International Competitiveness of China’s Manufacturing Sectors:Estimation Based on Trade in Value-added

Based on trade in value-added, this paper has estimated the revealed comparative advantage （RCA） of China＇s various manufacturing sectors between 1995 and 2011 and compared with the RCA indexes measured using conventional aggregate accounting approach. Results indicate that： （1） the RCA index measured using conventional aggregate accounting approach has underestimated China＇s comparative advantage of labor-intensive sectors but overestimated China＇s comparative advantage in capital, knowledge and technology-intensive manufacturing sectors, giving rise to a serious misjudgment. （2） The RCA measured using value-added approach shows that in the industry chain layout of global manufacturing sectors, China＇s comparative advantage is still concentrated in labor-intensive manufacturing sectors but has signs of weakening; in capital, knowledge and technology-intensive sectors, China is yet to develop any significant comparative advantage; there are signs that China is developing comparative advantage in capital-intensive sectors yet China＇s comparative disadvantage in knowledge and technology-intensive sectors has no significant tendency to improve. This result not only helps correct the misjudgment of China＇s competitiveness in manufacturing sectors based on conventional aggregate accounting approach but offers important policy implications for setting strategic directions and policies for China＇s manufacturing transition and upgrade.

Export Value-Added of China’s Manufacturing Sector:Estimation and Mechanism Analysis

Estimation of domestic and overseas value-added of manufacturing sector is an important and difficult subject for the science-based evaluation of a country＇s trade interests under global value chain. Traditional HIY approach overestimates the domestic value- added of export. Although Koopman＇s method made certain improvements, it cannot utilize traditional I/O matrix and direct input coefficient matrix under the condition of incomplete information. By creating GAMS model, this paper addresses the above-mentioned problems and employs an improved model for the estimation of variations in domestic and overseas value-added of Chinese exports between 2002 and 2012. Our results indicate that by neglecting the export of processing trade, HIY approach overestimates the domestic value- added ratio of Chinese exports. As more imported intermediate inputs have been used in the export of processing trade, the estimation result of this paper have corrected deviations in the forecast of overseas value-added ratio and its tendencies based on HIY method Further analysis of specific factors of domestic value-added of export led to the discovery that the domestic value-added of export of processing trade and mixed trade is highly vulnerable to the impact of international capital inflow. It can be seen that the improved method for the estimation of value-added has indeed corrected the deviations in the estimation of China＇s value-added. In conclusion, China should accelerate the development of export of non- processing trade and trade in high-end services, and balance the relationship of export between local firms and foreign-funded firms, with a view to improving trade dependence and increasing the trade status of Chinese manufaeturing firms in global value chain.

基于TiVA数据库的中国出口贸易增加值研究

利用世界投入产出表和Ti VA数据库,发现1995-2009年中国出口产品的国内增加值在下降,国外增加值在提高,但近年来国内增加值有回升态势。对中国出口产品所蕴含的国内部门的直接增加值、国内部门的间接增加值、进口投入品中的国内增加值以及国外部门的增加值进行了分解,并以中国电气和光学设备制造业为例,对其全球价值链进行解构分析,发现国内外很多部门都对中国电气和光学设备的出口贡献了增加值,服务业部门的贡献率不容忽视。中国制造业应当加强自主研发,不断提高出口产品的国内增加值,大力推动国内服务业的发展,更好地支持制造业参与全球价值链分工。

“China Shock”or China Dividend?-China GVC Participation’s Effects on Trading Partners’Technological Progress

