Puff-by-puff Transfer Ratios of Some Added Flavors in Cigarettes

[Objecdve] The aim was to observe the puff-by-puff transfer ratios of some flavors in cigarettes. [Method] Based on national stand- ards, the puff-by-puff transfer of tobacco of carbonyl flavors was analyzed. In the meantime, by dint of simultaneous distillation and extraction equip- ment coupled to GC and GC/MS, the puff-by-puff transfer ratios to TPM of smoke were expounded and compared. [ Result] The puff-by-puff deliv- ery profiles of NFDPT,nicotine and carbon monoxide increased with increasing puff number. This trend was similar to that of particulate matters. The transfer ratio of flavored tobacco was increasing in general, but partial flavors augmented to the maximum value and then decreased slowly. [ Conclusion] The study provided reference for the application of carbonyl compounds in tobacco.

Optimal selection of annulus radius ratio to enhance heat transfer with minimum entropy generation in developing laminar forced convection of water-Al2O3 nanofluid flow

Heat transfer and entropy generation of developing laminar forced convection flow of water-Al_2O_3 nanofluid in a concentric annulus with constant heat flux on the walls is investigated numerically. In order to determine entropy generation of fully developed flow, two approaches are employed and it is shown that only one of these methods can provide appropriate results for flow inside annuli. The effects of concentration of nanoparticles, Reynolds number and thermal boundaries on heat transfer enhancement and entropy generation of developing laminar flow inside annuli with different radius ratios and same cross sectional areas are studied. The results show that radius ratio is a very important decision parameter of an annular heat exchanger such that in each Re, there is an optimum radius ratio to maximize Nu and minimize entropy generation. Moreover, the effect of nanoparticles concentration on heat transfer enhancement and minimizing entropy generation is stronger at higher Reynolds.

INFLUENCE OF PHASE RATIO ON PACKING EFFICIENCY IN COLUMNS FOR MASS TRANSFER PROCESSES

The phase ratio has been found to affect the packing efficiency in packed columns.To ac-count for the effect,a model is set up to correlate the height of a mass transfer unit with the phaseratio with reasonable accuracy.Proposed also is a correlation that allows to predict the efficiency inquestion at any given liquid-gas ratio using the knowledge of other efficiency values at other liquid-gas ratios.

Augmentation of Heat Transfer in Pipe Flow Using Plain Twisted Tape Inserts for Different Twist Ratios

The heat transfer augmentation of plain twisted tape inserts for different twist ratios has been studied in this study. The data are conducted using the plain twisted tape insert with five different twist ratios respectively. The range of Reynolds number is considered under a uniform heat flux condition. In the case of simulation, the tapes are made from a stainless steel strip with a thickness of 2 mm. A tubular pipe with 850mm U-loop length and twist length of 800 mm each is considered in our study for simulation. Water is used as working fluids inside the tube for our simulation. The simulation results demonstrate that the important heat transfer parameters including Nusselt number (Nu), friction factor (f) and thermal performance index (η) are gradually increased with the increment of the twist ratio and reached at the saturated level while twist ratio is 3.5,?afterward the thermal properties are decreased.

REACTIVITY RATIOS FOR COPOLYMERIZATION WITH THE PARTICIPATION OF A CHARGE-TRANSFER COMPLEX

The complexation between styrene (St) and N-phenylmaleimide (PMI) was investigated by H-1-NMR spectroscopy, and the existence of a complex was proved. The equilibrium constant of St/PMI in chloroform at 50 degrees C was determined to be 0.27. New elementary propagation reactions were proposed. On the basis of the propagation elementary reactions for copolymerization with the participation of a charge-transfer complex (CTC), a method for measuring the reactivity ratios is presented. Four reactivity ratios and relative reactivities of free monomer and CTC were obtained. They are r(12) = 0.034, r(21) = 0.012, r(1C) = 0.0030, r(2C) = 0.0034, and k(1C)/k(12) = 11.34, k(2C)/k(21) = 3.42.

