device can blow out a bubble larger than a basketball in a few seconds. Its shape is soft and variable, and its colour is transparent and bright as it展开更多
The Management Regulations on Recallof Children's Toys is a recall system based onthe Management Regulations on Recall of MotorVehicles in China.During its two years,the children'stoy recall management system ...The Management Regulations on Recallof Children's Toys is a recall system based onthe Management Regulations on Recall of MotorVehicles in China.During its two years,the children'stoy recall management system has helped toprevent and eliminate damage caused by defectivechildren's toys.It has also helped to protect children'shealth and safety,safeguard public safetyand interest,and improve toy manufacturers' productquality and safety awareness.However,due tothe small scale of most Chinese toy manufacturers,and the low standard of management,more effort isneeded from government departments and thecommunity to improve the recall system.展开更多
GB 6675-2003 National Safety Technical Code for Toys, in which the safetylevel of toys has achieved the advanced international level, is the general standard of all kinds oftoys. It will facilitate the improvement of ...GB 6675-2003 National Safety Technical Code for Toys, in which the safetylevel of toys has achieved the advanced international level, is the general standard of all kinds oftoys. It will facilitate the improvement of the whole quality of toys and the development of toysindustry. It also improves the competitive ability of our toys in international market. It is a newlandmark of the development of toys industry in China.展开更多
On September 4th, 2007, AQSIQ and the Press Office of the State Council invited 13 media representatives from countries such as America, Britain, France, Japan, Canada, Singapore to visit the Technical Center Toy ... On September 4th, 2007, AQSIQ and the Press Office of the State Council invited 13 media representatives from countries such as America, Britain, France, Japan, Canada, Singapore to visit the Technical Center Toy Laboratory of Guangdong Entry-exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Zhentai (China) Industrial Limited Company and Guangdong Xinboxing Toys Limited Company.……展开更多
Clay toys,with distinctive folk characteristics,embody wisdom,passion and craftsmanship of generations of folk artisans of China and function as a way of educating and entertaining people.Developed hundreds of years a...Clay toys,with distinctive folk characteristics,embody wisdom,passion and craftsmanship of generations of folk artisans of China and function as a way of educating and entertaining people.Developed hundreds of years ago,this traditional form of folk art has been practiced and continued by artisans of central china.展开更多
基金Research on the Development of Cross Border E-commerce and High Quality Economic Development in Guangdong Province(Project Number:2022HSXS068).
文摘Technical barriers to trade,as a non-tariff barrier,have an increasing impact on the international market.As a major province in toy exports,Zhejiang Province’s toy export trade is therefore greatly hindered.This article aims to explore the impact of technical trade barriers on toy exports in Zhejiang Province and analyze countermeasures.Through literature review and some empirical analysis,it is found that technical trade barriers have greatly promoted the development of Zhejiang’s toy industry;however,they have also subjected it to impacts and pressures such as cost and technology.In response to the impact of technical trade barriers on toy exports,this article proposes corresponding countermeasures to avoid such barriers:firstly,establish a quality management system that complies with export product regulations to ensure that the products produced can meet international requirements and standards;secondly,reduce dependence on overseas markets;then enhance one’s own technology,and strengthen product innovation,in order to enhance the international competitiveness of the product and oneself;in addition,we should also explore diversified markets and expand the sales channels and coverage of our products.
文摘Based on the analysis of the 2544 alert cases from “Safety Gate” (the EU rapid alert system for dangerous non-food products) of toys exported to the EU market from China in the past five years (2017-2021), this study focuses on the chemical hazards as the key research object, investigates and identifies categories of toy products and related chemicals with high notification rate. The research results have shown that the most seriously and frequently alerted toy products due to chemical hazards from China exported to the EU are plastic dolls, slimes, rubber toy balloons, toy guns and squeezable toys, while the high failure rate of chemicals in sequence are phthalates, boron element, N-Nitrosamines and N-Nitrosatable substances, and bis(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl) ether. This study aims to improve the efficiency of inspection and test of export toys, and provide decision-making references for Chinese toy export enterprises to respond to EU technical trade measures.
文摘The residual levels and migration behavior of volatile substances were detected using HS-GC/MS for acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer (ABS) toys, thermoplastic elastomer toys, and rubber toys made from 1,3-butadiene and styrene found on the Japanese market. The maximum residual level of these volatile substances was 2600 μg/g of styrene in ABS toys. In particular, the levels of known carcinogens 1,3-butadiene, benzene, and acrylonitrile are 5.3, 2.5 and 55 μg/g, which are much lower than the EU limit of 0.1%. Furthermore, some volatile substances migrated from ABS toys into water in amounts of 3 -40 ng/mL. Thermoplastic elastomer toys and rubber toys contained these volatile substances at significantly lower levels than ABS toys.