This paper explores the effects of China’s global value chain(GVC)participation on technological progress in trading-partner countries based on estimated data on value-added trade between China and 52 trading partners.We find that,first,although China’s exports lowered the total factor productivity(TFP)of its trading partners(competitive effect),its imports greatly increased trading partners’TFP(effect of scale).This implies that China’s GVC participation is beneficial to its trading partners’technological progress in the form of a considerable technology dividend effect.Second,China’s export dividend effect compensates for the negative effect of Chinese competition on trading partners’technological progress;the innovation effects attributable to China’s imports reinforce the positive effects of scale on technological progress.When innovation is factored in,the China dividend thus becomes further reinforced.Third,China’s merchandise imports have a diminishing positive effect on technological progress in trading partners as geographical distance increases,but trade in services transcends geographical boundaries,and the positive technological progress effect of China’s service imports do not diminish as distance increases.We find that the“China dividend”from China’s GVC participation is a significant contributor to technological progress in partner nations,and China’s imports are conducive to innovation and technological progress in developed countries in the long run.

Re-Evaluation of China＇s Service Trade Competitiveness： A Global Value Chain Perspective

Based on the Worm Input-Output Database （WIOD）, this paper conducts a forward-linkage decomposition of value-added in trade to estimate China＇s service value-added exports and its service sector＇s international competitiveness during 2000- 2014. Result indicates that during the sample period, China＇s service exports measured by forward-linkage decomposition method accounted for around 35% in its total export. While the value of services exported directly through the service sector accounted for a falling share, the value of services exported through other sectors represented an increasing share. China ranks second in the world in terms of market share of service exports. However, the revealed comparative advantage （RCA） of China＇s service exports and export sophistication remains limited.

Exploring the moderating role of financial development in environmental Kuznets curve for South Africa:fresh evidence from the novel dynamic ARDL simulations approach

The extant literature has produced mixed evidence on the relationship between finan-cial development and ecological sustainability.This work addresses this conundrum by investigating financial development’s direct and indirect consequences on ecologi-cal quality utilizing the environmental Kuznets curve(EKC)methodological approach.Our empirical analysis is based on the novel dynamic autoregressive distributed lag simulations approach for South Africa between 1960 and 2020.The results,which used five distinct financial development measures,demonstrate that financial develop-ment boosts ecological integrity and environmental sustainability over the long and short terms.In the instance of South Africa,we additionally confirm the validity of the EKC theory.More importantly,the outcomes of the indirect channels demonstrate that financial development increases energy usage’s role in causing pollution while attenuating the detrimental impacts of economic growth,trade openness,and foreign direct investment on ecological quality.Moreover,the presence of an inadequate financial system is a requirement for the basis of the pollution haven hypothesis(PHH),which we examine using trade openness and foreign direct investment variables.PHH for both of these variables disappears when financial development crosses specified thresholds.Finally,industrial value addition destroys ecological quality while tech-nological innovation enhances it.This research provides some crucial policy recom-mendations and fresh perspectives for South Africa as it develops national initiatives to support ecological sustainability and reach its net zero emissions goal.

Revisiting the nexus between fiscal decentralization and CO_(2)emissions in South Africa:fresh policy insights

The argument over fiscal decentralization and carbon dioxide emission(CO_(2))reduction has received much attention.However,evidence to back this claim is limited.Economic theory predicts that fiscal decentralization affects environmental quality,but the specifics of this relationship are still up for debate.Some scholars noted that fiscal decentralization might lead to a race to the top,whereas others contended that it would result in a race to the bottom.In light of the current debates in environmental and development economics,this study aims to provide insight into how this relationship may function in South Africa from 1960 to 2020.In contrast to the existing research,the present study uses a novel dynamic autoregressive distributed lag simulation approach to assess the positive and negative changes in fiscal decentralization,scale effect,technique effect,technological innovation,foreign direct investment,energy consumption,industrial growth,and trade openness on CO_(2)emissions.The following are the main findings:(i)Fiscal decentralization had a CO_(2)emission reduction impact in the short and long run,highlighting the presence of the race to the top approach.(ii)Economic growth(as represented by the scale effect)eroded ecological integrity.However,its square(as expressed by technique effect)aided in strengthening ecological protection,validating the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis.(iii)CO_(2)emissions were driven by energy utilization,trade openness,industrial value-added,and foreign direct investment,whereas technological innovation boosted ecological integrity.Findings suggest that further fiscal decentralization should be undertaken through further devolution of power to local entities,particularly regarding environmental policy issues,to maintain South Africa’s ecological sustainability.South Africa should also establish policies to improve environmental sustainability by strengthening a lower layer of government and clarifying responsibilities at the national and local levels to fulfill the energy-saving functions of fiscal expenditures.