双级聚光集热的槽式太阳能热发电系统研究

为了提高槽式光热发电系统的性能,通过高、低聚光比镜场的耦合布置,辅以两种传热介质的搭配,建立了双级聚光集热的槽式太阳能热发电系统模型,与传统槽式光热发电系统展开对比,得到了双级系统集热、换热性能提升的机理和系统关键过程(火用)损失减小的原因。对双级系统进行能量分析和(火用)分析,展示了双级系统中的能量和(火用)流动情况,揭示了在镜场侧和动力侧的各项能量和(火用)损失的分布规律。结果表明:双级聚光集热系统中镜场的耦合布置有效地提高了系统的集热性能,两种传热介质的协同搭配改善了系统的换热性能。损失分布方面,光学损失仍是导致系统集热损失的重要因素,同时光热转化过程的不可逆损失在(火用)损失中占比较大,具有较大的提升潜力。双级系统的热效率可达到27.35%,(火用)效率达到28.84%,相较于传统单聚光比、单介质的槽式太阳能热发电系统,热效率和(火用)效率均可提升0.9%~1.5%,相同发电量下可节省镜场面积4%~6%。研究为槽式太阳能热发电系统提出了改进策略,为进一步优化研究提供了一定的理论依据。

Blockage effects on viscous fluid flow and heat transfer past a magnetic obstacle in a duct

The effect of lateral walls on fluid flow and heat transfer is investigated when a fluid passes a magnetic obstacle. The blockage ratio β that represents the ratio between the width of external magnet M y and the spanwise width L y is employed to depict the effect. The finite volume method （FVM） based on the PISO algorithm is applied for the blockage ratios of 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4. The results show that the value of Strouhal number St increases as the blockage ratio β increases, and for small β , the variation of St is very small when the interaction parameter and Reynolds number are increasing. Moreover, the cross-stream mixing induced by the magnetic obstacle can enhance the wall-heat transfer and the maximum value of the overall heat transfer increment is about 50.5%.

Chemical Effect on K Shell X-ray Fluorescence Parameters and Radiative Auger Ratios of Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn Complexes

The production cross-sections, intensity ratios, and radiative Auger intensity ratios of Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn elements in different complexes were measured. The chemical effects on the K shell fluorescence parameters and the radiative Auger intensity ratios of these elements were investigated and the changes in these parameters were interpreted according to the charge transfer process. The samples were excited by 59.5 keV γ-rays from a ^241Am annular radioactive source. K X-rays emitted by samples were counted by an Ultra-LEGe detector with a resolution of 150 eV at 5.9 keV.

STUDY OF THE HEAT AND HUMIDITY TRANSFER PROCESSES BETWEEN AIR AND WATER IN THE AIR WASHER

The processes of heat and humidity transfer between air and water are what to be studied mainly in the paper, we put forward some main factors which influence the processes of heat and humidity transfer in the air washer. We come to the conclusion that we can change these main factors to achieve different heat and humidity transfer processes and decide processes of heat and humidity transfer of air and water with the initial temperature of spraying water in the air washer. All these results can make things convenient for the air conditioning management.

Investigation of transfer ionization in collisions of partially stripped carbon ions with helium at low to intermediate velocities

The ratios of transfer ionization （TI） to single-electron capture （SC） cross sections have been measured for the collisions of partially stripped C^q＋ ions （q = 1-4） with He. The collision velocity ranges from 0.7 to 4.4 vo （vo is the Bohr velocity）. The projectile-ion and recoil-ion coincidence technique is used to separate the processes of TI and SC. The ratios reach the maximum when the velocity is about 3.7 vo. This can be explained qualitatively based on the two-step mechanism. The experimental results are also compared with the results calculated using the classical trajectory Monte Carlo （CTMC） method. The CTMC results are in agreement with the experimental data basically. The discrepancies in higher velocity region are interpreted by the effective charge effect.