文摘The main aim of this study is to assess the quality of inexpensive plastic toys imported to Palestinian Markets. The content of heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Cr, Hg, As, Se, Ba, and Zn) was analyzed in 50 plastic toys purchased from local markets in Palestine and 17 plastic toys purchased from Israeli markets for comparison. After the digestion of samples with concentrated nitric acids and hydrogen peroxide using a microwave digester, the concentrations of the selected heavy metals were determined by ICP-MS Agilent 7500 in Al-Quds University. Results revealed that 40% of the Palestinian toy samples had high concentration (above international limits) of Pb, 30% of Cd, 34% of Cr, 6% of Hg, 42% of As, 32% of Se, 20% of Ba, and 40% of Zn. On the other hand, 95% of the Israeli samples were safe, and their concentrations were less than the maximum internationally allowable limits. In the same context, ten toy samples (2.5 gm each) had been crushed and dipped for 8 hours in a solution of artificial saliva. The solution was acidified and tested for heavy metal concentrations, but none of the migration concentrations exceeded the international maximum allowable limit. High levels of heavy metal concentrations, found in the plastic toys from the Palestinian markets could form a health hazard to children and put their lives at risk. It could be also an indirect source for environmental pollution.
文摘A half-harmonic oscillator, which gets its name because the position coordinate is strictly positive, has been quantized and determined that it was a physically correct quantization. This positive result was found using affine quantization (AQ). The main purpose of this paper is to compare results of this new quantization procedure with those of canonical quantization (CQ). Using Ashtekar-like classical variables and CQ, we quantize the same toy model. While these two quantizations lead to different results, they both would reduce to the same classical Hamiltonian if ħ→ 0. Since these two quantizations have differing results, only one of the quantizations can be physically correct. Two brief sections also illustrate how AQ can correctly help quantum gravity and the quantization of most field theory problems.
文摘This paper is based on the author＇s work shop which provides educators with information on how to utilize ＂Soft Toy Theory＂. The workshop is based on a set of theoretical concepts taken from： psychology, play therapy, and literacy theory which have been blended together to form a set of teaching approaches and lesson plan ideas that can be used in Literacy/English classes. The paper will also discuss the value of using ＂Story Sacks＂ to develop and raise levels of comprehension and understanding in extensive reading and reading programs. The application of ＂Soft Toy Theory＂ could also provide a positive social-psychological affect on the students. It is designed to creating bonding between teacher and student and student and student and to raise levels of self-esteem and enable the teachers to be able to access the thoughts and feelings of a child or young adu/t which can often be hard to discern from traditional direct question and answer sessions. ＂Soft Toy Theory＂ is a term that the author has adopted herself for using play, creativity, and art resources and soft toys to create dialogues in the Kindergarten and Elementary classroom： It is even possible to extend the use ＂Soft Toy Theory＂ to middle school, high school, and adult classrooms if the resources and topics and ＂tone＂ and tenor of teaching are appropriately adapted. Soft Toy Theory assumes that soft toys can include： actual soft toys, art resources, and other play resources： such as, sand, water, puppets, masks and clay. Story Sacks employ much of the theory that supports ＂soft toy usage＂ within the classroom. Story Sacks aim to provide inspiring resources whilst encouraging enjoyment and a greater comprehension of ＂real＂ books or ＂graded＂ readers. Additionally, Story Sacks can support extensive reading in the school and at home, and are a useful adjunct to Soft Toy Theory and supporting literacy activities in any classroom.
文摘From Star Wars to My Little Pony,from Harry Potter to Bala Bala the little magic fairy,from building blocks to electric trains,the shopping list of toys is endless as there are always new products to come.As the government implements a nation-wide two-child policy,a consumption upgrade is underway,and toys become an important item
文摘According to recent data from the General Administration of Customs,China's toy exports during January and February reached USD 5.02 billion,up 96.8% from last year and 41.2%from 20i9.CTJPA(China Toy 8 Juvenile Products Association)said the export of toys and other products of the"stay-home economy"have shown strong momentum.
文摘This article anlayzes the different requirements for electrical toys safety between GB 6675-2003 and GB19865-2005. This information is summed up in table form to make it easy for toy designers and manufacturers to grasp the new standard.
文摘The Jing brand bubble-making toy, produced by Beijing Sanjing Technical Products Factory, is electrically-driven and shaped like a small torch. When the bubble liquid is placed on the cover mouth it quickly produces large bubbles. The device can blow out a bubble larger than a basketball in a few seconds. Its shape is soft and variable, and its colour is transparent and bright as it
文摘The Management Regulations on Recallof Children's Toys is a recall system based onthe Management Regulations on Recall of MotorVehicles in China.During its two years,the children'stoy recall management system has helped toprevent and eliminate damage caused by defectivechildren's toys.It has also helped to protect children'shealth and safety,safeguard public safetyand interest,and improve toy manufacturers' productquality and safety awareness.However,due tothe small scale of most Chinese toy manufacturers,and the low standard of management,more effort isneeded from government departments and thecommunity to improve the recall system.
文摘GB 6675-2003 National Safety Technical Code for Toys, in which the safetylevel of toys has achieved the advanced international level, is the general standard of all kinds oftoys. It will facilitate the improvement of the whole quality of toys and the development of toysindustry. It also improves the competitive ability of our toys in international market. It is a newlandmark of the development of toys industry in China.
文摘 On September 4th, 2007, AQSIQ and the Press Office of the State Council invited 13 media representatives from countries such as America, Britain, France, Japan, Canada, Singapore to visit the Technical Center Toy Laboratory of Guangdong Entry-exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Zhentai (China) Industrial Limited Company and Guangdong Xinboxing Toys Limited Company.……
文摘Clay toys,with distinctive folk characteristics,embody wisdom,passion and craftsmanship of generations of folk artisans of China and function as a way of educating and entertaining people.Developed hundreds of years ago,this traditional form of folk art has been practiced and continued by artisans of central china.