Foreign Value-added in China's Manufactured Exports:Implications for China's Trade Imbalance

Economists have recently become interested in weighting how much domestic value-added is actually included in China＇ s exports. Formally, the proportion of foreign and domestic contents could be identified by calculating the vertical specialization share using noncompetitive input-output tables. Applying such a method to the Chinese case, however, would result in a big measurement bias because China has a large share of processing exports, which utilize a disproportionately high percentage of imported intermediates. This paper, by directly employing 2008 trade data for which imported intermediates in both processing and non-processing trade could be identified by means of various trade patterns, provides a simplified way to estimate the share of foreign/domestic value-added included in industry-level manufactured exports. This paper finds that the vertical specialization share of China＇ s processing exports was about 56 percent in 2008, compared to about 10 percent for ordinary exports. It also finds that the sectors that experienced fast expansion of processing exports have a much higher share of foreign contents. Since processing exports accoant for about half of Chinese exports, the prevailing trade statistics, which focus on gross values rather than the value-added of exports and imports, has obviously overstated the bilateral trade imbalances, especially between China and the USA.

The Impact of Value-Added Trade on Global Economic Comovement

Using a value-added accounting framework,we conducted empirical research to analyze product value-added in accordance with the principle of value-sourcing and value-absorption areas,so as to decode"the trade-comovement puzzle."As our study shows,value-added trade can provide a significant positive stimulus for the economic comovement,but it is marked by asymmetry between hub and spoke countries with the former having a pivotal role.Our analysis of cohesive subgroups indicates that cohesive subgroups and value-added trade are complementary.When bilateral countries belong to the same subgroup,the intensity of their value-added trade exerts an increasing influence on the economic comovement.China has adopted a non-equilibrium opening up strategy and has actively boosted value-added linkages with hub countries;its utilization of the correlative effect of economic growth will enable it to achieve convergence with the growth of high-income economies.At the same time,China is taking advantage of being the core node in the Belt and Road trade network and is continuing to boost the construction of the Belt and Road Initiative,providing channels for countries along the Belt and Road to integrate into the global value-added system of division of labor and building a global economic environment that features win-win collaboration and co-development.

China's Position in Global Value Chains Compared with the EU,U.S.and Japan

By creating a five-country I-O model of China, EU, US, Japan and other countries, this paper decomposes gross export into nine parts and investigates the GVC positions and competitiveness of China and the other three economies for different sectors using real domestic trade in value-added and GVC position indices. In addition, valueadded trade is taken into consideration to identify the labor division characteristics of the four economies in the GVC, which led to the following findings: China participates primarily in the single links of the GVC at the downstream yet shows a significant tendency to move upstream in technology-intensive sectors; Japan participates primarily in the single links of the GVC at the upstream and boasts an advantage in technology-intensive sectors; the US participates in the multiple links of the GVC at the upstream with superiority in hightechnology sectors; the EU participates in the production and export of intermediate goods and final goods at both ends.