中心性肥胖对不孕女性体外受精-胚胎移植妊娠结局的影响

目的探讨中心性肥胖对不孕女性接受体外受精-胚胎移植后的妊娠结局的影响。方法回顾性选取2017年10月至2019年9月在温州医科大学附属第一医院生殖医学中心首次接受体外受精-胚胎移植的2801例不孕女性为研究对象。根据进入治疗周期时的BMI和腰臀比(WHR)分为正常BMI非中心性肥胖组1659例、正常BMI中心性肥胖组654例、肥胖非中心性肥胖组146例和肥胖中心性肥胖组342例,比较4组治疗过程中促性腺激素使用剂量、促排时间、获卵数、可用胚胎数及新鲜胚胎移植妊娠结局。采用多元线性回归分析中心性肥胖对促排周期获得可用胚胎数的影响,多因素logistic回归分析影响患者新鲜胚胎移植能否获得活产的相关因素。应用Kaplan-Meier生存曲线绘制各组单个取卵周期累积活产率。结果与正常BMI非中心性肥胖组相比,肥胖中心性肥胖组促性腺激素使用剂量增加,获卵数和可用胚胎数减少,新鲜胚胎移植后活产率下降,妊娠丢失率增加,单个取卵周期累积活产率下降,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。多元线性回归分析提示WHR≥0.85显著降低患者促排周期获得的可用胚胎数。不论BMI是否提示肥胖,WHR≥0.85的中心性肥胖女性,其单个取卵周期累积活产率较正常BMI非中心性肥胖组女性下降(均P<0.05)。多因素logistic回归分析发现腰围的增加会使新鲜胚胎移植后活产率降低(OR=0.978,95%CI:0.963~0.992,P=0.003)。Kaplan-Meier生存曲线显示随着胚胎移植周期数增多,4组患者单个取卵周期累积活产率比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论中心性肥胖对女性体外受精-胚胎移植的妊娠结局造成不良影响。

Numerical Study on the Effects of Contraction Ratio in a Two-Phase Flow Injection Nozzle

The Euler-Euler numerical method was used to investigate the effects of contraction ratio on twophase flow mixing with mass transfer in the flow injection nozzle. The geometric shape of the nozzle was modified to improve carbonation efficiency. A gas inlet hole was created to increase the flow mixing of CO2 with water. A nozzle throat was also introduced to increase the gas dissolution by increasing flow rates. Various contraction ratios of nozzle throat, inlet gas and liquid velocities, and gas bubble sizes were employed to determine their effects on gas hold-up, gas concentration, and mass transfer coefficient. Results revealed that the flow injection nozzle with high contraction ratios improved carbonation because of high gas hold-up. Gas concentration was directly related to contraction ratio and gas flow velocities. Carbonation reduced when high liquid velocities and large gas bubbles were employed because of inefficient flow mixing. This study indicated that flow injection nozzle with large contraction ratios were suitable for carbonation because of their ability to increase gas hold-up, gas concentration, and mass transfer coefficient.

子宫内膜癌增强MRI定量参数变化与临床特征的关系及对预后的预测价值分析

目的 探究子宫内膜癌(EC)增强MRI定量参数变化与临床特征关系,分析其对预后的预测价值。方法 选取2019年3月~2022年3月本院收治的EC患者98例作为研究组,另选同期子宫内膜良性病变患者98例作为对照组。比较两组增强MRI定量参数[速率常数(K_(ep))、容量转移常数(K^(trans))、血管外细胞外间隙容积比(V_(e))]。比较研究组不同临床特征患者增强MRI定量参数,分析其与临床特征相关性。比较研究组不同预后患者增强MRI定量参数,分析其对预后的预测价值。结果 研究组K_(ep)、K^(trans)、V_(e)高于对照组(P<0.05);K_(ep)、K^(trans)、V_(e)病理分期、淋巴结转移、宫颈间质累及情况、子宫肌层浸润深度呈正相关,而与分化程度呈负相关(p<0.05)预后不良者K_(ep)、K^(trans)、V_(e)高于预后良好者,且与预后不良显著相关(P<0.05);K_(ep)、K^(trans)、V_(e)联合预测预后不良的AUC大于各参数独独预测(P<0.05)。结论 EC患者增强MRI定量参数K_(ep)、K^(trans)、V_(e)升高,且与临床特征、预后密切相关,联合检测各参数对预后不良具有一定预测价值。