国际投入产出表与日中贸易结构

随着国际生产碎片化进展,传统的基于跨境交易为基础的总额贸易核算体系已经不能真实反映经济活动的现实,基于附加值的贸易统计方式应运而生,而国际投入产出表是进行附加值贸易统计的必备工具。文章目的是介绍和分析当今世界上的主要国际投入产出表及其应用情况,并使用日中投入产出表分析日中贸易结构及电子光学器械的附加值变化特征,最后展望国际投入产出表的其他应用趋势。

中国在全球生产网络中的分工与贸易地位——基于TiVA数据与GVC指数的研究

本文基于附加值贸易(TiVA)数据,借鉴全球价值链(GVC)指数和显性比较优势(RCA)指数,比较并探讨了中国出口贸易在全球生产网络中的分工贸易地位及真实贸易利益。结论表明:中国已较大程度地融入全球生产网络,但在全球价值链所处地位较低,其在全球价值链的地位呈"V"型趋势发展,这与出口中的国内间接附加值比重下降而外国附加值比重上升有关;制造业各行业在国际分工格局中地位明显,劳动密集型行业所处地位较高,逐渐向上游化发展,在国际市场上已具有极强的国际竞争力,但竞争能力下降明显;资本技术密集型和知识密集型行业参与全球生产网络程度提高,但呈下游化发展,且对国内价值增值贡献较小,所获贸易利益也较少。

Value, Structure and Spatial Distribution of Interprovincial Trade in China

This study uses two different datasets to explore the stylized facts of interprovincial trade in China during the recent two decades. One dataset provides the magnitude of bilateral interprovincial goods trade calculated using firms ＇ value-added tax invoices. The other supplies estimates of interprovincial trade using provincial input-output tables. We find that China has both a large value and a high growth rate of interprovincial trade, but there still exists a home bias in internal trade for most provinces. In addition, disaggregation by product shows that the manufacturing sector has the largest share of interprovincial trade and this share continues to grow. Finally, the spatial distribution of trade suggests that all provinces can be clustered into a smaller number of trade areas with large intra-cluster trade. Therefore, China＇s central government should make more effort to reduce local protection, stimulate domestic demand and coordinate interregional trade among local jurisdictions.

制造业国际贸易网络结构演变:1995~2018——基于社会网络方法的分析

全球价值链已经成为全球经济的基本结构特征,国际贸易关系日益表现为复杂网络化的跨国生产共享关系。文章在增加值贸易核算数据基础上,将社会网络研究中的指标算法分析、可视化分析以及STERGM网络建模分析方法系统地应用于制造业国际贸易网络结构特征和演变机制研究。研究发现:制造业国际贸易网络具有稳定的分组结构和等级结构,中国在亚洲网络地位的崛起推动了“泛亚太网络”发展,但中国的网络地位并不稳固;制造业国际贸易网络结构演化是一种高度自组织过程。相比多边关系,双边贸易关系对网络结构演化具有更重要的影响力,地理因素、文化因素以及贸易协定等外部因素对贸易关系的影响并不明显。

数字贸易发展水平如何影响一国对外贸易利益

文章建立了数字贸易发展指标体系,并创新地在增加值分解模型基础上利用2007~2014年WIOD数据库测算各国贸易利益水平,同时构建包含数字要素中间产品联合生产的理论模型,以考察数字贸易发展对一国贸易利益的提升作用。研究表明,数字贸易发展能够显著提高一国贸易利益水平,通过增强利益关联抑制价值链分工区域化、本土化趋势。分样本回归结果表明,数字贸易发展对低贸易成本国家及中、低技术行业贸易利益的促进作用更为明显。机制检验结果表明,数字贸易发展通过分工深化、产业升级和创新激励效应提高贸易利益水平。上述研究对于把握数字发展机遇,实现双循环畅通发展具有重要意义。

中国制造业在全球价值链国际分工地位再考察——基于Koopman等的“GVC地位指数”

基于OECD-WTO联合发布的TiVA统计数据,采用Koopman等提出的"GVC地位指数",测算分析了1995-2009年期间,中国制造业及内部各部门在GVC中的国际分工地位及其演变情况,结果显示:目前中国制造业整体及内部各部门在GVC中的国际分工地位仍处于较低水平;无论自身比较还是国际间比较,中国"劳动密集型"制造业部门在GVC中的国际分工地位,明显高于"资本、技术密集型"和"资源密集型"制造业部门;1995-2009年期间,中国制造业及内部各部门在GVC中的分工地位呈现"L"型演变特征,这一演变特征与中国的要素禀赋、工业化发展进程和经济发展战略变化有关。