南海高温高压凝析气藏凝析水产出机理及产量预测方法

针对南海高温高压凝析气藏中凝析水产出量上升的问题,以东方气田为研究对象,采用地层水蒸发实验方法,分别在地层条件下的PVT筒和长岩心中进行水气比测试,并提出了高温高压凝析气藏凝析水产量计算方法,预测东方气田凝析水产出程度。研究表明:高温高压凝析气藏中的流体受多孔介质微小孔径以及临界性质偏移的影响,饱和蒸气压发生变化,导致凝析水产出大幅度增加。考虑水、气相间传质的数值模拟方法可以准确预测高温高压凝析气藏中凝析水产出变化。对东方气田的日产水进行模拟,设置井底流压限制为1.5 MPa,预测时间为5 a,历史产水量拟合精度大于90%,能够很好地模拟凝析水产出情况。研究成果对高温高压凝析气藏制订合理开发方案,改善油藏开发效果具有重要指导意义。

基于正交试验的铯热管优化设计

中温热管在核反应堆二次换热、中温恒温控制及飞行器热防护等领域中均有潜在应用,利用数值模拟开展贵金属热管研究并对其进行全参数优化设计具有重要意义。首先,通过UDF在自适应相变模型基础上添加多孔回流模型,并对比实验数据及基础模型结论,验证了模型的准确性。其次,引入正交试验法研究全因素相互作用下各因素对热管性能影响的重要性顺序,结果证明在选取工况范围内各因素的影响显著性顺序为倾角>长径比>充液率>丝网目数,获得最优设计工况为长径比17.18、充液率15%、倾角δ=45°、丝网50目,此时整体热阻仅为较差工况的15.6%,传热性能显著增强。最后,通过对比分析饱和启动伊始至准稳态过程中,热管及多孔结构内部的相态分布、温度分布、干烧现象等,证明最优设计参数下热管壁面多孔结构内冷凝液分布能够维持均匀且连续,有效避免了壁面的局部过热,显著提高了热管的温度均匀性。同时,长径比和充液率等参数的匹配使得热管换热有效长度可达100%。

气膜孔堵塞对凹槽叶顶冷却传热性能的影响

采用数值方法,研究了燃气透平叶片气膜孔堵塞条件下凹槽叶顶的冷却传热性能,获得了3种吹风比M=0.5, 1.0, 1.5和不同堵塞比B=0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8条件下的凹槽叶顶的气膜冷却效率和传热系数分布。研究表明:气膜孔堵塞会导致凹槽叶顶气膜冷却性能下降、热负荷升高,堵塞比越大,凹槽叶顶的冷却传热性能越差。气膜孔堵塞显著改变了叶顶区域的流场结构,加剧冷气的抬升效应,导致冷气过早离开凹槽。吹风比是影响堵塞工况下凹槽叶顶冷却传热性能的重要因素,吹风比为1.0、堵塞比为0.8时,凹槽叶顶的面积平均气膜冷却效率相比于未堵塞时下降了64.88%、传热系数上升了13.01%。减小吹风比可以改善小堵塞比工况下的叶顶气膜冷却性能,吹风比为0.5、堵塞比为0.4时,叶顶平均气膜冷却效率仅下降了6.82%,但小吹风比会导致大堵塞比工况下的气膜冷却性能恶化严重,吹风比为0.5、堵塞比为0.8时,平均气膜冷却效率下降了82.09%。增大吹风比,可改善大堵塞比工况下的叶顶气膜冷却性能,吹风比为1.5、堵塞比为0.8条件下叶顶平均气膜冷却效率下降了51.34%、传热系数上升了11.52%。

地铁车站嵌套式隔振柱的动力特性分析

为减小车辆-轨道系统产生的竖向振动波通过站台柱传递到车站上部结构,研发了一种地铁车站嵌套式隔振柱。以雄安至北京大兴国际机场快线(R1线)金融岛站为研究背景,在站台柱下部设置异形U状嵌套式钢结构,于嵌套结构间隔处设置橡胶减振柱,进行模态分析以及频域下的加速度传递率分析。研究结果表明:嵌套式隔振柱较传统站台柱在0~200 Hz频率范围内增加了97个隔振频率点,实现了60%以上频率的隔振效果;适当提高异形U状嵌套钢结构底部长宽比、中部支撑宽度以及降低橡胶减振体截面半径会带来基频下隔振性能的提升。以异型U状嵌套式钢结构为主设计的隔振柱能够有效降低地铁车辆-轨道系统产生的竖向振动传递。

基于分离源矩阵变换器的PMSM无源动态演化控制策略

为了改进传统的永磁同步电机驱动器系统及其PID控制的不足,提出了一种无源动态演化控制策略,并应用于永磁同步电机(permanent magnet synchronous motor,PMSM)和分离源矩阵变换器(split source matrix con-verter,SSMC)中。为打破传统矩阵变换器电压传输比0.866的限制,采用电感、电容和3个二极管代替了双级矩阵变换器中间的支流链路部件,并且证明了分离源网络的升压能力。另外,在矢量控制中,永磁同步电机的转速外环和电流内环都使用了传统PID控制器,但由于PID控制器的参数调节比较困难、控制精度不高、超调量较大和抗干扰能力不强等问题,为此提出了基于动态演化理论和无源理论的控制策略,设计了分离源矩阵变换器和永磁同步电机系统基于互联和阻尼分配(the interconnection and damping assignment,IDA)的无源控制器(passivity-based control,PBC)和动态演化控制器(dynamic evolution controller,DEC)。仿真与实验的结果表明,基于该控制策略的SSMC-PMSM驱动系统能够使永磁同步电机稳定运行在额定转速,并且具有稳定性强、抗干扰能力强和动态响应好等特点。

氩气保护电渣重熔脱硫预测研究

在工业级氩气保护电渣重熔过程中,钢中脱除的硫在渣中积累,会影响脱硫反应效率,造成重熔锭中硫含量分布不均。目前,电渣脱硫研究主要是基于规格较小的实验级,与大规格的工业级电渣脱硫动力学条件差别明显,故相关研究成果在工业应用中存在局限性。因此,本研究建立了工业级电渣重熔过程脱硫反应模型,经3吨氩气保护电渣实验验证,模型计算结果与实验结果基本一致。研究结果表明,降低电极和渣中初始硫含量、增加渣量、提高硫容量、降低电极下降速度均有利于提高脱硫率。基于研究结果推导出模型简化公式,可直接近似求解重熔锭不同质量处的硫含量。

不同铂碳比下PEMFC梯度阴极催化层性能数值模拟

建立耦合团聚物模型的二维、两相、非等温的质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)模型,研究在不同铂碳比(Pt/C比)下,阴极催化层(CCL)梯度设计对燃料电池性能的影响。结果表明,当Pt/C比为0.6时,铂载量梯度设计能增强燃料电池性能,但当Pt/C比为0.3时会削弱其性能。而对于铂载量和电解质含量梯度设计,随着Pt/C比降低到0.3,该设计有更低的氧局部传输阻力,使其氧气供应更充足、浓差损失减少、氧饥饿现象消失,从而实现电流密度增幅进一步增大。