中国增加值贸易隐含的要素流向扭曲程度分析

本文在双边HOV基本框架下同时引入要素生产率(TFP)与综合贸易成本(CTC)的跨国差异,并基于"世界投入-产出数据"(WIOD),多角度评估了在全球价值链(GVCs)分工背景下中国增加值贸易(TiVA)隐含的净要素含量流向扭曲程度。研究发现,资本与劳动力流向扭曲程度总体上趋于下降;相对于进口,出口隐含的资本流向扭曲程度较高、劳动力流向扭曲程度则较低;相对于高技能劳动力,中低技能尤其是低技能劳动力的流向扭曲程度较低;相对于跟俄罗斯、印度和巴西等"金砖"国家的双边贸易,中国与美国、日本、韩国、德国和台湾等五个最重要贸易伙伴的双边贸易隐含的资本和劳动力要素流向扭曲程度较轻;受到中低技能特别是低技能劳动力要素流向扭曲影响的行业较少,贸易量较大的行业受到要素流向扭曲的影响较轻。本文初步表明,要素禀赋结构仍是反映一国增加值贸易是否以及在多大程度受到要素流向扭曲影响的基础。因此,中国要促进增加值贸易(及其产业链基础)转型升级,同时减轻贸易所含要素流向的扭曲程度,应首先着眼于国内(相对于国外)的要素禀赋结构优化升级。

基于附加值贸易测算法对中国出口地位的重新分析

全球经济一体化的迅速发展客观上要求推广附加值贸易测算法(Trade in Value-Added,简称TiVA)。本文应用该法计算1995-2009年中国及35个行业的出口附加值,并与世界主要经济体对比,以更准确地判断中国在全球贸易体系中的地位,研究结论如下:(1)15年间中国出口国内附加值率迅速下降,致使传统方法统计的中国出口规模"虚高"。(2)中国第一、三产业目前较高的国内附加值率受益于行业开放度不足;制造业中,纺织服装等6大出口行业整体竞争力值得肯定,化学制品业、基础金属及金属制品业缺乏出口竞争优势,电子与光学制造业目前缺乏面对激烈国际竞争的实力。(3)依据TiVA,中国仍然可以保有"头号"出口大国的地位,但领先优势远不如传统统计显示的明显。

增加值贸易与中国比较优势的动态演变

研究目标:估计中国的增加值出口比率,并从增加值贸易角度讨论中国比较优势的动态演变。研究方法:基于企业销售目的地和贸易方式的异质性,使用增加值贸易核算方法。研究发现:不考虑企业销售目的和贸易方式的异质性,会高估中国的增加值出口比率;传统的总值贸易统计低估了中国劳动密集型和资本密集型行业的出口竞争力,高估了中国技术密集型行业的出口竞争力,导致明显的比较优势逆转问题;传统的总值贸易统计将中国制造业和技术密集型行业对美国的贸易顺差规模分别高估了60%和85%左右。研究创新:构建了新的显示比较优势指数。研究价值:为中国的国际贸易谈判和反击针对中国的贸易保护主义和反倾销调查等,提供了经验证据。

我国纺织和服装业增加值出口能力分析

纺织品和服装的出口主导地位虽然已被机电产品所取代,但其出口一直保持较高稳定的增长。在经济转型和转变出口增长方式的背景之下,如何看待这些传统的出口行业对经济和社会的贡献以及这些行业自身如何升级和进行结构调整是一个重要的课题。本文主要依据增加值出口的观点,在扩展了非竞争型投入产出模型之后,从参与和带动增加值出口两个方面对纺织和服装业展开分析,并与新兴的出口行业-机电行业进行对比,较为全面地阐述其出口对我国经济增长和就业的作用,为相关政策制定和实施提供理论和实证依据。